Unit-I: Statistics

Introduction, Definitions, Curve Fitting, equation of Straight line, parabola and exponential,
correlation and regression, formula for correlation coefficient, regression lines and angle between the
regression lines.
Problems on Fitting of a Straight Line:

1. Fit a straight-line y = a +b x in the least square sense for the data.

x 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14
y 1 2 4 4 5 7 8 9

2. Using the method of least squares, fit a linear relations of the form p = a + b w to the
following data where p is the pull required to lift a weight w
W(kg-wt) 50 70 100 120
P(kg-wt) 12 15 21 25

3. By the method of least squares, fit a straight line to the following data:
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 14 13 9 5 2

4. Determine the best-fitting straight line for the following data:

x 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14
y 1 2 4 4 5 7 8 9

5. By the method of least squares, fit a straight line to the following data:

x 0 1 3 6 8
y 1 3 2 5 4

6. By the method of least squares, fit a straight line to the following data:
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1.0 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3

7. By the method of least squares, fit a straight line to the following data:
x 5 10 15 20 25
y 16 19 23 26 30

8. By the method of least squares, fit a straight line to the following data:
x 1 2 3 4 6 8
y 2.4 3 3.6 4 5 6

9. By the method of least squares, fit a straight line to the following data:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 9 8 24 28 26 20

10. Determine the best-fitting straight line for the following data:
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 80 90 92 83 94 99 92
Problems on Fitting of a curve of the form :

11. Fit a curve of the form y  ab x by using the least square method to the following
x: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y: 87 97 113 129 202 195 193

12. The growth of bacteria (y) in a community after x hours is given in the following
table:
Hours(x): 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of bacteria (y): 32 47 65 92 132 190 275
Find the best values of a and b in the formula y  ab x to fit this data and estimate y
for x=7.
13. Fit a curve of the form y = abx in the least square sense for the following data
x 0 2 4 5 7 10
y 100 120 256 390 710 1600
14. Fit a curve of the form y  ab x by using the least square method to the following data:
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y 1.0 1.2 1.8 2.5 3.6 4.7 6.6 9.1

15. Fit an equation of the form y = abx to the given data in each of the following cases:
x 2 3 4 5 6
y 8.3 15.3 33.1 65.2 127.4

16. Fit an equation of the form y = abx to the given data in each of the following cases:
x 2 3 4 5 6
y 144 172.8 207.4 248.8 298.5

17. Fit an equation of the form y = abx to the given data in each of the following cases:

x 0 2 4 5 7 10
y 100 120 256 390 710 1600

18. Fit a curve of the form y = abx using the least square method to the following
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 87 97 113 129 202 195 193

Problems on Fitting of a curve of the form

19. Find a curve of best fit of the form y  ax b to the following data:
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 0.5 2 4.5 8 12.5
20. Fit a curve of the form y  ax to the following data:
b

x 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

y 2.5 5.62 10.0 15.6
 21. Fit a curve of the form y  ax b to the following data:
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 2.98 4.26 5.21 6.1 6.8 7.5

22. The pressure and volume of a gas are related by the equation 𝒑𝒗𝜸 = 𝒌, 𝜸 𝒏𝒅 𝒌 are
being constants. Fit this equation to the following set of observations and estimate v
when p=4.
p 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
v 1620 1000 750 620 520 460

Problems on Fitting of a Parabola:

23. Fit a parabola of the form y = a + b x + cx2 to the following data:

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y 2 6 7 8 10 11 11 10 9
2
24. Fit a parabola of the form y = a + b x + cx to the following data:
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 2.3 5.2 9.7 16.5 29.4 35.5 54.4

25. Fit a parabola of the form y = a + b x + cx2 to the following data:

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 1 3 7 13 21 31

26. Fit a parabola of second degree y = a + b x + cx2 for the data

X 0 1 2 3 4
Y 1 1.8 1.3 2.1 2.3

27. Fit a second degree parabola y = C+ B x + Ax2 in the least square sense for the
following data and hence estimate y at x = 6
X 1 2 3 4 5
Y 10 12 13 16 19

28. Fit a second-degree parabola to the following data:

x 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
y 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.1

