Guru Gobind SinGh

indrAPrASThA univerSiTy
SECTOR-16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, India

buSineSS reSeArCh MeThodoLoGy FiLe

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIRMENT TO ATTEND THE
DEGREE BACHELORS OF BUSSINESS ADMINISTRATION (2022-2025)
SUBMITTED TO- YAVI GUPTA
Ms. JYOTI GUPTA 04016701722
Under the guidance of-

SIRIFORT INSITITUE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

PLOT 8, INDUSTIRAL AREA, SECTOR 25 Rohini, Rithala

1
 CerTiFiCATe
This is to certify that YAVI GUPTA student of BBA second year
course affiliated to GGSIPU,NEW DELHI she has successfully
completed her project of BUSINESS RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY lab as partial fulfilment of bachelor degree
in business administration(BBA) from SIRIFORT INSTITUE OF
MANAGEMENT STUDIES for academic year 2022-2025 under
the guidance of MS JYOTI MA'AM

_________________________
_______________________
TEACHER’s SIGNATURE
STUDENT’S SIGNATURE

ACKnoWLedGMenT
2
With profound sense of gratitude and regard, I convey my
sincere thanks to my guide and mentor, for their valuable
guidance and the confidence they instilled in that helped me
in the successful completion of the project report.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my project guide MS
JYOTI MA’AM, “SIRIFORT INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
STUDIES” under whose guidance the study was undertaken.
Without her guidance at each stage of the project study, the
task could not have been accomplished. This
acknowledgment would be incomplete without thanking the
college faculty who helped me in all possible ways, their
whole hearted cooperation. Last but not the least I am even
grateful to my friends for their help and support in
completing my project.

YAVI GUPTA
BBA
2NDYEAR SEC(A)

INDEX

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S.NO TOPIC
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Basic information
1.2 Basic information of ribbon
1.3 Create new spreadsheet
1.4 Managing spreadsheet
1.5 Benefits of MS EXCEL
2 EXCEL FORMULA
2.1 Average
2.2 Percentage
2.3 Summation
2.4 Mean
2.5 Median
2.6 Mode
2.7 Correlation
2.8 Sum if
2.9 Maximum
2.10 Minimum
2.11 Count if
2.12 OR
2.13 And function
3 PIVOT TABLE
3.1 Creation of pivot table
3.2 Fields and layout
4 LOOKUP
4.1 VLOOKUP
5 QUESTIONNAIRE
5.1 Advantages of Questionnaire
5.2 Characteristics of Questionnaire
5.3 Sample questionnaire
6 INTRODUCTION
6.1 What is SPSS
6.2 Core features of SPSS
6.3 Types of alternative software
6.4 Advantages of SPSS
6.5 Limitations of SPSS

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INTRODUCTION TO EXCEL
MS-EXCEL is a part of Microsoft Office suite software. It is an electronic
spreadsheet with numerous rows and columns, used for organizing data,
graphically represent data(s), and performing different calculations. It
consists of 1048576 rows and 16384 columns, a row and column
together make a cell. Each cell has an address defined by column name
and row number example A1, D2, etc. this is also known as a cell
reference.
Cell references: The address or name of a cell or a range of cells is
known as Cell reference. It helps the software to identify the cell from
where the data/value is to be used in the formula. We can reference the
cell of other worksheets and also of other programs.
• Referencing the cell of other worksheets is known as External
referencing.
• Referencing the cell of other programs is known as Remote
referencing.
There are three types of cell references in Excel:
1. Relative reference.
2. Absolute reference.
3. Mixed reference.

CELL REFERENCE A15

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1.1 The Ribbon in MS-Excel is the topmost row of tabs that provide the
user with different facilities/functionalities.
These tabs are:
1. Home Tab: It provides the basic facilities like changing the font, size
of text, editing the cells in the spreadsheet, autosum, etc.
2. Insert Tab: It provides the facilities like inserting tables, pivot tables,
images, clip art, charts, links, etc.
3. Page layout: It provides all the facilities related to the spreadsheet-
like margins, orientation, height, width, background etc. The worksheet
appearance will be the same in the hard copy as well.
4. Formulas: It is a package of different in-built formulas/functions which
can be used by user just by selecting the cell or range of cells for values.
5. Data: The Data Tab helps to perform different operations on a vast set
of data like analysis through what-if analysis tools and many other data
analysis tools, removing duplicate data, transpose the row and column,
etc. It also helps to access data(s) from different sources as well, such
as from MsAccess, from web, etc.
6. Review: This tab provides the facility of thesaurus, checking
spellings, translating the text, and helps to protect and share the
worksheet and workbook.
7. View: It contains the commands to manage the view of the workbook,
show/hide ruler, gridlines, etc, freezing panes, and adding macros.

