QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

AND EQUATIONS
 LINEAR EQUATION AND FUNCTION

A linear equation is an algebraic equation that represents a

straight line when plotted on a graph. Linear equations are
equations of the first order. It is also known as a one-degree
equation. It is typically written in the form y=mx+b, where:
 y and x are variables representing coordinates on the graph
(usually y represents the vertical axis and x represents the
horizontal axis).
➢ b is the y-intercept, where the line crosses the y-axis.
➢ m is the slope of the line, which determines its steepness.

• A linear function is a specific type of mathematical function that

describes a linear relationship between two variables. It's often
represented by the equation f(x)=mx+b, where

• f(x) represents the output (or dependent variable) of the function.

• x represents the input (or independent variable) of the function.
• m is the slope of the line, indicating the rate of change of the
function.
• b is the y-intercept, representing the value of f(x) when x is zero.
QUADRATIC FUNCTION

 A quadratic function is one of the form

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are numbers
with a not equal to zero. The graph of a quadratic
function is a curve called a parabola. Parabolas
may open upward or downward and vary in
"width" or "steepness", but they all have the same
basic "U" shape.
 Vertex:highest or lowest
point on the parabola
 Axis of symmetry:
vertical line running
down the middle of the
parabola
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS GRAPHING QUADRATIC EQUATION

 A quadratic equation is an algebraic equation

of the second degree in x. The quadratic
equation in its standard form is ax2 + bx + c =
0, where a and b are the coefficients, x is the
variable, and c is the constant term. The
important condition for an equation to be a
quadratic equation is the coefficient of x2 is a
non-zero term (a ≠ 0). For writing a quadratic
equation in standard form, the x2 term is
written first, followed by the x term, and
finally, the constant term is written.
SOLVING QUADRADRATIC
EQUATIONS
 By factoring

 ZERO PRODUCT PROPERTY

 If A∙B=0, then either A=0 or B=0 𝐼𝑓 𝐴∙𝐵=0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝐴=0 or 𝐵=0

EXAMPLE 1
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 18 = 0
SOLUTION
 𝑥2 + 3𝑥 − 18 = 0  For 𝑥+6=0
 𝑥2 + 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 18 = 0 𝑥 = −6
 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 18 = 0  For 𝑥−3=0
𝑥 𝑥+6 −3 𝑥+6 =0 𝑥 =3
 𝑥+6 𝑥−3 =0
EXAMPLE 2
2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 24 = 0

SOLUTION
 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 24 = 0  For 𝑥 + 4 = 0
 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 24 = 0  𝑥 = −4
 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 24 = 0  For 𝑥 − 6 = 0

 𝑥 𝑥+4 −6 𝑥+4 =0  𝑥=6

 𝑥+4 𝑥−6 =0
 TRY WORK

𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 = −16

𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 + 6 = 0
Solve quadratic equations by
method of completing the squares
 Completing the square EXAMPLE 1
method is one of the
methods to find the
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8 = 0
roots of the given
quadratic equation. In
this method, we have to
convert the given
equation into a perfect
square
SOLUTION
STEP 1: Set your equation to 0
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8 = 0
STEP 2: Move your single constant to the other side.
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 8
STEP 3: Divide by the coefficient of the squared term if there is one.
2
4 8
𝑥 + 𝑥=
3 3
STEP 4: Take the coefficient of your single x term, half it including its sign, and then add the
square of this to both sides.
2 2
4 2 8 2
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + = +
3 3 3 3
2
2
4 2 8 4
𝑥 + 𝑥+ = +
3 3 3 9
STEP 5: Convert to square form and combine like terms .
2
2 28
𝑥+ =
3 9
STEP 6: Taking square root of both sides.
2 28
𝑥+ =±
3 9
2 28
𝑥+ =±
3 3

NB: When you take the square root of a number, you will have both a positive and a negative component.

STEP 7: Solve for the variable.

Since you have a positive and negative sides, you will have two equations to solve for.
2 28
𝑥+3= 3

2 28
𝑥+ =−
3 3
To find your solutions, solve for your variable by isolating it.

