ICT 1411

Object Oriented Programming

Lecture 8
Content

1. Genealogy of object-oriented languages

2. Different programming paradigms
3. Interacting with Java Programs
3.1 Fundamentals of Java Programming (Java Features, Applications)

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Genealogy of
Object-Oriented
Languages

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Evolution of
Programming
Languages

Source: https://vinbloom.blogspot.com/2018/09/object-oriented-programming-
4
oop.html
Genealogy of OO Languages
Simula (1967): First object-oriented programming language. Simula introduced the concepts of classes,
objects, and inheritance.

Smalltalk (1972): Smalltalk was a pioneering language that heavily influenced modern OOP languages. It
introduced the concept of a graphical user interface and dynamic typing.

C++ (1983): Created as an extension of the C language, C++ introduced the concept of classes and
objects to C, adding features like inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.

Objective-C (1983): Developed by Brad Cox, Objective-C combined elements of Smalltalk and C. It gained
popularity through Apple's adoption for macOS and iOS application development.

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Java (1995): Java was designed with portability and platform independence in mind. It introduced the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and emphasized the "Write Once, Run Anywhere" principle.

C# (2000): Developed by Microsoft, C# combines elements of C++ and Java. It's commonly used for
Windows application development and integrates with the .NET framework.

Python (late 1980s/early 1990s): While not initially an OOP language, Python incorporated OOP
features, and today, it supports both OOP and other paradigms. Python is known for its simplicity and
readability.

Ruby (1995): Ruby is known for its elegant syntax and was heavily influenced by Smalltalk. It's often used
for web development (Ruby on Rails).

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Programming
Paradigms

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The way of programming using programming language/s.

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Programming Paradigm
Procedural/ Structured Paradigm

• Based on the idea of breaking a program into smaller, reusable

procedures or functions.
• It emphasizes clear organization, modular code, and step-by-step
execution.
• Examples: C, Pascal, and Fortran

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Programming Paradigm
Object-Oriented Paradigm

• Object-oriented programming organizes code around objects, which

are instances of classes that contain both data (attributes) and
methods (functions).
• It promotes encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
• Examples: Java, C++, Python, and Ruby

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Programming Paradigm
Functional Paradigm

• It focuses on immutability, higher-order functions, and avoiding shared

state.
• It often uses recursion and higher-order functions extensively.
• Examples: Haskell, Lisp, and Erlang , JavaScript also supports functional
programming features.

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Programming Paradigm
Logical Paradigm

• Based on formal logic.

• Programs consist of facts and rules, and the program attempts to infer
answers to queries based on the given facts and rules.
• It is especially suited for rule-based systems and expert systems.
• Examples: Prolog

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% Facts
parent(john, bob).
parent(john, alice).
parent(bob, charlie).

% Rule
is_parent(X, Y) :- parent(X, Y).

% Query
?- is_parent(john, bob). % This query asks if john is a parent of bob.

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Fundamentals in
Java Programming

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• Java is a versatile, high-level, object-oriented
programming language.
• Developed by Sun Microsystems (now owned
by Oracle Corporation) in the mid-1990s.
• Platform independence, strong security
features, and extensive libraries.

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JVM, JRE and JDK

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JVM
Java Virtual Machine
• A critical component that executes Java bytecode.
• Responsible for translating Java bytecode (compiled from source code) into machine code
that can run on the host system.
• The JVM is platform-dependent, meaning there's a different JVM for each supported
platform (e.g., Windows, Linux, macOS).
• It ensures Java's "write once, run anywhere" capability by adapting the bytecode to the
host system.

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JRE
Java Runtime Environment
• A runtime environment that allows you to run Java applications.

• It includes the JVM (Java Virtual Machine), the Java standard libraries, and various
runtime tools.

• JRE is essential for end-users who want to run Java applications but do not need to
develop or compile Java code.

• It provides everything necessary to execute Java programs.

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JDK
Java Development Kit
• Includes the JRE, the Java compiler (javac), and various development tools.

• JDK is used by developers to create, compile, and package Java applications.

• It is essential for writing and building Java code.

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Compilation
• When you write Java source code (with a .java file extension) and use the javac compiler, it
compiles the code into platform-independent bytecode.

• This bytecode is saved in .class files.

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Interpretation
• When you run a Java program with the java command, the JVM reads the bytecode
and interprets it into machine code.

• This interpretation happens dynamically during program execution.

• The JVM can also employ Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, where certain parts of the bytecode
are compiled to native machine code for improved performance.

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JIT Compilation
• JIT – Just In Time
• Modern JVMs use JIT compilation.
• The JVM analyzes the bytecode and, if it deems it worthwhile, compiles parts of the
bytecode into native machine code.
• This native machine code is specific to the host system, and it can execute much faster than
interpreted bytecode.

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Features In Java
• Platform Independence: write once, run anywhere capability, promoting cross-platform
compatibility.
• Object-Oriented: Emphasizing the use of objects and classes to model data and behavior. It
supports encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
• Automatic Memory Management: Includes automatic garbage collection (manages
memory and reduces the risk of memory leaks).
• Rich Standard Library: Java offers an extensive standard library (Java API) with pre-built
classes and methods for various tasks, streamlining development.
• Security: Java incorporates multiple security features to protect systems from potentially
harmful code, including bytecode verification, classloaders, and security managers.

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Activity
Study on different JDK versions
(Version and the new features).

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END