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1.2 Creating a new spreadsheet:
In Excel 3 sheets are already opened by default, now to add a new
sheet:
• In the lowermost pane in Excel, you can find a button.
• Click on that button to add a new sheet.
• We can also achieve the same by Right-clicking on the sheet number
before which you want to insert the sheet.
• Click on Insert.
• Select Worksheet.
• Click OK.
Opening previous spreadsheet:
On the lowermost pane in Excel, you can find the name of the current
sheet you have opened.
On the left side of this sheet, the name of previous sheets are also
available like Sheet 2, Sheet 3 will be available at the left of sheet4, click
on the number/name of the sheet you want to open and the sheet will
open in the same workbook.
For example, we are on Sheet 4, and we want to open Sheet 2 then
simply just click on Sheet2 to open it.

SHEET 2

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1.3 Managing the spreadsheets:
You can easily manage the spreadsheets in Excel simply by :
• Simply navigating between the sheets.
• Right-clicking on the sheet name or number on the pane.
• Choose among the various options available like, move, copy, rename,
add, delete etc.
• You can move/copy your sheet to other workbooks as well just by
selecting the workbook in the To workbook and the sheet before you
want to insert the sheet in Before sheet.
To save the workbook:
1. Click on the Office Button or the File tab.
2. Click on Save As option.
3. Write the desired name of your file.
4. Click OK.

To share your workbook:

1. Click on the Review tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click on the share workbook (under Changes group).
3. If you want to protect your workbook and then make it available for
another user then click on Protect and Share Workbook option.
4. Now check the option “Allow changes by more than one user at the
same time. This also allows workbook merging” in the Share Workbook
dialog box.
5. Many other options are also available in the Advanced like track,
update changes.
6. Click OK.

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1.4 Benefits of Microsoft Excel
1.The Best Way to Store Data
Even if you don’t use any of the options or any tool which Excel offers
you, it is the best way to store data. Why I’m saying this because Excel
is a kind of application that is used by millions of people. So when you
store data in Excel and then share it with others, they can access it
easily.
2. You can perform calculations
What makes Excel the best spreadsheet application on the planet is its
ability to perform calculations. In Excel, you have a complete list of
functions that you can use for the calculations. Basically, an Excel
function is a predefined formula that returns a specific result based on
the values you specify. But apart from that, you can also create your own
formulas by combining two or more functions or just by performing
calculations using operators.
3. All the tools for data analysis
The core motive of having data is to analyze and get insights out of it.
The good news is Excel has some of the most powerful tools to analyze
data. Imagine you have data with thousands of rows, you can insert a
pivot table out of that data and create a summary table.
4. Easy to Create Data Visualizations with Charts
In Excel, you have all those options to create charts and present your
data in a visual way. All those major types of charts that you need to use
to present your data are already there and you can insert them with a
single click. If you go to the Insert Tab, in the charts group, you can find
all the charts which you can insert. Not just that, there’s also a button
called recommended charts that you can use to let Microsoft Excel
recommend you the best possible chart to use for the data you have in
your worksheet.
5. You can Print Reports Easily
Even if you are a person who likes to save trees but there could be a
point where you need to print reports to share with others or present
them to someone. Well, Excel allows you to print with a lot of
customization where you can change the margin, paper size, orientation,

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etc. There are a whole bunch of options that you can use for page setup
before printing a report.
6. You can code to automate
Microsoft Office has its own coding language which is called VBA (visual
basic for applications) and it allows you to write code for almost all the
activities that you perform manually in Excel. You can automate all kinds
of activities from simple (make a text bold) to complex (insert a pivot
table) using a VBA code.
7. Transform and clean data
If you are one of those people who work with data a lot or you know
someone who works, there are a lot of situations where you need to deal
with messy data which you need to clean before you use it. The process
of cleaning and transforming data takes a big chunk of your time and it
can be a tedious process. For this, Microsoft has introduced the power
query which is a data transformation and cleaning engine well you can
load data from multiple sources, transform it, and then load it back to the
worksheet.
8. Store data with millions of rows Well, there is no limit to data, but
Excel has a limit in terms of rows and columns. So that’s why Microsoft
came up with Power Pivot where you can store data with millions of rows
and then you can perform calculations within Power Pivot.
9. You can work with Excel online + mobile app
As most companies these days are moving to the cloud and Microsoft
Excel has its own web version. It has so many features, like functions,
pivot tables, and pivot charts just like the desktop app. And recently
Microsoft has launched its all-in-one office app that you can use to work
on spreadsheets and mobile as well.

