CVE 151

(Structural Theory 1)

Chapter 6:
Deflection of Beams: Geometric Methods
Elastic Deformation
- a deformation that disappears or returns back to its original
shape when the actions causing the deformation are removed.
Plastic (Inelastic) Deformation
- a permanent deformation that stays even after removing the
actions causing the deformation.
Linear Elastic Deformation
- an elastic deformation that varies linearly with applied loads.
Reasons for Calculating Deflections
 Computation of deflections forms an essential part of structural
analysis. Structures are usually designed so that their deflections
under normal service conditions will not exceed the allowable
values specified in building codes.
 Deflection calculations are also required in the determination of
the reactions and stress resultants for statically indeterminate
structures.
Double Integration Method (Direct Integration)
- This involves writing the expression for M/EI (bending moment
divided by flexural rigidity) of the beam in terms of the distance x
along the axis of the beam and integrating this expression
successively to obtain equations for the slope and deflection of the
elastic curve.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑀 (Differential Equation of
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼 Beam Deflections)
𝑑𝑦 𝑀
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝜃 = = 𝐸𝐼 𝜃 = 𝑀𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼
𝑀 𝑥2
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝛿 = 𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 𝑀 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝐸𝐼 2
where, E = Young’s modulus of elasticity of the beam
M = bending moment of the section
I = moment of inertia of the beam cross section
EI = flexural rigidity of the beam
y = vertical deflection of the section
x = distance of the section from the reference point/section
C1, C2 = integration constants
Double Integration Method (Direct Integration)
▸ The constants of integration are determined from the boundary
conditions and the conditions of continuity of the elastic curve.
[i] Deflection at supports is usually zero.
[ii] Slope and deflection at fixed supports are zero.
[iii] Symmetrical simply supported beam with symmetrical loading
has maximum deflection at mid-span with slope equals zero.

▸ This method proves to be most convenient for computing slopes

and deflections of beams for which M/EI can be expressed as a
single continuous function of x over the entire length of the beam.

▸ Its application to structures for which the M/EI function is not

continuous, due to a change in loading and/or the flexural rigidity
(EI), can become quite complicated.
Sample Problem
Determine the equations for the slope
and deflection of the beam by the double 𝑨 𝑩
integration method. Also, compute the 𝑪
𝑨𝒚 𝑪𝒚
slope at each end and the deflection at
the mid-span of the beam. EI is constant.
Solution: [3] D.E. of Beam Deflection
[1] Support Reactions 𝑑2𝑦 𝑤𝐿𝑥 𝑤𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀 = −
▸Since the simply supported beam has 𝑑𝑥 2 2
symmetrical loading, then both support is 2 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝐿𝑥 𝑤𝑥
just equal to half of the loadings. 𝐸𝐼 = − + 𝐶1
1 𝑤𝐿 𝑑𝑥 2(2) 2 3
𝐴𝑦 = 𝐶𝑦 = 𝑤 𝐿 = 𝑤𝐿𝑥 3 𝑤𝑥 4
2 2 𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2 2 3 2 3 4
[2] Moment Equation
𝒘 𝑴𝒙 [4] Solving for constants
⤹ ▸since the simple beam and its loading is symmetrical,
at x = L/2, dy/dx = 0
𝑥 𝑤𝐿(𝐿 2)2 𝑤(𝐿 2)3
𝐸𝐼(0) = − + 𝐶1
4 6
𝑀𝑥 (↺) = 𝑀𝑥 (↻) 𝑤𝐿3 𝑤𝐿3 𝑤𝐿3
𝐶1 = − =−
𝑤𝐿 1 6(8) 4 4 24
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑤 𝑥 𝑥 ▸at x = 0, y = 0 (zero deflection at support)
2 2
𝑤𝐿𝑥 𝑤𝑥 2 𝑤𝐿(0)3 𝑤 0 4
𝑀𝑥 = − 𝐸𝐼 0 = − + 𝐶1 0 + 𝐶2 𝐶2 = 0
2 2 12 24
Sample Problem (cont.)
Determine the equations for the slope
and deflection of the beam by the double 𝑨 𝑩
integration method. Also, compute the 𝑪
𝑨𝒚 𝑪𝒚
slope at each end and the deflection at
the mid-span of the beam. EI is constant.
Solution: (cont.)
[3] D.E. of Beam Deflection [6] Solving for slopes and deflection
𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝐿𝑥 2 𝑤𝑥 3 ▸at x = 0, solve for θ
(- slope has cw direction)
𝐸𝐼 = − + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2(2) 2 3 𝑤𝐿(0)2 𝑤(0)3 𝑤𝐿3 𝑤𝐿3
𝑤𝐿𝑥 3 𝑤𝑥 4 𝐸𝐼 𝜃 = − − 𝜃=−
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 4 6 24 24𝐸𝐼
2 2 3 2 3 4
▸at x = L, solve for θ (+ slope has ccw direction)
[5] Slope and Deflection Equations
𝑤𝐿(𝐿)2 𝑤(𝐿)3 𝑤𝐿3 𝑤𝐿3
𝐸𝐼 𝜃 = − − 𝜃=
𝑤𝐿𝑥 2 𝑤𝑥 3 𝑤𝐿3 4 6 24 24𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼(𝜃) = − −
4 6 24 ▸at mid-span x = L/2 , solve for y