29. Fit a parabola y = a + b x + cx2 to the following data:

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y 4.63 2.11 0.67 0.09 0.63 2.15 4.58
30. Fit a parabola to each of the following data:
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 10 12 13 16 19

31. Fit a parabola to each of the following data:

x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 5 10 22 38
 32. Fit a parabola y =ax2 + b x +c to each of the following data:
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 1.8 1.3 2.5 6.3
33. Fit a second degree parabola y = C+ B x + Ax2 in the least square sense for the
following data and hence estimate y at x = 6
X 1 2 3 4 5
Y 10 12 13 16 19

Problems on Coefficient of Correlation:

34. Show that the coefficient of correlation always lies between –1 and +1 (i.e. -1r1)

35. Define coefficient of correlation. If is the is the angle between two regression lines
(1  r 2 )  x  y
show that tan  and explain the significance when r=0.
r  x2  y2
 x 2   y 2   x y 2
36. Derive the formula r 
2 x y
37. Derive the equation of the regression lines.

38. Find the correlation coefficient for the following data:

x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 5 3 8 7

39. Find the correlation coefficient for the following data

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 9 8 10 12 11 13 14

40. Find the correlation coefficient for the following data:

x 105 104 102 101 100 99 98 96 93 92
y 101 103 100 98 95 96 104 92 9 98

41. Find the correlation coefficient for the following data:

x 10 14 18 22 26 30
y 18 12 24 6 30 36

42. Find the correlation coefficient for the following data:

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y 10 12 16 28 25 36 41 49 40 50

43. Find the correlation coefficient for the following data:

x 5.1 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 6.0 6.1
y 11 17 19 14 8 15 20 6 18 12
 x2   y2  x y2
44. Using the formula r  , find r in the following cases:
2 x y
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 4 6 9 10 12 14 15
  x 2   y 2   x y 2
45. Derive the formula r  and hence find r for the following data
2 x y
x 10 14 18 22 26 30
y 18 12 24 6 30 36

46. Find the coefficient of correlation between industrial production and export (both in
crores tons) using the following data:
Production 55 56 58 59 60 60 62
Export 35 38 38 39 44 43 45
Problems on Regression:

47. Find the coefficient of correlation and obtain the lines of regression for the following
data:

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y 9 8 10 12 11 13 14 16 15
Determine y which corresponds to x=6.2.
 x2   y2  x y2
48. Using the formula r  , find r in the following cases:
2 x y
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 9 8 10 12 11 13 14

49. Obtain the lines of regression and hence find the coefficient of correlation for the
following data:
x 1 3 4 2 5 8 9 10 13 15
y 8 6 10 8 12 16 16 10 32 32

50. Find the coefficient of correlation and the regression lines for the following data:

x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 5 3 8 7

51. Find the coefficient of correlation and the regression lines for the following data:
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y 10 12 16 28 25 36 41 49 40 50

52. If 8x  10 y  66  0 and 40 x  18 y  214 are the regression lines. Find the mean of
x’s and y’s and the correlation coefficient find  y if  x  3 .
53. Given the lines of regression x=19.13-0.87y and y=11.64-0.5x .Compute the mean of
x’s and y’s and the correlation coefficient . find  y if  x  3
54. In a partially destroyed laboratory record of correlation data the following results only
are available. Variance of x is 9, regression equations are 4x – 5y + 33 = 0, 20x –9y =
107. Calculate i) The mean values of x and y. ii) Standard deviation of y iii) The
coefficient of correlation between x and y.
55. Given that the lines of regression of y on x and of x on y are respectively y=x and
4x-y=3, and  x  1 ,find the coefficient of correlation between x and y and the
variance of y.
56. If the correlation of coefficient between two variables x and y is 0.5 and the acute
3
angle between their lines of regression is tan i ( ) .Show that  y  2 x or 2 y   x .
5
57. A person while calculating the coefficient of correlation b/w two variables x and y,from a set of
25 observations ,  x  125  x  100 ,  xy  508 ,  x 2
 650  y 2  460 . But it was later
x 8 6 x 6 8 found that the pair of values in table 1were wrongly copied as
in table 2 Find r .
y 12 8 y 14 6

Table 1 Table 2