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 2. EXCEL FORMULA

2.1 Average
MS Excel’s AVERAGE function is a statistical function. The average
function calculates the arithmetic mean of a series of data. That is, it
adds all the values of the variable we are analysing and divides them by
the number of values added.
=AVERAGE (number1, *number2+, …)
The AVERAGE function has the following arguments
• Number1 – Required. The first number, cell reference, or range for
which you want to calculate the average.
• Number2 – Optional. Additional numbers, cell references, or ranges
for which you want to calculate the average. The max count is 255.

FORMULA USED: AVERAGE (C3:C5)

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 2.2 Percentage:
The "PERCENTAGE" function in Excel is used to convert a decimal
number to a percentage.
The syntax for the function is =PERCENTAGE (decimal number, decimal
places), where "decimal number" is the number, you want to convert to a
percentage and "decimal places" is the number of decimal places you
want the result to have.
Percentages can be calculated using the formula =part/total. As an
example, if you're trying to apply a discount, you would like to reduce a
particular amount by 10%. The formula is: =Price*1-Discount %.
(Consider the "1" as a substitute for 100%).

Percentage = actual Marks/total marks*100

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 2.3 SUMMATION
The SUM function in excel adds the numerical values in a range of cells.
Being categorized under the Math and Trigonometry function, it is
entered by typing “=SUM” followed by the values to be summed. The
values supplied to the function can be numbers, cell references or
ranges.

The SUM Function Setup Instead of using the AutoSum command to

insert the SUM function, you can type the function manually.
The SUM function setup (syntax) is: SUM (number1, [number2],).
• It has one required argument: number1
• It also has optional arguments (enclosed in square brackets):
[number2],

Sum = sum(value1,value2,value3…)

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 2.4 MEAN
Arithmetic mean, also referred to as average, is probably the measure
you are most familiar with. The mean is calculated by adding up a group
of numbers and then dividing the sum by the count of those numbers.
Formula used:
harmanic mean: =HARMEAN (sum! D4:D13, sum! E4:E13, sum!F4:F13)
geometric mean: =GEOMEAN (sum!D4:D14,sum!E4:E14,sum!F4:F14)

Sum = sum (value1, value2, value3…)

GEOMEAN

HARMANIC MEAN

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 2.5 Median
Which is the middle number of a group of numbers; that is, half the
numbers have values that are greater than the median, and half the
numbers have values that are less than the median.
For example, the median of 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, and 10 is 4.
Formula used: =MEDIAN (Number1, number2…)

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 2.6 Mode
The MODE Function is categorized under Excel Statistical functions.
MODE will calculate the most frequently occurring value from a list of
supplied numbers. If there are two or more most frequently occurring
values in the supplied data, the function returns the lowest of the values.
Formula =MODE (number1, *number2+, …)
The function uses the following arguments:
1. Number1 (required argument) – The number arguments are a set of
one or more numeric values (or arrays of numeric values) for which we
want to calculate the mode.
2. Number2 (optional argument)

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 2.7 Correlation
The CORREL function returns the correlation coefficient of two cell
ranges. Use the correlation coefficient to determine the relationship
between two properties.
For example, you can examine the relationship between a location's
average temperature and the use of air conditioners.
If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty
cells, those values are ignored; however, cells with zero values are
included.
If array1 and array2 have a different number of data points, CORREL
returns a #N/A error.
If either array1 or array2 is empty, or if s (the standard deviation) of their
values equals zero, CORREL returns a #DIV/0! error.
As much as the correlation coefficient is closer to +1 or -1, it indicates
positive (+1) or negative (-1) correlation between the arrays.
Positive correlation means that if the values in one array are increasing,
the values in the other array increase as well.
A correlation coefficient that is closer to 0, indicates no or weak
correlation.

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 2.8 Sum if
You use the SUMIF function to sum the values in a range that meet
criteria that you specify.
For example, suppose that in a column that contains numbers, you want
to sum only the values that are larger than 5.
You can use the following formula: =SUMIF(B2:B25,">5"). If you want,
you can apply the criteria to one range and sum the corresponding
values in a different range.
For example, the formula =SUMIF(B2:B5, "John", C2:C5) sums only the
values in the range C2:C5, where the corresponding cells in the range
B2:B5 equal "John."
The SUMIF function is a premade function in Excel, which calculates the
sum of values in a range based on a true or false condition.
It is typed =SUMIF: =SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])
The condition is referred to as criteria, which can check things like: If a
number is greater than another number > If a number is smaller than
another number < If a number or text is equal to something = The
[sum_range] is the range where the function calculates the sum.