𝑤𝐿𝑥 3 𝑤𝑥 4 𝑤𝐿3 𝑥 𝑤𝐿(𝐿 2)3 𝑤 𝐿 2 4

𝑤𝐿3 (𝐿 2)
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = − − 𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = − −
12 24 24 12 24 24
5𝑤𝐿4 (negative means that the
𝑦=− deflection is downward)
384𝐸𝐼
 Sample Problem
Determine the slope and deflection at point B of the cantilever beam.
EI = constant. E = 29,000 ksi. I = 758 in.4 [5] θ and y equations
𝑴𝑨 𝟏𝟓 𝐤 15𝑥 2
𝑨 − 300𝑥 [𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 ]
⤹
𝑨𝒚
𝐸𝐼 𝜃 =
2
15𝑥 3 3
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = − 150𝑥 2 [𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 ]
6
Solution: [3] D.E. of Beam Deflection [6] Solving for θ and y at B
[1] Support Reactions 𝑑2 𝑦 ▸at x = 20 ft, solve for θ
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀 = 15𝑥 − 300
𝐴𝑦 = 15 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 15(20)2
𝑑𝑦 15𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜃 = − 300(20)
2
𝑀𝐴 (↺) = 𝑀𝐴 (↻) 𝐸𝐼 = − 300𝑥 + 𝐶1 2 12 𝑖𝑛 2
𝑑𝑥 2 −3000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝐴 = 15 𝑘 20 𝑓𝑡 3 2 1 𝑓𝑡
15𝑥 300𝑥 𝜃=
𝑀𝐴 = 300 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 (29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(758 𝑖𝑛.4 )
2 3 2
[2] Moment Equation [4] Solving for constants 𝜃 = −0.0197 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐤 ∙ 𝐟𝐭 𝑴𝒙 ▸at x = 0, (θ = 0 at fixed support)
⤹ ▸at x = 20 ft, solve for y
2
15 0 15 20 3
𝐸𝐼 0 = − 300 0 + 𝐶1 𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = − 150 20 2
2 6
𝐶 = 0 3 12 𝑖𝑛 3
𝟏𝟓 𝐤 𝑥 1 −40,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
▸at x = 0, (y = 0 at support) 𝑦=
𝑀𝑥 (↺) = 𝑀𝑥 (↻) 3 2
(29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(758 𝑖𝑛.4 )
15 0 300 0
𝑀𝑥 = 15 𝑥 − 300 𝐸𝐼 0 = − + 0 0 + 𝐶2 𝑦 = −3.14 𝑖𝑛.
6 2
[𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡] 𝐶2 = 0
Superposition Method
▸ If a beam is subjected to several loads, the slope or deflection
due to the combined effects of the loads can be determined by
algebraically adding the slopes or deflections due to each of the
loads acting individually on the beam.

▸ The slope and deflection due to each individual load can be

computed by using any method. Slope and deflection formulas for
some common types of beams by engineering handbooks can also
be used.

▸ The application of this method will be useful in the discussion of

the other methods in subsequent sections.
Moment-Area Method
- This method is based on the two moment-area theorems.
First Theorem:
𝐵
𝑀
𝜃𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 𝐸𝐼
Second Theorem:
𝐵
𝑀
∆𝐵𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 𝐸𝐼

θA, θB = slopes of the elastic curve at points A and

B respectively
θAB = angle between the tangents to the elastic
curve at A and B
𝐵
𝐴
𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 = area under the M/EI diagram
between points A and B
ΔAB = deviation of B from the tangent at A
𝐵
𝐴
𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = moment of area under the M/EI
diagram between points A and B
about point B
First Moment-Area Theorem
“The change in slope between the tangents to the elastic curve at any
two points is equal to the area under the M/EI diagram between the two
points, provided that the elastic curve is continuous between the two
points.”
-This theorem applies only to those portions of the elastic curve in
which there are no discontinuities due to the presence of internal hinges.

