Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Learning0bjectives

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

> distinguish population from sample:

> calculate sample size of a given population; and

> choose appropriate sampling technique needed fora particular

study.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Wheneverwe hear the term 'population,' the first thing that

strikes ourmind is a large group of people. In the same way,
in statistics population denotes at least one common
feature. The term is often contrasted with the sample.
Populaffon U which is nothing but a part of the population that is so
selected to represent the entire group.

In psychology research, they typically study samples of

individuals to make inferences about some larger group.

More realistically, researcherstry to study people who do
not differ from the general population in any way that
TSample T should matter for that topic of research.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Population and Sample

psychological research, measurements are normally

In

performed on some aspect of a person. The psychologist may want

to know about a person's ability to remember things or experience IrgtPplrion

happiness. The collection of all people who could be measured or

in whom you are interested, is called the population.

Sanole
Population (referred to as the universe) is the total or
entire group of individuals, events, objects, or observations that
have unique patterns of qualities and from which information is
desired by the researcher.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

If you want to know something about a population, your results would be

most accurate if you could study the entire population. However, practical

limitations will prevent you from gathering all of the measurements that you
might want. In such cases you would obtain for some subset of the population,
called a sample.

Sample is a subset or a portion of the population. This refers to a set of

individuals, events, objects or observations that truly represents the
characteristicsof the population.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Sampling is something we all do in our daily life. For instance, if you have
tried two or three items from a menu of a restaurants and have not liked any of

them, you do not have to try everything before deciding not to dine at that
restaurant anymore.

Sampling is measuring a small portion of something and then making a

general statementabout the whole thing. In order for the researcher to save time,
money and effort in collecting data adopts sampling. In doing this, the researcher
should be guided by the representativeness of the sample in order make a
generalization for the whole population.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Guidelines for determining adequate sampling

The sample size is usually determined before the start of a study. But there
is no fixed rules for determining sample size. However, there are broad guidelines in
determining the right size of the sample (Calderon, 1993).

1. When the population is more or less homogeneous and only the typical average
is desired to be known, a smaller sample is enough. However, if differences are
desired, a larger sample is needed.

2. When the population is more or less heterogeneous and the typical average is

desired to be known, a larger sample is needed. However, if only the differences/

are desired, a smaller sample is sufficient.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

3. The proportional size of a sample is inversely proportional to the size of the

population

4. For a greater accuracyand reliability of results, a greater sample proportion

is desirable.This is true in descriptive statistics.

5. In and chemical research experiments such as testing the effects

biological

of drugs and other substances, the use of fewer sample is sufficient to

determinethe reactions of sample to such drugsand other substances.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Essential Steps in Determining the Sample Size(Lambojon, Jr. et al.,

2017)

1. Determinethe population where the data she needs can be gathered.

The researcher has to identify the group to which he would like to
generalize the result of the study.

2. Determinethe kind of sample to be drawn from it or to be selected from

the identified population.

3. Determinethe desired sample size.

 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Determination of Sample Size

1.Slovin's Formula

n = N

1+ Ne?
Where:

n= sample size
N= population size

e- desired margin of error(usually 3-5%)

 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Forexample,a researcher is conducting a study on study habits of Grade 12 students

with a population of 3,500. If a researcher allows a 5% margin of error, how many Grade
12 students must be included in his study?

Using the formula:

n=
1+ Ne2

3,500
1+(3,500X.05)2

n=358.974 (roundoff to nearest whole number)

n=359 Grade 12 students
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

2. Gay (1976)as cited in Bermudo et al. (2010) offers some minimum acceptable sizes
dependingon the research as follows:

a. Descriptive research. 10% of the population. For a smaller population, a

minimum of 20% may be required.

b. Correlation study. 30 subjects

c. Ex-post facto or causal comparative research. 15 subjects per group

d.Experimental research. 15 subjects pergroup.Some authoritiesbelieve that 30

per group should be considered minimum.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

General Types of Sampling Techniques

A1. Probability Sampling (Random Sampling) is one in which the sample is a

proportion of the study population. There is equiprobability in the selection of
the sample.

2. NonprobabilitySampling (Nonrandom Sampling) is one in which the sample is

not a proportion of the study.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Types of Probability Sampling

1 Simple random sampling -the most elementaryrandom sampling technique and

forms the basis for the other random sampling techniques.
2. Systematic random sampling - sampling techniquein which every kth sampling
unit in the samplingframe is chosen to be included in the sample.

3. Stratified Random Sampling - used in selecting a sample when the population

is segmented into groups or sections called strata.

4. Cluster Sampling -used when the total population of a big geographical area is
studied.

5. Multi-Stage Sampling -used when the respondents of the studyare scattered all
over a big geographical area. ho pl ts
ng CNSAersepf uLIT iLI
rsing the prns techmiqes.
fDP han clvs ter.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

For example, a group of students are conducting a research on the productivity of

workers and they wanted to determine the sample size needed for their research.
The workers belong to different departments. If the total number of workers is 490
and only 20% of the workers will be included, how many from each department
should be taken?

Departments No. of Workers

A 250 X 2b/ J40

B 120 X ea 7=24
C = I}
85
D 35 / 7 N SD
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Types of Nonprobability Sampling

1
Accidental Sampling.The persons included in the sample are those who arekmet
by chance or accidentaly met by the researcher.

2 Quota Sampling.In this type of sampling, many sectors of the population may be
represented in the sample but there is no proportional representation. A
specified number of each type is arbitrarily determined. The main concern in
quota samplingis to come up with the desired number of samples no matter how
they are selected.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

3. Convenience Sampling. The respondents are selected and interviewed in the

most convenient and fastest way. The researcher select the respondents who are
at the time and place e data is to be collected.
availahl

4. Purposive Sampling.The respondents are chosen on the basis of their

CX Gftrct ny yamiy
knowledgeof the information desired. It is used in either the probability or

nonprobability sampling.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

Chapter Notes

• A population consists of all people that are being studied.

• A sampleis a group of people selecterfroma population.

•ProbabilitySamplingand Nonprobani Sampling are the two general types of
samplingtechniques.
• Probability sampling techniques use random selection. Probability sampling

includes simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling.

cluster sampling and multi-stage sampling.