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 2.9 Maximum Function
The MAX Function is categorized under Excel Statistical functions.
MAX will return the largest value in a given list of arguments. From a
given set of numeric values, it will return the highest value. Unlike MAXA
function, the MAX function will count numbers but ignore empty cells,
text, the logical values TRUE and FALSE, and text values.

19
 2.10 Minimum Function
The MIN Function is categorized under Excel Statistical functions.
MIN will return the minimum value in a given list of arguments. From a
given set of numeric values, it will return the smallest value. Unlike the
MINA function, the MIN function ignores numbers, text, and logical
values TRUE and FALSE and text values.

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 2.11 Count if
The COUNTIFS Function is categorized under Excel Statistical
functions.
COUNTIFS will count the number of cells that meet a single criterion or
multiple criteria in the same or different ranges.
The difference between COUNTIF and COUNTIFS is that COUNTIF is
designed for counting cells with a single condition in one range, whereas
COUNTIFS can evaluate different criteria in the same or different
ranges. When doing financial analysis, COUNTIF helps in doing a quick
analysis.
For example, we are given a list of tasks to be completed by a
department, and the dates and priority of each task.
In such a scenario, we can prepare a table showing the date, count of
each task, and their priority using the COUNTIFS function.
The given criteria can be any of the following:
1. It is a numeric value. It can be an integer, decimal, date, time, or
logical value.
2. A text strings. It may include wildcards. Wildcards can be a? (Question
mark) or an * (asterisk). A? matches any single character, whereas, *
matches any sequence of characters. If we wish to actually find the?
(Question mark) or * (asterisk) character, we need to type the ~ symbol
before this character in our search.

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 2.12 OR function
The OR Function is categorized under Excel LOGICAL functions.
The function will determine if any of the conditions in a test is TRUE. In
financial analysis, the OR function can be useful in comparing two
statements or two values.
For example, A1 for either “a” or “b,” use =OR(A1=”a”,A1=”b”).
The function can be used as the logical test inside the IF function to
avoid extra nested IFs, and can be combined with the AND function.
The function uses the following arguments:
1. Logical1 (required argument) – This is the first condition or logical
value to evaluate.
2. Logical2 (optional argument) – The second condition or logical value
to evaluate.

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 2.13 And function
The OR Function is categorized under Excel LOGICAL functions. The
function will determine if any of the conditions in a test is TRUE.
In financial analysis, the OR function can be useful in comparing two
statements or two values.
For example, A1 for either “a” or “b,” use =OR(A1=”a”,A1=”b”). The
function can be used as the logical test inside the IF function to avoid
extra nested IFs, and can be combined with the AND function.
The function uses the following arguments:
1. Logical1 (required argument) – This is the first condition or logical
value to evaluate.
2. Logical2 (optional argument) – The second condition or logical value
to evaluate.

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 3. Pivot Table
You can use a PivotTable to summarize, analyse, explore, and present
summary data.
Pivot Charts complement PivotTables by adding visualizations to the
summary data in a PivotTable, and allow you to easily see comparisons,
patterns, and trends. Both PivotTables and Pivot Charts enable you to
make informed decisions about critical data in your enterprise.
You can also connect to external data sources such as SQL Server
tables, SQL Server Analysis Services cubes, Azure Marketplace, Office
Data Connection (.odc) files, XML files, Access databases, and text files
to create PivotTables, or use existing PivotTables to create new tables.
3.1 CREATION OF PIVOT TABLE
Step 1. Enter your data into a range of rows and columns.
Every pivot table in Excel starts with a basic Excel table, where all your
data is housed. To create this table, simply enter your values into a set of
rows and columns, like the example below.

Here, I have a list of people, their education level, and their marital
status. With a pivot table, I could find out several pieces of information. I
could find out how many people with master’s degrees are married, for
instance.

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At this point, you’ll want to have a goal for your pivot table. What kind of
information are you trying to glean by manipulating this data? What
would you like to learn? This will help you design your pivot table in the
next few steps.
Step 2. Insert your pivot table.
Inserting your pivot table is actually the easiest part. You’ll want to:
Highlight your data.
Go to Insert in the top menu.
Click Pivot table.