Second Moment-Area Theorem

“The tangential deviation in the direction perpendicular to the un-
deformed axis of the beam of a point on the elastic curve from the
tangent to the elastic curve at another point is equal to the moment of
the area under the M/EI diagram between the two points about the point
at which the deviation is desired, provided that the elastic curve is
continuous between the two points.”
-The first subscript used for Δ denotes the point where the deviation is
determined and about which the moments are evaluated, whereas the
second subscript denotes the point where the tangent to the elastic
curve is drawn.
Application of Moment-Area Method
▸Draw the M/EI diagram which is just equivalent to the M diagram (If
EI is constant). If I varies, then it is convenient to express the
different given I’s in terms of a single reference (usually their GCF),
which is then carried symbolically through the analysis.

▸ Draw the qualitative deflected shape of the beam (assumed elastic

curve). Refer to previous chapter. A positive moment bends the beam
concave upward, whereas a negative moment bends it concave
downward. Also, at a fixed support, both the slope and the deflection of
the beam must be zero; therefore, the tangent to the elastic curve at
this point is in the direction of the un-deformed axis, whereas at a
hinged or a roller support, the deflection is zero, but the slope may not
be zero.

▸ For establishing sign conventions, the slopes and deflections are

usually assumed to be positive in the directions shown on the
qualitative deflected shape of the beam. A positive answer indicates
that the assumed direction is correct. Conversely, a negative answer
indicates that the correct sense is opposite to that initially assumed.
Application of Moment-Area Method (cont.)
▸ Apply the two moment area theorems to calculate slopes and
deflections. Areas and centroids of common geometric shapes are
usually given in many textbooks/handbooks.

▸ Before slope/deflection at a point on the beam can be computed, a

point (reference) must be identified where the slope is either initially
known or can be determined by using the support conditions.

▸ In cantilever beams, the tangent at the fixed support (zero slope) is

used as reference tangent. In beams for which a tangent with zero slope
cannot be located by inspection, the tangent at one of the supports is
usually used as reference tangent. Its slope can be determined by using
the conditions of zero deflections at the supports.

▸ It is usually convenient to determine the solution in terms of EI and

then substitute the numerical values of E and I at the final stage of the
analysis to obtain the numerical magnitudes of the slopes and
deflections.
Important Notes:
Important Notes: (cont.)
Sample Problem
Determine the slopes and deflections at points B and C of the cantilever beam
shown by the moment-area method. [3] M/EI Diagram [k-ft/EI]
▸since I’s vary, express them to single I.
𝑴𝑨
Let 𝐼 = 3000 𝑖𝑛.4 (GCF of the two I’s)
⤹𝑨 𝐼𝐴𝐵 = 6000 𝑖𝑛.4 = 2𝐼
𝐼𝐵𝐶 = 3000 𝑖𝑛.4 = 𝐼
𝒚
▸Thus, portion AB is divided by 2I, while
BC is divided by I only.

Solution:
[1] Support Reactions
𝐴𝑦 = 15 𝑘
𝑀𝐴 = 20 𝑘 25 𝑓𝑡 = 500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
[2] Moment Diagram [k-ft]
▸using the knowledge on constructing
M-diagrams from previous chapter.
[4] Qualitative beam
deflected shape
(elastic curve)
(-200 is calculated by
ratio and proportion)
 Solution: (cont.)
[5] Solving for θ at B and C. 𝟏𝟓 𝐟𝐭 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭
▸Draw first the tangent at A (reference
𝑨𝟐 𝑨
𝑨𝟏 𝟑
tangent) on the elastic curve.

▸To solve for θ at B, draw tangent line at M/EI Diagram

B. It is clear from the illustration that θB is [k-ft/EI]
equal to the angle made between the
horizontal (tangent at A) and tangent at B. Tangent at A
The same is the case for θC. To compute
the values, use theorem 1.

𝜃𝐵 = 𝜃𝐵𝐴 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐵𝐴
1 1
𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐵 = 250 15 + 100 15
2 2
2 12 𝑖𝑛 2
2625 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜽𝑩 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅
(29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(3,000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
𝜃𝐶 = 𝜃𝐶𝐴 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐶𝐴
1 1 1
𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐶 = 250 15 + 100 15 + 200 10
2 2 2
2
12 𝑖𝑛
3625 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜽𝑪 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅
(29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(3,000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
 Solution: (cont.) 𝟏𝟓 𝐟𝐭 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭
𝑨𝟐 𝑨
[6] Solving for y at B and C. 𝑨𝟏 𝟑

