Data

Management
 At the end of the lesson, the student will
be able to:

apply a variety of statistical tools to

process and manage numerical data;
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES use the methods of linear regression and
correlations to predict the value of a
variable given certain conditions; and

recognize the importance of statistical

analyses in making decisions.
Collection of Data Organization of Data
Presentation of Data

Analysis of Data Interpretation of Data

Definition of
Terms
➢ Population – refers to
the entire set of
people, objects,
events, or things of
any form under
consideration.

➢ Sample – is
representative of a
population.
Definition of Terms

➢ Parameter is a summary
measure describing a specific
characteristic of the
population.

➢ Statistic is a summary measure

describing a specific
characteristic of the sample.
Definition of Terms

➢ Variable – a quantity that

changes from one observation
to another.

➢ Constant – a quantity that

does not change its value from
one observation to another
Areas in Applied Statistics

➢ Descriptive statistics includes all the

techniques used in organizing,
summarizing, and presenting the
data on hand.

➢ Inferential statistics includes all the

techniques used in analyzing the
sample data that will lead to
generalizations about the population
from which the sample came from.
Exercises #1 Classify whether the statement belongs to the
area of Descriptive Statistics or Inferential
Statistics.
1. Of all the chemical engineering graduates who
took the board exam 75% failed.
2. The high cholesterol levels appear to be
associated with increased risk of heart
impairment.
3. The average number of oil tankers arriving each
day at a certain port city is known to be 10.
4. The two types of instruments used for measuring
the amount of sulfur monoxide in the atmosphere
yield measurements having the same variability.
5. The average number of students in a class at a
certain University is 35.
 TYPES OF DATA
Data

Qualitative data – are the

Quantitative data – are
result when the
the result of counting
information has been
or measuring. Also
sorted into categories.
referred to as
Also referred to as
Numerical Data.
Categorical Data.

Discrete data – are Continuous data – are

based upon obtained through direct
measurements that can measurement.
only be expressed in
whole units.
Exercises #2 Identify the underlined variable as qualitative
or quantitative. If it is quantitative, identify as
discrete or continuous
1. The grades of 20 students who fail the
prelim exam.
2. Number of defective items.
3. Civil status of the 100 delegates in an
international conference.
4. The different violations committed by
employees in one year.
5. The lifestyle of Filipino women who
married European men.
 LEVELS OF DATA

➢ The level of measurement

of a variable in statistics is
a classification that was
proposed to describe the
nature of the information
contained within numbers
assigned to objects and,
therefore, within the
variable.
➢ There are four levels of
measurement; these are
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval,
and Ratio
 State the level of measurement of each
of the following variables.
EXERCISES #3 1. Blood type
2. Doctor’s salary
3. Latin honors
4. Temperature in Fahrenheit
5. Student number
6. Gender
7. Land area
8. Contest winners
9. Student height in cm
10. Athlete’s age in years
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
➢ Primary data are data
documented by the
primary source. The data
collectors themselves
documented this data.
DATA
COLLECTION
➢ Secondary data
data documented by a
are METHODS
secondary source. An
individual/agency other
than the data collectors,
documented this data.
 ➢ Survey is a method of collecting
data on the variable of interest by
asking people questions.

➢ Experiment is a method of
collecting data where there is a
direct human intervention on the
DATA conditions that may affect the
COLLECTION values of the variables of interest.

METHODS
➢ Observation method is a method of
collecting data on the
phenomenon of interest by
recording the observations made
about the phenomenon as it
actually happens.
SAMPLING AND
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
➢ Sampling is the process of
choosing elements, such as
person, objects or groups
from a known population of
interest to be included in a
study in order to generate a
fair result.
 There are two types of
sampling techniques:
Probability sampling or Non-probability
random sampling gives sampling does not
SAMPLING all members of the
population a known
give everyone an
equal chance of
TECHNIQUES and equal chance of
being part of the
being selected to be
sample.
part of the sample.
• In other words, the
• Non-probability sampling
selection of individuals procedures are much less
does not affect the chance desirable, as they will
of anyone else in the almost certainly contain
population being selected. sampling biases.
Probability Sampling Techniques

➢ Simple random sampling – selecting the sample randomly from

the sampling frame using random numbers obtained from
tables or generated by a computer

➢ Systematic sampling – selecting the sample at regular intervals

from the sample frame

➢ Cluster sampling – dividing the population into several groups

based on naturally occurring attributes, then applying random
sampling to select clusters
 ➢ Convenience sampling - the samples
are selected because they are
accessible to the researcher

➢ Quota sampling - a sampling technique

in which the researcher ensures equal or
proportionate representation of subjects
depending on which trait is considered
Non-Probability the basis of the quota

Sampling ➢ Judgmental sampling - more commonly

Techniques known as purposive sampling. In this
type of sampling, subjects with a specific
purpose are chosen to be part of the
sample

➢ Snowball sampling – making contact

with few individuals and asking them to
nominate other individuals until the
desired sample size is reached
Probability Sampling
Techniques
Systematic Sampling
➢ Stratified Random Sampling is a method
where the population is divided into sub-
groups (called strata) based on some
well-known characteristics of the
population then take a random sample
from each strata.
➢ The selection of elements is then made
separately from within each strata, usually
by random or systematic sampling
methods.
 Use the Proportionate Stratification formula

𝑛⋅𝑁𝑖
𝑛𝑖 =
𝑁
Proportionate where:
Stratification 𝑛𝑖 is the number of sample per category i
𝑁𝑖 is the population of item per category i
𝑁 is the total number of population
𝑛 is the total number of sample
  To compute for the sample size the Slovin’s
formula will be used:
𝑁
𝑛=
1+𝑁𝑒 2
Slovin’s Formula where:
n is the sample size
N is the number of cases
e is the margin of error
Example#1 Year Level Population
A study is conducted to First Year 300
1,000 college students
at the University of the Second Year 250
East. The number of
students per year level is
presented on a table.
Third Year 250
How many samples are
needed per year level
Fourth Year 200
using proportional
allocation? Total (N) 1000
 Example#1

A study is conducted to 1,000 college students at the University of the East. How many
samples are needed per year level using proportional allocation?

N = 1000 e = 0.05 Year Level Population (N) Sample (n)

286 ⋅ 300
𝑁 First Year 300 𝑛1 = = 𝟖𝟓
𝑛= 1000
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
286 ⋅ 250
Second Year 250 𝑛2 = = 𝟕𝟐
1000 1000
𝑛= ≈ 285.71
1 + (1000)(0.05)2 286 ⋅ 250
Third Year 250 𝑛3 = = 𝟕𝟐
1000
𝑛 = 286 286 ⋅ 200
Fourth Year 200 𝑛4 = = 𝟓𝟕
1000
Total (N) 1000 286