Scribd
Upload
49 views6 pages

STATISTICS - Chapter 4 - Presentation of Data

eco statistic 1 pu

Uploaded by

hr.jeevangowda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
49 views6 pages

STATISTICS - Chapter 4 - Presentation of Data

eco statistic 1 pu

Uploaded by

hr.jeevangowda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Chapter 4: PRESENTATION OF

DATA
Introduction
As data we collect and organise are generally voluminous, we need to put them in a compact and
presentable form. In this chapter we look at the methods of presentation of data precisely so that
the voluminous data collected could be made usable readily and are easily comprehended. There
are generally three forms of presentation of data:

Textual Presentation of Data


The data presented in the form of text or words is called textual presentation of data. When the
quantity of data is not too large, this method of presentation of data is more suitable. A serious
drawback of this method of presentation is that one has to go through the complete text of
presentation for comprehension. But it is also true that this matter often enables one to emphasise
certain points of the presentation.

Tabular Presentation of Data


Data is presented in rows and columns, forming a cell. Each cell gives the information that is
required. The most important advantage of this method of presentation is that it organises data for
further statistical treatment and decision making.

Classification used in tabulation is of four kinds:

Quantitative classification

Qualitative classification

Temporal classification

Spatial classification

Parts of a Table:

1. Table number: table number is assigned to a table for identification purpose. If more than
one table is presented, table number is what distinguishes one table from another. Usually
given at the top or the beginning of the title of the table.
2. Title: title of the table narrates the content of the table in a brief format. It has to be clear,
brief and carefully worded so that interpretations about the table can be made from the title
itself and does not leave anything to confusion.
3. Column headings: also called captions, given at the top of each column to give explanation
to the figures in the column.
4. Row headings: also called stubs, given at the beginning of each row to give explanation to
the figures in the row.
5. Body of the table: body of the table is the main part and it contains the actual data.
6. Unit of measurement: the unit of measurement of the figures in the table and should always
be stated along with the title.
7. Source: it is a brief statement or phrase indicating the source of data presented in the table.
Source is generally written at the bottom of the table.
8. Note: note is the last part of the table. It explains the specific feature of the data content of
the table which is not self explanatory and has not been explained earlier.

Diagrammatic Presentation of Data


This method of presenting data provides quickest understanding of the actual situation to be
explained by data in comparison to tabular or textual presentations. Diagrammatic presentation of
data translates quite effectively the highly abstract ideas contained in numbers into more concrete
and easily comprehensible form. They are much more effective than tables in presenting the data.

The various kinds of diagrams in common use are-

1. Geometric diagrams
2. Frequency diagrams
3. Arithmetic line graphs

1. Geometric diagrams:

Bar diagrams and pie diagrams fall under this category. They are called one dimensional
diagrams because in such diagrams, only one dimension is represented (height).

a. Bar diagrams:
i. Simple bar diagram: it is the simplest way to represent data when there is
only one variable or one category of data.
ii. Multiple bar diagram: it is used for comparing two or more sets of data.

iii. Component bar diagram: It is also called sub-diagrams, are very useful in
comparing the sizes of different component parts and also for throwing light
on the relationship between these components.

b. Pie diagram: a pie diagram is similar to a component bar diagram but instead of
rectangular bars, here there is a circle whose area is proportionally divided among
the components. The circle is divided into as many parts as there are components by
drawing straight lines from the centre to the circumference. The values of each
category are first converted into percentage and then converted to its angular
component (value given x 3.6°)

First step is to identify the radius to keep as the base. Measure each angle with
protractor. Repeat the step for all components in the data. Shade each sectors
differently.
2. Frequency diagrams:
a. Histogram

Histogram is a two dimensional diagram. Here the width and length is


counted. It is a set of rectangles with base as the intervals between class boundaries and
with areas proportional to the class frequency. If the class intervals are of equal width, which
they generally are, the area of the rectangles are proportional to their respective
frequencies. Histogram also tells us the mode of the given data.

b. Frequency polygon
A frequency polygon is a plane bounded by straight lines, usually four or
more lines. Frequency polygon is an alternative to histogram and is also
derived from histogram itself. We simply join the midpoints of the topside of
the consecutive rectangles of the histogram.

c. Frequency curve

The frequency curve is obtained by drawing a smooth freehand curve


passing through the points of the frequency polygon as closely as possible. It
may not pass through all points of frequency, but it passes through them as
closely as possible.

d. Ogives
Also called cumulative frequency curve. There are “more than” and “less
than” type ogives. Less than cumulative frequencies are plotted along the y
axis and upper class limits on the x-axis for LESS THAN OGIVE CURVE, and
more than cumulative frequencies are plotted along the y-axis and lower
class limits on the x-axis for MORE THAN OGIVE CURVE.

3. Arithmetic Line Graph:

Also called time series graph. Time is plotted along x-axis and the value of the
variable along the y-axis. A line graph plotting these points form the arithmetic line
graph. It helps in understanding the trends, periodicity, etc. in a long term time
series data.

You might also like