▸It is clear from the illustration that yB is M/EI Diagram

equal to the deviation of point B from the
[k-ft/EI]
tangent at A (the reference tangent). The
same is the case for yC. To compute the
values, use theorem 2.
𝑦𝐵 = ∆𝐵𝐴 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐵𝐴 ∙ 𝑥𝐵
1 2 1 1
𝐸𝐼 𝑦𝐵 = 250 15 15 + 100 15 15
2 3 2 3
3 12 𝑖𝑛 3
22,500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝒚𝑩 = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒊𝒏.
(29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(3,000 𝑖𝑛.4 )

𝑦𝐶 = ∆𝐶𝐴 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐶𝐴 ∙ 𝑥𝐶
1 2 1 1 1 2
𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐶 = 250 15 15 + 10 + 100 15 15 + 10 + 200 10 10
2 3 2 3 2 3
3 12 𝑖𝑛 3
55,417 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝒚𝑪 = = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎 𝒊𝒏.
(29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(3,000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
 Sample Problem
Use moment-area method to determine the slopes at ends A and D and the
deflections at points B and C of the beam shown. EI = constant. E = 1800 ksi
I = 46,000 in.4 [3] Qualitative beam deflected shape
(elastic curve)
𝑨𝒚 𝑫𝒚

Solution:
[1] Support Reactions (Use superposition) [4] Calculating areas of M/EI diagram
20 10
𝐴𝑦 = 60 + 40 = 40 𝑘 1
40 40 𝐸𝐼 𝐴1 = 20 800 = 8,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
20 30 2
𝐷𝑦 = 60 + 40 = 60 𝑘 1
40 40 𝐸𝐼 𝐴2 = 10 800 = 4,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
[2] M/EI Diagram [k-ft/EI] 2
▸M/EI diagram is 1
just equivalent to 𝐸𝐼 𝐴3 = 10 600 = 3,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
2
M-diagram, since
EI is constant. 𝑨𝟐 1
𝐸𝐼 𝐴4 = 10 600 = 3,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
2
𝑨𝟏 𝐸𝐼 𝐴5 = 𝐸𝐼 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 = 6,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑨𝟑 𝑨𝟒

▸use the knowledge on constructing M-diagram from

previous chapter.
 M/EI Diagram
[k-ft/EI]
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭

[6] Solve yB and yC.

[5] Solve θA and θD. ▸Using theorem 2: 20
▸Using theorem 2: 𝐸𝐼 ∆𝐵𝐴 = 8000 = 53,333 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
20 10 3
𝐸𝐼 ∆𝐷𝐴 = 8000 + 20 + 4000 20 − + 6000 10 ▸θ = vertical/horizontal
3 3 A
3
∆𝐵𝐴 + 𝑦𝐵
𝐸𝐼 ∆𝐷𝐴 = 340,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 𝜃𝐴 =
20 𝑓𝑡
▸from the figure: (slope = vertical/horizontal)
∆𝐷𝐴 340,000𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3 𝐸𝐼 𝑦𝐵 = 8500 20 − 53333 = 116667 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
𝜃𝐴 = 3
40 𝑓𝑡 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐴 = = 8,500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 3 12 𝑖𝑛
40 𝑓𝑡 116,667 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
2 1 𝑓𝑡
2 12 𝑖𝑛 𝒚 𝑩 = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒊𝒏.
8,500𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 (1,800 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(46,000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜽𝑨 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝒓𝒂𝒅 ▸Using theorem 2: 10
(1,800 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(46,000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
▸Using theorem 1: 𝐸𝐼 ∆𝐶𝐷 = 3000 = 10,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
3
𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐷𝐴 = 8000 + 4000 + 6000 = 18,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 ▸θD = vertical/horizontal
▸From figure and theorem 1 definition: ∆𝐶𝐷 + 𝑦𝐶
𝜃 𝐷 =
𝜃𝐷 = 𝜃𝐷𝐴 − 𝜃𝐴 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐷 = 18,000 − 8,500 = 9,500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 10 𝑓𝑡
12 𝑖𝑛 2 𝐸𝐼 𝑦𝐶 = 9,500 10 − 10,000 = 85,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
9,500𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 3
1 𝑓𝑡 3 12 𝑖𝑛
𝜽𝑫 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅 85,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
(1,800 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(46,000 𝑖𝑛.4 ) 1 𝑓𝑡
𝒚𝑪 = = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕 𝒊𝒏.
(1,800 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(46,000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
Sample Problem
Determine the maximum deflection for the beam shown by the moment-area
method. EI = constant. E = 200 GPa, I = 700(106) mm4 Note: [1 𝐺𝑃𝑎 = 1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ]
[4] Solve ymax

