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1. strength of materials
strength
1. Two-Force member

2.

3.
Distributed load

Shear and bending moment

STEP

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3.Support Reactions

Ex.1 Determine the resultant internal loading acting on the cross section at C of the cantilevered
beam shown in Fig.

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Ex.2 Determine the resultant internal loading acting on the cross section at G of the cantilevered
beam shown in Fig.

Ex.3 Determine the resultant internal normal force, shear force, and bending moment at point C
in the beam.

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Ex.4 Determine the resultant internal normal force, shear force, and bending moment at point C
in the beam.

Ex.5 Determine the resultant internal loadings at cross sections at points E and F on the assembly.

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STRESS
(intensity) (internal force)

Average normal stress stress

Average shear stress stress

-single shear
-double shear
-pure shear

Allowable stress design stress

-allow stress
-fail=failure

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Ex.6 The bar in Fig. has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading shown.

Ex.7 The 80-kg lamp is supported by two rods AB and BC as shown in Fig. If AB has a diameter of
10 mm and BC has a diameter of 8 mm, determine the average normal stress in each rod.

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Ex.8 Determine the average shear stress in the 20-mm-diameter pin at A and the 30-mm-diameter
pin at B that support the beam in Fig.

Ex.9 If the wood joint in Fig. has a thickness of 150 mm, determine the average shear stress along
shear planes a a and b b of the connected member. For each plane, represent the state of stress
on an element of the material.

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Ex.10 The control arm is subjected to the loading shown in Fig. Determine to the nearest 14 in.
the required diameters of the steel pins at A and C if the factor of safety for shear is F.S. = 1.5 and
the failure shear stress is fail = 12 ksi.

Ex.11 Determine the largest load P that can be applied to the bars of the P lap joint shown in Fig.
The bolt has a diameter of 10 mm and an allowable shear stress of 80 MPa. Each plate has an
allowable tensile stress of 50 MPa, an allowable bearing stress of 80 MPa, and an allowable
shear stress of 30 MPa.

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Ex.12 The pin is made of a material having a failure shear stress of fail = 100 MPa. Determine the
minimum required diameter of the pin to the nearest mm. Apply a factor of safety of F.S. = 2.5
against shear failure.

Ex.13 If the allowable tensile stress for wires AB and AC is allow = 180 MPa, and wire AB has a
diameter of 5 mm 1 and AC has a diameter of 6 mm, determine the greatest force P that can be
applied to the chain.

Ex.14 Determine the required thickness of member BC to the nearest 1 in., and the diameter of
the pins at A and B if the allowable normal stress for member BC is sallow = 29 ksi and the
allowable shear stress for the pins is tallow=10ksi.

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STRESS ON AN OBLIQUE PLANE UNDER AXIAL LOADING

Shearing stress maximum is

Ex.15 A 1060-kN load P is applied to the granite block shown. Determine the resulting maximum
value of (a) the normal stress, (b) the shear- ing stress. Specify the orientation of that plane on
which each of these maximum values occurs.

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2. Stress and Strain—Axial Loading

NORMAL STRAIN UNDER AXIAL LOADING

HOOKE’S LAW; MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Equating and solving for the deformation

With variation in loading cross-section or material properties.

INVOLVING TEMPERATURE CHANGES

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Ex.1Determine the deformation of the steel rod shown in Fig. under the given loads (E=29x106
psi).

Ex.2 The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB and CD. Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2; link CD is made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and has a
cross-sectional area of 600 mm2. For the 30-kN force shown, determine the deflection (a) of B, (b)
of D, (c) of E.

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Ex.3 The rigid castings A and B are connected by two 34-in.-diameter steel bolts CD and GH and
are in contact with the ends of a 1.5-in.-diameter aluminum rod EF. Each bolt is single-threaded
with a pitch of 0.1 in., and after being snugly fitted, the nuts at D and H are both tightened one-
quarter of a turn. Knowing that E is 29x106 psi for steel and 10.6x106 psi for aluminum, determine
the normal stress in the rod.

Ex.4 The 4-mm-diameter cable BC is made of a steel with E = 200 GPa. Knowing that the
maximum stress in the cable must not exceed 190 MPa and that the elongation of the cable must
not exceed 6 mm, find the maximum load P that can be applied as shown.

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Ex.5 The steel frame (E=200GPa) shown has a diagonal brace BD with an area of 1920 mm2.
Determine the largest allowable load P if the change in length of member BD is not to exceed 1.6
mm.

Ex.6 Link BD is made of brass (E = 105 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 240 mm2. Link CE is
made of aluminum (E = 72 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2. Knowing that they
support rigid member ABC, determine the maximum force P that can be applied vertically at point
A if the deflection of A is not to exceed 0.35 mm.

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Ex.7 Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel bar and loading shown in Fig., assuming a
close fit at both supports before the loads are applied.

Ex.8 Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel bar , assuming now that a 4.50-mm
clearance exists between the bar and the ground before the loads are applied . Assume E = 200
GPa.

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EX9. Knowing that a 0.02-in. gap exists when the temperature is 75oF, determine (a) the
temperature at which the normal stress in the aluminum bar will be equal to -11 ksi, (b) the
corresponding exact length of the aluminum bar.

Ex.10 At room temperature (20oC) a 0.5-mm gap exists between the ends of the rods shown. At a
later time when the temperature has reached 1408C, determine (a) the normal stress in the
aluminum rod, (b) the change in length of the aluminum rod.

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3. Torsion
DEFORMATIONS IN A CIRCULAR SHAFT

Hooke’s law for shearing stress and strain

elastic torsion formulas

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Ex.1 A hollow cylindrical steel shaft is 1.5 m long and has inner and outer diameters respectively equal
to 40 and 60 mm (Fig. 3.15). (a) What is the largest torque that can be applied to the shaft if the
shearing stress is not to exceed 120 MPa? (b) What is the corresponding minimum value of the shearing
stress in the shaft?

Ex.2 Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm, respectively. Shafts AB
and CD are solid and of diameter d. For the loading shown, determine (a) the maximum and minimum
shearing stress in shaft BC, (b) the required diameter d of shafts AB and CD if the allowable shearing
stress in these shafts is 65 MPa.

Ex.3 The preliminary design of a large shaft connecting a motor to a generator calls for the use of a
hollow shaft with inner and outer diameters of 4 in. and 6 in., respectively. Knowing that the allowable
shearing stress is 12 ksi, determine the maximum torque that can be transmitted (a) by the shaft as
designed, (b) by a solid shaft of the same weight, (c) by a hollow shaft of the same weight and of 8-in.
outer diameter.

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Ex.4 (a) Determine the maximum shearing stress caused by a 4.6-kN ? m torque T in the 76-mm-
diameter solid aluminum shaft shown. (b) Solve part a, assuming that the solid shaft has been replaced
by a hollow shaft of the same outer diameter and of 24-mm inner diameter.

Ex.5 (a) Determine the torque T that causes a maximum shearing stress of 45 MPa in the hollow
cylindrical steel shaft shown. (b) Determine the maximum shearing stress caused by the same torque T
in a solid cylindrical shaft of the same cross-sectional area.

Ex.6 A torque T = 3 kN ? m is applied to the solid bronze cylinder shown. Determine (a) the maximum
shearing stress, (b) the shearing stress at point D, which lies on a 15-mm-radius circle drawn on the end
of the cylinder, (c) the percent of the torque carried by the portion of the cylinder within the 15-mm
radius.

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Ex.7 The solid spindle AB is made of a steel with an allowable shearing stress of 12 ksi, and sleeve CD is
made of a brass with an allowable shearing stress of 7 ksi. Determine (a) the largest torque T that can
be applied at A if the allowable shearing stress is not to be exceeded in sleeve CD, (b) the
corresponding required value of the diameter ds of spindle AB.

Ex.8 Knowing that each of the shafts AB, BC, and CD consists of a solid circular rod, determine (a) the
shaft in which the maximum shearing stress occurs, (b) the magnitude of that stress.

Ex.9 Under normal operating conditions, the electric motor exerts a 12-kip ? in. torque at E. Knowing
that each shaft is solid, determine the maximum shearing stress in (a) shaft BC, (b) shaft CD, (c) shaft DE.

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Ex.10 A torque of magnitude T = 1000 N ? m is applied at D as shown. Knowing that the diameter of
shaft AB is 56 mm and that the diameter of shaft CD is 42 mm, determine the maximum shearing stress
in (a) shaft AB, (b) shaft CD.

Ex.11 A torque of magnitude T = 1000 N ? m is applied at D as shown. Knowing that the allowable
shearing stress is 60 MPa in each shaft, determine the required diameter of (a) shaft AB, (b) shaft CD.

Ex.12 The two solid shafts are connected by gears as shown and are made of a steel for which the
allowable shearing stress is 8500 psi. Knowing that a torque of magnitude TC = 5 kip ? in. is applied at C
and that the assembly is in equilibrium, determine the required diameter of (a) shaft BC, (b) shaft EF.

Ex.13 The two solid shafts are connected by gears as shown and are made of a steel for which the
allowable shearing stress is 7000 psi. Knowing the diameters of the two shafts are, respectively, dBC =
1.6 in. and dEF = 1.25 in., determine the largest torque TC that can be applied at C.

ANGLE OF TWIST IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

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Ex.14 The horizontal shaft AD is attached to a fixed base at D and is subjected to the torques shown. A
44-mm-diameter hole has been drilled into portion CD of the shaft. Knowing that the entire shaft is
made of steel for which G = 77 GPa, determine the angle of twist at end A.

Ex.15 A circular shaft AB consists of a 10-in.-long, 78-in.-diameter steel cylinder, in which a 5-in.-long, 58-
in.-diameter cavity has been drilled from end B. The shaft is attached to fixed supports at both ends,
and a 90 lb ? ft torque is applied at its midsection (Fig. 3.25). Determine the torque exerted on the shaft
by each of the supports.

Ex.16 (a) For the solid steel shaft shown (G = 77 GPa), determine the angle of twist at A. (b) Solve part a,
assuming that the steel shaft is hollow with a 30-mm-outer diameter and a 20-mm-inner diameter.

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Ex.17 For the aluminum shaft shown (G = 27 GPa), determine (a) the torque T that causes an angle of
twist of 48, (b) the angle of twist caused by the same torque T in a solid cylindrical shaft of the same
length and cross-sectional area.

Ex.18 The electric motor exerts a 500 N ? m-torque on the aluminum shaft ABCD when it is rotating at a
constant speed. Knowing that G = 27 GPa and that the torques exerted on pulleys B and C are as
shown, determine the angle of twist between (a) B and C, (b) B and D.

Ex.19 The torques shown are exerted on pulleys B, C, and D. Knowing that the entire shaft is made of
aluminum (G = 27 GPa), deter- mine the angle of twist between (a) C and B, (b) D and B.

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4. Pure Bending
STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

p
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STEP

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Ex.1 A steel beam is supported load as shown in figure, determine the maximum tensile and
compressive stress in the beam.

Ex.2 A beam is supported load as shown in figure, determine the maximum tensile and compressive
stress in the beam.

Ex.3 A beam is supported load as shown in figure, determine the maximum tensile and compressive
stress in the beam.

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Ex.4 ABC 5m 8 kN/m B

20 kN C
4.1)
4.2) ( ) D

Ex.5 ABCDEF
4.1)
4.2) ( )

Ex.6 ABCD B 200 kN-m D 50 kN

6.1)
6.2) ( )