Note: If you’re using an earlier version of Excel, "PivotTables" may be

under Tables or Data along the top navigation, rather than "Insert."
A dialog box will come up, confirming the selected data set and giving
you the option to import data from an external source (ignore this for
now). It will also ask you where you want to place your pivot table. I
recommend using a new worksheet.

You typically won’t have to edit the options unless you want to change
your selected table and change the location of your pivot table.
Once you’ve double-checked everything, click OK.

25
You will then get an empty result like this:
This is where it gets a little confusing, and where I used to stop as a
beginner because I was so thrown off. We’ll be editing the pivot table
fields next so that a table is rendered.
Step 3. Edit your pivot table fields.
You now have the “skeleton” of your pivot table, and it’s time to flesh it
out. After you click OK, you will see a pane for you to edit your pivot
table fields.

This can be a bit confusing to look at if this is your first time. In this pane,
you can take any of your existing table fields (for my example, it would
be First Name, Last Name, Education, and Marital Status), and turn
them into one of four fields:

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3.1 Filter
This turns your chosen field into a filter at the top, by which you can
segment data. For instance, below, I’ve chosen to filter my pivot table by
Education. It works just like a normal filter or data splicer.

Column
This turns your chosen field into vertical columns in your pivot table. For
instance, in the example below, I’ve made the columns Marital Status.

Keep in mind that the field’s values themselves are turned into columns,
and not the original field title. Here, the columns are “Married” and
“Single.” Pretty nifty, right?
Row
This turns your chosen field into horizontal rows in your pivot table. For
instance, here’s what it looks like when the Education field is set to be
the rows.

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Value
This turns your chosen field into the values that populate the table,
giving you data to summarize or analyse.
Values can be averaged, summed, counted, and more. For instance, in
the below example, the values are a count of the field First Name, telling
me which people across which
educational levels are either married or single.

28
Step 4: Analyse your pivot table.
Once you have your pivot table, it’s time to answer the question you
posed for yourself at the beginning. What information were you trying to
learn by manipulating the data?
With the above example, I wanted to know how many people are
married or single across educational levels.
I therefore made the columns Marital Status, the rows Education, and
the values First Name (I also could’ve used Last Name).

Values can be summed, averaged, or otherwise calculated if they’re

numbers, but the First Name field is text. The table automatically set it to
Count, which meant it counted the number of first names matching each
category.

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 4. LOOKUP
Lookup functions in Excel mean referencing a cell to match values in
another row or column against the cell and thereby retrieving the
corresponding results from the respective rows and columns.

4.1 VLOOKUP
FORMULA
VLOOKUP = VLOOKUP(lookup value, table array, col index, range
lookup]

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 5. OUESTIONAIRE
A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of
questions (or other types of prompts) for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents through survey or statistical study. A
research questionnaire is typically a mix of close-ended questions and
open-ended questions. Open-ended, long-term questions offer the
respondent the ability to elaborate on their thoughts. The Research
questionnaire was developed by the Statistical Society of London in
1838. Although questionnaires are often designed for statistical analysis
of the responses, this is not always the case.
Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of survey tools
in that they are cheap, do not require as much effort from the questioner
as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers
that make it simple to compile data. However, such standardized
answers may frustrate users as the possible answers may not accurately
represent their desired responses. Questionnaires are also sharply
limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions
and respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups conducting a
survey by questionnaire may not be concretely feasible.

5.1 Characteristics of a good questionnaire

Your survey design depends on the type of information you need to
collect from respondents. Qualitative questionnaires are used when
there is a need to collect exploratory information to help prove or
disprove a hypothesis. Quantitative questionnaires are used to validate
or test a previously generated hypothesis. However, most questionnaires
follow some essential characteristics:
• Uniformity: Questionnaires are very useful to collect demographic
information, personal opinions, facts, or attitudes from respondents. One
of the most significant attributes of a research form is uniform design
and standardization. Every respondent sees the same questions. This
helps in data collection and statistical analysis of this data. For example,
the retail store evaluation questionnaire template contains questions for
evaluating retail store experiences. Questions relate to purchase value,
range of options for product selections, and quality of merchandise.
These questions are uniform for all customers.

31
• Exploratory: It should be exploratory to collect qualitative data. There is
no restriction on questions that can be in your questionnaire. For
example, you use a data collection questionnaire and send it to the
female of the household to understand her spending and saving habits
relative to the household income. Open-ended questions give you more
insight and allow the respondents to explain their practices. A very
structured question list could limit the data collection.
• Question Sequence: It typically follows a structured flow of questions
to increase the number of responses. This sequence of questions is
screening questions, warm-up questions, transition questions, skip
questions, challenging questions, and classification questions.

