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Vlsi

Uploaded by

rahiniragi0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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MOS LOGIC FAMLIES

(CMOS AND NMOS


INVERTER DESIGN:
CMOS INVERTER:
 CMOS inverter definition is a device that is used to generate
logic functions is known as CMOS inverter and is the essential
component in all integrated circuits. A CMOS inverter is a FET
(field effect transistor), composed of a metal gate that lies
on top of oxygen’s insulating layer on top of a semiconductor.
These inverters are used in most electronic devices which are
accountable for generating data n small circuits.

NMOS INVERTER:
 A negative-MOS transistor forms a closed circuit
when receiving a non-negligible voltage and an open
circuit when it receives a voltage at around 0 volts.
CMOS INVERTER CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION:
 The CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-
Semiconductor) circuit consists of two transistors: a
PMOS and an NMOS.

Vdd (Supply Voltage)


|
(PMOS)
|
(Vout)
|
(NMOS)
|
Ground
PMOS Transistor:

 Connected between the supply voltage (Vdd) and


the output (Vout).

NMOS Transistor:
 Connected between the output (Vout) and
Ground.Input (Vin) is applied to the Gate terminals
of both transistors.Output (Vout) is taken at the
point where the Drain terminals of both transistors
meet.

CMOS Inverter Operation:


. When the Input (Vin) is Low (Vin = 0V):
 The PMOS transistor turns on (conducts).The NMOS
transistor turns off (no current flows).As a result,
Vout is connected to Vdd, and the output is high
(Vout = Vdd).

When the Input (Vin) is High (Vin = Vdd):

 The NMOS transistor turns on (conducts)The PMOS


transistor turns off (no current flows). As a result,
Vout is connected to Ground, and the output is low
(Vout = 0V).

NMOS INVERTER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


AND EXPLANATION:

NMOS Structure:
 An NMOS transistor has three terminals: Gate (G),
Drain (D), and Source (S).It is used as a switch or an
amplifier in circuits.In NMOS, the current flows
between the Drain and Source, controlled by the
Gate voltage.
How It Works:
 When the Gate-to-Source Voltage (Vgs) is greater
than a certain threshold voltage (Vth), the NMOS
turns on.When the NMOS is on, a conductive
channel forms between the Drain and Source,
allowing current to flow from Drain to Source.When
Vgs is less than the threshold, the transistor is off,
and no current flows.
Circuit Explanation:
 Vdd is the supply voltage, and R is the load
resistor.The Gate controls whether current flows
from Drain to Source. If sufficient voltage is applied
to the Gate, the NMOS turns on, allowing current to
flow through the load resistor and transistor.If
there is no sufficient voltage on the Gate, the
transistor stays off, and no current flows.

+ Vdd

R (Load Resistor)

|-----------(Drain)

| |

| |

(Vg) |---(NMOS)

(Gate) |

(Source)

Ground
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CMOS
AND NMOS CHARACTERISTICS :
1.Power Efficiency:

NMOS: Continuous current flow during operation, more


power-hungry.

CMOS: Consumes power only during switching; highly


power-efficient.

2. Component Count:

NMOS: Uses fewer components (just an NMOS transistor


and resistor), simpler.

CMOS: Requires both PMOS and NMOS transistors,


slightly more complex.

3.Logic Level:

NMOS: Output relies on an external pull-up resistor,


leading to slower speed and more power consumption.

CMOS: Inherently provides high-speed logic switching


using both NMOS and PMOS, without the need for
external resistors.
4.Output:

NMOS: Requires a pull-up resistor to achieve a high


output.
CMOS: No resistor needed; the PMOS automatically
provides a high output when Vin is low.

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