𝑨𝒚
𝑪𝒚
Solution:
[1] Support Reactions
5
𝐴𝑦 = 120 = 40 𝑘𝑁
15
𝐷𝑦 = 120 − 40 = 80 𝑘𝑁
▸solve for slope of tangent at A (reference tangent)
[2] M/EI Diagram [kN-m/EI] 10 2
Solved by 𝐸𝐼 ∆𝐶𝐴 = 2000 + 5 + 1000 ∙ 5 = 20,000 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3
3 3
ratio and
∆𝐶𝐴 20,000 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3
proportion 𝜃𝐴 = 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐴 = = 1333 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
15 𝑚 15 𝑚
▸Solve for xm. Since θD = 0 at max. deflection, then θDA = θA :
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑨𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 1
𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐷𝐴 = 𝑥 40𝑥𝑚 = 1333 𝑥𝑚 = 8.16 𝑚
2 𝑚
𝑥𝑚 ▸Solve for ymax
8.16
[3] Beam elastic curve 𝐸𝐼 ∆𝐷𝐴 = 1333
3
= 3629 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3
∆𝐷𝐴 + 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜃𝐴 = 𝐸𝐼 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1333 8.16 − 3629 = 7258
𝑥𝑚 3 [𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3 ]
3 1000 𝑚𝑚
7258 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 1𝑚
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟖 𝒎𝒎
(200 𝑘𝑁 𝑚𝑚 )(700𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4 )
2
Sample Problem
Use moment-area method to determine the slope at point A and the deflection
at point C of the beam shown. [3] M/EI Diagram [k-ft/EI]
▸ use 𝐼 = 2500 𝑖𝑛.4 𝐼𝐴𝐶 = 2𝐼 and 𝐼𝐶𝐹 = 𝐼

𝑨𝟏
𝑨𝒚 𝑫𝒚 𝑬𝒚 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟒 𝑨𝟓
𝑨𝟑

Solution:
[1] Support Reactions 𝐸𝐼 𝐴1 = 0.5 100 20 = 1000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
▸Consider left span of internal hinge. 𝐸𝐼 𝐴2 = 0.5 200 10 = 1000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0 𝐴𝑦 20 = 40 10 → 𝐴𝑦 = 20 𝑘 𝐸𝐼 𝐴3 = 0.5 200 15 = 1500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
▸Consider whole span/beam 𝐸𝐼 𝐴4 = 0.5 150 15 = 1125 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
Σ𝑀𝐸 = 0 𝐸𝐼 𝐴4 = 0.5 150 10 = 750 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
20 45 + 𝐷𝑦 15 + 15 10 = 40 35
𝐷𝑦 = 23.3 𝑘 [4] Beam elastic curve
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐸𝑦 = 40 + 15 − 20 − 23.3
𝐸𝑦 = 11.7 𝑘
[2] M Diagram [k-ft]

Elastic curve is discontinuous

here (internal hinge location).
Thus, theorems 1-2 applies
separately for portion AC and CF
Always start with establishing
reference tangent. Solve its θ. ▸Solve yc,
2
𝐸𝐼 ∆𝐶𝐷 = 1000 ∙ 10 = 6,667 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
3
𝑦𝐶 = ∆𝐶𝐷 + 𝜃𝐷 10 𝑓𝑡
𝐸𝐼 𝑦𝐶 = 6,667 + 1375 10 = 20,416 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
3
3 12 𝑖𝑛.
20,416 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝑦𝐶 = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟕 𝒊𝒏.
(29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(2,500 𝑖𝑛.4 )

▸Solve θA,
𝐸𝐼 ∆𝐶𝐴 = 1000 10 = 10,000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
∆𝐶𝐴 + 𝑦𝑐
M/EI Diagram [k-ft/EI] 𝜃𝐴 =
20 𝑓𝑡
1000 10,000 + 20,416
1000 1125 750 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐴 = = 1521 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
1500 20
2
2 12 𝑖𝑛.
1521 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜃𝐶 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅
(29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(2,500 𝑖𝑛.4 )
[5] Solve θA and yC.
▸From the figure, ▸It is very important to differentiate the two:
[i] deflection yC (or ΔC as used in the book
∆𝐶𝐴 + 𝑦𝑐
𝜃𝐴 = ; 𝑦𝐶 = ∆𝐶𝐷 + 𝜃𝐷 10 𝑓𝑡 ; with 1 subscript), and [ii] deviation ΔCD (with
20 𝑓𝑡 two subscripts).
▸Solve slope of reference tangent,
2 15 ▸Deflection is the vertical distance from the
𝐸𝐼 ∆𝐸𝐷 = 1500 ∙ 15 + 1125 = 20,625 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3 un-deformed beam (the horizontal x-axis) to
3 3 the elastic curve.
∆𝐸𝐷 20,625 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3 ▸Deviation is the vertical distance from the
𝜃𝐷 = 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐷 = = 1375 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
15 𝑓𝑡 15 𝑓𝑡 elastic curve to a tangent line.
Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts
- This is useful when a beam is subjected to different types of loads
(distributed and concentrated loads) and thus determining the properties
of its corresponding M/EI diagram becomes formidable.
- It consists of constructing for each of the loads a separate bending
moment diagram which usually consists of simple geometric shapes.
First Method:
- This simply involves applying each of the loads separately on the
beam and constructing the corresponding bending moment diagrams .

- However, the second method is much more helpful than this one.
Second Method: (Moment Diagram by Cantilever Parts)
- This consists of selecting a point on the beam (usually a support
point or an end of the beam) at which the beam is assumed to be
fixed, applying each of the loads and support reactions separately on
this imaginary cantilever beam, and constructing the corresponding
bending moment diagrams. Assumed fixed point.
= + +

Combined M-
diagram of the
three separate
M-diagrams.

+ +

PROCEDURES:
[a] Solve the reactions.
[b] Select a fixed point.
[c] Directly draw the M-diagram
of each load by assuming a
cantilever beam.
Sample cantilever beams with Different loadings and
their corresponding Direct moment diagrams
 Sample Problem
Determine the deflection at point C of the beam shown by the moment-area
method. EI = constant. E = 29,000 ksi, I = 2,000 in.4
[3] Beam elastic curve

𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚
Solution:
[1] Support Reactions
Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝐵𝑦 30 = 12 40 + 2 30 15 [4] Solve yC
𝐵𝑦 = 46 𝑘
▸solve for slope of tangent at B (reference tangent)
𝐴𝑦 = 12 + 2 30 − 46 = 26 𝑘 2 3
𝐸𝐼 ∆𝐴𝐵 = 11700 ∙ 30 − 9000 ∙ 30 = 31500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
[2] M/EI Diagram [k-ft/EI] 3 4
(using M-diagram by parts) ∆𝐴𝐵 31500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
𝜃𝐵 = 30 𝑓𝑡 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐵 = = 1050 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
30 𝑓𝑡
▸Solve for yC
𝑨𝟑 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 2
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝐸𝐼 ∆𝐶𝐵 = 600 ∙ 10 = 4000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
3
∆𝐶𝐵 + 𝑦𝐶
𝑨𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝜃𝐵 = 𝐸𝐼 𝑦𝐶 = 1050 10 − 4000 = 6500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
10 𝑓𝑡
2𝑛𝑑° curve 12 𝑖𝑛. 3
3
1 6500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
𝐸𝐼 𝐴2 = 900 30 1 𝑓𝑡
3 𝒚𝑪 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝒊𝒏.
(29000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(2000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
Conjugate-Beam Method
- This essentially involves determining the slopes and deflections of
beams by computing the shears and bending moments in the
corresponding conjugate beams.
Conjugate Beam
- A conjugate beam is a fictitious beam of the same length as the
corresponding real beam; but it is externally supported and internally
connected such that, if the conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI
diagram of the real beam, the shear and bending moment at any
point on the conjugate beam are equal, respectively, to the slope and
deflection at the corresponding point on the real beam.
Supports for Conjugate Beams
[a] A hinged or a roller support at an end of the real beam remains the
same in the conjugate beam.
[b] A fixed real support becomes free end in the conjugate beam, and
vice versa.
[c] An interior support in the real beam becomes internal hinge in the
conjugate beam, and vice versa.
Supports for Conjugate Beams (Illustraion)
Supports for Conjugate Beams (Samples)
Sign Convention
Procedure of Analysis for Conjugate-Beam Method
Procedure of Analysis for Conjugate-Beam Method
 Sample Problem
Determine the slopes and deflections at points B and C of the cantilever beam
shown by conjugate-beam method. EI = constant. E = 29000 ksi.
𝑴𝑨
𝟐𝟎 𝒌 [3] Conjugate Beam [k-ft/EI]
⤹
𝑨𝒚
𝟏𝟓 𝐟𝐭 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭
⤹ 𝑴𝑪

𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑪
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Solution: 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝟕𝟓𝟎
▸Solve for slope and deflection at C.
[1] Support Reactions
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐶 = −1875 − 750 − 1000 = −3625 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐴𝑦 = 15 𝑘 , 𝑀𝐴 = 20 25 = 500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
2 12 𝑖𝑛
[2] M/EI Diagram [k-ft/EI] −3625 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
with 𝐼 = 3000 𝑖𝑛.4 𝜽𝑪 = 𝑽𝑪 = = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟏𝟓 𝐟𝐭 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭 (29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(3,000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑪𝑾 ↻
= 𝟕𝟓𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝟏𝟎𝟎 2 15 2
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝐸𝐼 𝑀𝐶 = −1875 ∙ 15 + 10 − 750 + 10 − 1000 ∙ 10
𝟐𝟎𝟎 3 3 3
𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝐸𝐼 𝑀𝐶 = −55417 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3 3
▸Solve for slope and deflection at B. 3 12 𝑖𝑛
⤹
𝑩 𝑴𝑩 −55417 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
𝟏𝟓 𝐟𝐭 1 𝑓𝑡
𝒚𝑪 = 𝑴𝑪 = = −𝟏. 𝟏𝟎 𝒊𝒏. = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎 𝒊𝒏. ↓
(29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(3,000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑩
2 15
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝟕𝟓𝟎 Σ𝑀𝐵 = 0 𝐸𝐼 𝑀 𝐵 = −1875 ∙ 15 − 750
3 3
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐸𝐼 𝑀𝐵 = −22500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3 3
2 3 12 𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐵 = −1875 − 750 = −2625 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 −22500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
2 1 𝑓𝑡
12 𝑖𝑛 𝒚 𝑩 = 𝑴 𝑩 =
−2625 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑪𝑾 ↻ (29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(3,000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜽𝑩 = 𝑽𝑩 = = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒚𝑩 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒊𝒏. = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒊𝒏. ↓
(29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(3,000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
 Sample Problem
Use conjugate-beam method to determine slopes at ends A and D and
deflections at points B and C of the beam shown. EI = constant. E = 1800 ksi
I = 46,000 in.4 Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐴 = 9500 − 8000 − 4000 − 6000 = −8500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
𝟐𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟖𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒚 𝑫𝒚 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
Solution:
[1] Support Reactions (Use superposition)
⤸
𝐴𝑦 = 40 𝑘 , 𝐷𝑦 = 60 𝑘
⤹
𝑴𝑩 𝑴𝑪
[2] M/EI Diagram 𝑨𝟐 𝟐𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭
[k-ft/EI] −𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑪
= 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎
▸Solve for MB.
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐸𝐼 𝑀𝐵 = −8500 20 + 8000(20 3) = −116667 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡3
𝑨𝟒 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎
▸Solve for MC.
𝟐𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭
[3] Conjugate 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐸𝐼 𝑀𝑐 = −9500 10 + 3000(10 3) = −85000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡3
Beam 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 ▸Solve for real values of slopes and deflections.
6𝟎𝟎 2
12 𝑖𝑛
[k-ft/EI] 9500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜽𝑫 = 𝑽𝑫 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅 ↺
1800 𝑘𝑠𝑖 46000 𝑖𝑛.4
𝟐𝟎 𝐟𝐭
(V is assumed upward
𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟏𝟎 𝐟𝐭 −8500 122
𝑽𝑨 when cut just after A) 𝑽𝑫 𝜽𝑨 = 𝑽𝑨 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝒓𝒂𝒅 ↻
1800 46000
▸Solve for VA and VD. Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0 −116667 123
2 10 𝒚𝑩 = 𝑴𝑩 = 1800 46000 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒊𝒏. ↓
𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐷 40 𝑓𝑡 = 8000 ∙ 20 + 4000 20 +
3 3 −85000 122
𝒚 𝑪 = 𝑴𝑪 = = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕 𝒊𝒏. ↓
+ 6000 30 = 380000 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3 1800 46000
𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐷 = 380000/40 = 9500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
Sample Problem
Determine the maximum deflection for the beam shown by the moment-area
method. EI = constant. E = 200 GPa, I = 700(106) mm4
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵
[4] Solve ymax
𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝟓𝒎 ▸solve for downward reactions first. (Solving for Ay only is enough.)
𝑨𝒚 𝑪𝒚
Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0
Solution: 2 10
𝐸𝐼 𝐴𝑦 15𝑚 = 1000 ∙ 5 + 2000 5 + = 20000 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3
[1] Support Reactions 3 3
(Use superposition)
𝐸𝐼 𝐴𝑦 = 20000/15 = 1333 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
𝐴𝑦 = 40 𝑘𝑁 , 𝐷𝑦 = 80 𝑘𝑁
▸solve for the location of zero shear (which is the location of
[2] M/EI Diagram 𝟒𝟎𝟎
maximum moment), then solve for the maximum moment .
(Assume first that the zero shear is located less than 10 m from A [xm].
[kN-m/EI] If the resulting xm is greater than 10, repeat the process by correcting
𝑨𝟐 the assumption.) 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝒎 𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝒙 = 𝒙𝒎 (Proportion)
𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝟓𝒎
▸solving for xm.
[3] Conjugate Beam [kN-m/EI]
⤹ 𝑴𝑫 𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐷 = 20𝑥𝑚 2 − 1333 = 0
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝒎 𝑥𝑚 = 8.16 𝑚 (< 10m, correct assumption)
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑽𝑫
▸Solve for MD.
𝐸𝐼 𝑀𝐷 = −1333 𝑥𝑚 + 20𝑥𝑚 2 (𝑥𝑚 3) = −7258 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3
1000 𝑚𝑚 3
−7258 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3
𝑨𝒚 𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑀𝐷 = 1𝑚 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟖 𝒎𝒎 ↓
(200 𝑘𝑁 𝑚𝑚 )(700𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4 )
2

