c‡njv ‰ekv‡L †jvKms¯‹…wZi

beRvMi‡Yi ¯^cœK_v
Kzgvi cÖxZxk ej
c‡njv ‰ekvL evOvwji RvZxq Drme| †jvKms¯‹…wZi beRvMi‡Yi
w`b| †jvKms¯‹…wZi beRvMi‡Yi Rb¨ ms¯‹…wZi ÔGK wekvj
cybyiyÌv‡bi QweÕ wbg©vY cