POPULATION - the complete group of

Research in Daily people, animals or objects that have the

same characteristics that the research
LifeDATA
LESSON 1: UNDERSTANDING 2 AND needs.
SYSTEMATIC WAYS TO COLLECT DATA

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

- The research design is a plan that

presents how the researcher intends
to study an empirical question SAMPLE - a group of individuals that
represent the population. The process
PRIMARY DATA - refer to information
of choosing a sample is called
that you collect firsthand from sources.
SAMPLING.
SECONDARY DATA - refer to information
that was originally collected by other
researchers. MARGIN OF ERROR

- is a statistical term that represents

the range of uncertainty or variability
RESEARCH DESIGN EXAMPLES:
around an estimate or measurement.
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Most common Margin of error: 5% or
aims to accurately and
0.05
systematically describe a
population, situation or Medical field: 1%
phenomenon.
CONFIDENCE LEVEL
2. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH - tells you how sure you can be. It is
DESIGN is a structured approach expressed as a percentage and
used to determine cause-and- represents how often the true
effect relationships between percentage of the population.
variables. It involves manipulating
one or more independent Standard confidence interval: 95%
variables. Medical or scientific studies: 99%
3. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
is used to systematically compare
two or more groups to identify
differences or similarities between
them.

4. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DEGREE OF VARIABILITY

DESIGN is used to establish or - Refers to the level of homogeneity or
explore relationships, heterogeneity of the population. –
associations, or interdependence POPULATION PROPORTION
between two or more aspects of a
situation. If the variability is not given: 0.5

SLOVIN’S FORMULA
- This formula is used when you don't
have enough information about a
population's behavior (or the
distribution of a behavior) to
otherwise know the appropriate
sample size.
 2. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING -
a method of sampling that
involves the division of a
population into smaller subgroups
COCHRAN'S FORMULA known as strata. In stratified
random sampling, or
- is used to determine an appropriate stratification, the strata are
sample size for a survey or study formed based on members'
when the goal is to estimate a shared attributes or
proportion with a specified level of characteristics, such as income or
precision. It is particularly useful for educational attainment.
large or unknown populations.
3. CLUSTER SAMPLING - Cluster
sampling is a probability sampling
method in which you divide a
population into clusters, such as
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE districts or schools, and then
randomly select some of these
3 TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY clusters as your sample.
SAMPLING:
4. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING - is a
1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING – using probability sampling method
this kind of sampling technique where researchers select
involves selecting people that are members of the population at a
the most convenient for you as a regular interval – for example, by
researcher. selecting every 15th person on a
2. QUOTA SAMPLING - You first list of the population.
divide the population into
mutually exclusive subgroups and
then recruit sample units until you LESSON 2: DESIGNING SURVEY
reach your quota. INSTRUMENTS FOR DATA COLLECTION

BASIC PRINCIPLES IN DESIGNING

3. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING - the
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES:
researcher selects units to be
sampled based on his own  Kept at minimum length
existing knowledge, or his  Clear and unambiguous
professional judgment  Avoid double barreled questions

TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONS:

4 TYPES OF PROBABILITY
A. OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS - do not
SAMPLING:
have predetermined options or answers.
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING - is a
B. DICHOTOMOUS QUESTIONS - have
type of probability sampling in
two possible answers, often either
which the researcher randomly
yes/no, true/false, or agree/disagree.
selects a subset of participants
from a population. Each member C. MULTIPLE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS –
of the population has an equal provide more than one answer
chance of being selected.
D. MATRIX QUESTIONS –offers 2. Telephone surveys – researchers
respondents a selection of multiple call a predetermined list of
answers to choose from within a single respondents and ask them to answer
question. survey questions.
3. Electronic surveys – conducted
 A LIKERT SCALE is a rating scale
through e-mail, social networking
used to measure opinions,
sites, and survey websites
attitudes, or behaviors.

COLLECTING DATA FROM

E. CONTINGENCY QUESTIONS –
SECONDARY SOURCES
intended for certain respondents
- This method is preferred by
only depending on the previous
beginning researchers since it uses
provided answer/s.
ready to use data, which eases the
data collection process.
- Government agencies are the default
DIFFERENT WAYS OF ANALYZING
sources of domestic information on a
DATA
country. (Philippines Statistics
A. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS – Authority, Bangko Sentral ng
Summarizes and describes the Pilipinas)
characteristics of a sample or the - The data available are usually
relationship among variable in a defined in accordance with the
sample. purpose and need of the institution
that collected and compiled them.
B. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS – Branch of
- Data available may be incomplete, if
statistics that makes relevant
not outdated.
inferences about the larger population
- Be mindful of copyright and ethical
from a sample.
considerations.

WRITING THE RESEARCH

DIFFERENT WAYS TO PRESENT
METHODOLOGY
DATA
1. The type of research that you used
1. Line Graph - commonly drawn to
2. How you collected your data show information that changes over
time.
3. How you analyzed your data
2. Frequency Table - a tool that is
4. The instrument or tools used in the used to track the frequency of
research certain data through a chart.
3. Bar Charts - used to display and
compare discrete categories of data
LESSON 3: FINDING ANSWERS IN THE through rectangular bars
DATA 4. Histogram - shows the frequency
distribution of data points across a
WAYS OF ADMINISTERING
continuous range of numerical
SURVEYS:
values.
1. Face-to-face survey – hand out 5. Pie Charts - used when you want to
copies of survey questionnaires to emphasize proportions of a variable
the selected respondents per category or case.
6. Scatter Plot - used to see if two One sample t-test – when we want to
quantitative variables are related. compare the mean of the sample with a
Independent Variable - X known reference value.
Axis
Independent samples t-test – when
Dependent Variable - Y Axis
we want to compare the mean of two
7. Contingency Table – use when
independent groups.
presenting relationships between
two variables. Paired samples t-test – use to
compare the mean of two dependent
groups.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Mean - the average of the given

B. ANOVA: a statistical method
numbers and is calculated by dividing
used to
the sum of given numbers by the total
number of numbers. compare the means of three or more
groups to see if there are any significant
Median - the median is the exact
differences among them.
midpoint of a list values, arranged from
highest to lowest.  One-Way ANOVA – Compares the
means of three or more
Mode - the most frequently observed or
independent variable.
the most frequently occurring value.

MEASURES OF DISPERSION  Two-Way ANOVA - Compares the

means of groups based on two
Range – the difference between the
independent variables, allowing
highest and the lowest values in a given
for the examination of interaction
set of numerical values.
effects between them
Variance – it tells us how much the
different values for a given set deviate
CORRELATION RESEARCH:
from the mean value.
A. Chi-squared Test: The chi-
Standard Deviation - tells you how
squared test is a statistical method
spread out the data is. It is a measure
used to evaluate the relationship
of how far each observed value is from
between categorical variables.
the mean
 Chi-Squared Test of
Independence - evaluates
LESSON 4: STATISTICAL TREATMENTS whether two categorical variables
are independent of each other or
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH:
if there is a significant association
A. T-test: an inferential statistic between them.
used to determine if there is a  Chi-Squared Goodness of Fit
significant difference between the Test - This test evaluates how
means of two groups and how they are well the observed frequency
related. distribution of a single categorical
variable fits an expected
Types of t-test
distribution based on a specific
hypothesis.
Coefficient - often denoted as 𝑟, is a
B. Pearson Correlation

statistical measure that assesses the

strength and direction of a linear
relationship between two continuous
variables.

C. Spearman's Rank
Correlation - measures the strength
and direction of association between
two ranked variables.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:

 T-Test
 ANOVA