Note: [1 𝐺𝑃𝑎 = 1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ]

Sample Problem
Use conjugate-beam method to determine the slope at point A and the
deflection at point C of the beam. [3] Conjugate
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Beam [kN-m/EI]
𝑽𝑫
𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟓 𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕
𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕
𝑽𝑨 (VA is just
after A) 𝟕𝟓𝟎
𝑨𝒚 𝑫𝒚 𝑬𝒚 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟓
▸Consider span DE first. 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
Solution: Σ𝑀𝐸 = 0 𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐷 15 = 1125 5 + 1500 10
[1] Support Reactions 𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐷 = 1375 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
▸Consider left span of internal hinge. ▸Consider span AD, to solve for VA.
Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0 𝐴𝑦 20 = 40 10 → 𝐴𝑦 = 20 𝑘 Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0 2
▸Consider whole span/beam 𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐴 20 = −1000 10 − 1000 ∙ 10 − 1375(10)
Σ𝑀𝐸 = 0 3
𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐴 = −1521 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
20 45 + 𝐷𝑦 15 + 15 10 = 40 35 ▸Consider span AC, to solve for MC.
𝐷𝑦 = 23.3 𝑘 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ⤹ Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐸𝑦 = 40 + 15 − 20 − 23.3 𝑴𝑪 𝐸𝐼 𝑀𝐶 = 1000 10 − 1521(20)
𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 3
𝐸𝑦 = 11.7 𝑘 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑪 𝐸𝐼 𝑀𝐶 = −20417 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
[2] M/EI Diagram [k-ft/EI] ▸Solve for real values of the required slope and deflection.
4
𝟏𝟎𝟎 where 𝐼 = 2500 𝑖𝑛. 12 𝑖𝑛 22
−1521 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝜽𝑨 = 𝑽𝑨 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅 ↻
1000 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟓 𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 29000 𝑘𝑠𝑖 2500 𝑖𝑛.4
3
𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 1000 1125 750 3 12 𝑖𝑛
−20417 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1500 1 𝑓𝑡
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒚𝑪 = 𝑀𝐶 = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟕 𝒊𝒏. ↓
𝟐𝟎𝟎 (29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(2500 𝑖𝑛.4 )
Sample Problem
Determine the deflection at point C of the beam by the conjugate-beam method.
EI = constant. E = 29,000 ksi, I = 2,000 in.4
𝟔𝟎 𝒌
[3] Conjugate Beam [kN-m/EI] 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟖𝟎

𝟑𝟎 𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 𝑽𝑩
𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚
𝟏𝟐𝟎
Solution:
𝟔𝟎𝟎
[1] Support Reactions 2𝑛𝑑° curve
𝐵𝑦 30 = 12 40 + 60 15 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟗𝟎𝟎
Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0
▸Consider span AB first.
𝐵𝑦 = 46 𝑘 2 3
Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐵 30 = 11700 ∙ 30 − 9000 ∙ 30
𝐴𝑦 = 12 + 2 30 − 46 = 26 𝑘 2
3 4
𝐸𝐼 𝑉𝐵 = 1050 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
[2] M/EI Diagram [k-ft/EI]
▸Consider span BC, to solve for MC.
(using M-diagram by parts) 𝑽𝑩 ⤹ Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝑴𝑪 2
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐸𝐼 𝑀𝐶 = 1050 10 − 600 ∙ 10
𝑽𝑪 3
𝐸𝐼 𝑀𝐶 = 6500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑨𝟑 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟎 12 𝑖𝑛. 3
3
6500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝑨𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒚 𝑪 = 𝑴𝑪 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝒊𝒏. ↑
(29000 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(2000 𝑖𝑛.4 )
1
𝐸𝐼 𝐴2 = 900 30
3
 “The most effective way of learning the
theories of structures is to solve problems.”
ASSIGNMENT!
Solve the following problems from our textbook. Each beam
problem has to be solved using the moment-area method and
the conjugate beam method.

Chapter 6 (page 271-273): Problems 6.16, 6.24, 6.26, 6.28,

6.29, 6.30, 6.32, 6.33, and 6.34

Problems 6.16 and 6.24 should also be solved using double

integration method.

Write the solutions neatly and in an organized manner on short

bond papers (Do not encode). Scan them and save them to one
PDF file.

Due date: December 20, 2021