5.2 Advantages of a good questionnaire design

• With a survey questionnaire, you can gather a lot of data in less time.
• There is less chance of any bias creeping if you have a standard set of
questions to be used for your target audience. You can apply logic to
questions based on the respondents’ answers, but the questionnaire will
remain standard for a group of respondents that fall in the same
segment.
• Surveying online survey software is quick and cost-effective. It offers
you a rich set of features to design, distribute, and analyze the response
data.
• It can be customized to reflect your brand voice. Thus, it can be used
to reinforce your brand image.
• The responses can be compared with the historical data and
understand the shift in respondents’ choices and experiences.
• Respondents can answer the questionnaire without revealing their
identity. Also, many survey software complies with significant data
security and privacy regulations.

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5.3 Sample Questionnaire

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 6. INTODUCTION TO SPSS
SPSS is a Windows based program that can be used to perform data
entry and analysis and to create tables and graphs. SPSS is capable of
handling large amounts of data and can perform all of the analyses
covered in the text and much more. SPSS is commonly used in the
Social Sciences and in the business world.

6.2 CORE FEATURES OF SPSS:

Statistics Program
The Statistics module in SPSS offers a variety of basic statistical
functions, including frequencies, cross-tabulation, and bivariate
statistics, to name a few.

Modeler Program
Researchers can use the Modeler software in SPSS to create and
validate predictive models using advanced statistical processes.

Text Analytics for Surveys Program

The Text Analytics for Surveys program from SPSS assists survey
administrators in gaining valuable insights from open-ended survey
responses.

Visual Designer
Researchers discovered that they could easily construct a range of
graphics with this Visual Designer data, including density charts and
radial box plots.

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6.3 ALTERNATIVE OF SPSS
1.BLUE SKY STATISTICS

Ask anyone who labels themselves a data analyst or data scientist and
they will say that the most popular data analysis “software” is R. R is a
computer language for statistical computing and it’s indeed very popular
and extremely powerful and versatile. But to work with R, you must know
how to code. We have already established that most people who use
SPSS choose it for its simple graphical user interface. And this is where
Blue Sky Statistics comes in.
Blue Sky Statistics provides a SPSS-esque graphical user interface to R
statistics – so you don’t have to write R code to run R statistics.
If you have used SPSS before and you decide to jump to Blue Sky, you
might at times forget you are not in SPSS because of the uncanny
resemblance of the user interface.
The other great thing about using Blue Sky is that after you ran any
analysis, the software shows the R code that was used to produce the
output. You can use it to learn R statistics code more easily.

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2.JAMOVI

Just like blue Sky Statistics, JAMOVI is a graphical user interface for the
R statistics language. The software provides an easy-to-use graphical
user interface for running R statistics without having to learn the code.
With JAMOVI, you will be able to perform all the common statistical
analysis operations such as descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA,
correlations, and regressions among others. JAMOVi also has decent
chart-making capabilities.
3.JASP

JASP is a user-friendly and free software application for running

statistical analyses developed and supported by the University of
Amsterdam.
The software supports all the standard data analyses procedures such
as summary statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, regression and more. For those
requiring advanced inference, JASP has 2 versions of each of the
statistical procedures – the traditional frequentist analyses and Bayesian
versions.
Where JASP shines the most is the live output feature where output is
displayed in real time as you choose what analysis procedures to
perform. This allows for quick modification of your analysis without
having to hope back and forth from the main application and the output
window.

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6.4 Advantages of Using SPSS
1. The researcher does not need to exert much effort to use this
software.
2. Even the time spent evaluating data with SPSS is far less than
with any other statistical tool.
3. It is useful for both quantitative and qualitative data.
4. Users can pick a preferred graph type that best suits their data
dissemination needs.
5. When you use SPSS, making a mistake is slim to none.

6.5 Limitations of SPSS

1. Stupidly expensive and requires a license, so you can’t just buy it
and own it. (Note: R is free and SAS and STATA don’t require that
the license be renewed annually (at least SAS didn’t the last time I
used it).
2. If you get really good, harder to program it to do whatever you
want (R and SAS are probably the best for this, with STATA a close
third)
3. Doesn’t allow you to flex on other data analysts b/c it’s kind of like
the tricycle of software programs… but a tricycle that works just
fine.

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