The Solution
After isolating our variable, we get the following answers:
28 − 2 28 + 2
𝑥= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −
3 3
EXAMPLE 2
2 1 2 −255
4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 16 = 0  𝑥 −8 = 64
SOLUTION
1 −255
 2
4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 16 = 0  𝑥−8 =± 64
 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = −16 1 𝕚 255
1 16
 𝑥− =±
8 8
 𝑥2 − 𝑥 = −
4 4
1
 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = −4
4 1 𝕚 255
 𝑥−8=
1 1 2 1 2 8
 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + − = −4 + −
4 8 8 1 𝕚 255
 𝑥−8=−
2 1 1 2 1 8
 𝑥 − 𝑥 + − = −4 +
4 8 64 1+𝕚 255 1−𝕚 255
 𝑥= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 =
8 3
 PRACTICE 2

a) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5 = 0

b) 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 = 0

c) 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
BY QUADRATIC FORMULA

 The quadratic formula is used to find the roots

of the quadratic equation and these roots are
the solutions of the quadratic equation. If a
quadratic equation does not have real roots,
then the quadratic formula helps to find the
imaginary roots of the equation.
THE QUADRATIC FORMULA

−𝒃± 𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙 =
𝟐𝒂
 EXAMPLE 1

 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 35 = 0 12± 4
 𝑥=
 SOLUTION 2
12+2
 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 35 = 0  𝑥=
2
 a=1, b= -12, c=35 14
 𝑥= =7

2
12−2
−𝑏± 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐  𝑥=
 𝑥= 2
2𝑎
10
−(−12)± (−12)2 −4(1)(35)  𝑥= =5
 𝑥= 2
2(1)

12± 144−140
 𝑥=
2
PRACTICE

11𝑥 2+ 20𝑥 + 7 = 0
2
−9𝑥 + 24𝑥 − 16 = 0
2
17𝑥 + 2 = 10𝑥
THE DISCRIMINANT

 The discriminant is used to find the number of solutions

that a quadratic equation has. it shows the nature of the
roots of any quadratic equation where a, b, and c are
rational numbers. The formula is used to find out whether
the roots of the quadratic equations are real or imaginary
 The discriminant formula in the quadratic equation;
 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
 DESCRIBING THE NATURE OF THE ROOTS

 Using the discriminant, the number of roots of a quadratic equation can be determined. A discriminant can either be
positive, negative or zero. By knowing the value of a determinant, the nature of the roots can be determined as follows
 If the discriminant value is positive, the quadratic equation has two real and distinct solutions
 𝐷 = 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0

 If the discriminant value is zero, the quadratic equation has only one solution or two real and equal solutions.
 𝐷 = 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0

 If the discriminant value is negative, the quadratic equation has no real solutions
 𝐷 = 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
 SYMMETRIC QUADRATIC EQUATION

 The roots of 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 = 0 are 𝑥 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −4

 If the roots are 𝑥 = 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝛽 , the equation is given by
 𝑥−𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 =0
 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝛽 − 𝑥𝛼 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0
 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0
 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0
The standard quadratic equation is given by;
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑎 ≠ 0
Compare to a unitized standard quadratic equation.

2
𝑏 𝑐
𝑥 + 𝑥+ =0
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑐
𝛼+𝛽 = − ; 𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎 𝑎

EXAMPLES
Given the quadratic equation 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0, form another equation whose
1 1
root are 𝑎𝑛𝑑 .
𝛼 𝛽
 2 1
• If α and β are the roots of 3𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0, find the value of +
𝛼2
1
2 .
𝛽

• Given that α and β are the roots of 2𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 9 = 0, find the value
of 8 𝛽 3 + 𝛼 3 .

• If α and β are the roots of the equation 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 7 = 0, find the

values of
a) 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 ;
b) 𝛼 2 − 𝛽2 .
• If α and β are the roots of 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 1 = 0, find the equation whose roots
are 𝛼 − 2𝛽 and 𝛽 − 2𝛼 .

• If α and β are the roots of 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3 = 0, find the equation whose roots

1 1
are 𝛼 + and 𝛽 + .
𝛽 𝛼

• If 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7 = 𝑚 2𝑥 − 3 has real roots, find the possible values of m.

• Given that 𝑘 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 2 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 = 0, find the values of k for

which the quadratic equation has equal roots.
If ℎ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2 is expressed as ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑥 − 𝑄 2 + 𝑅, where P, Q
and R are real members, find the value of:
P;
(Q+R).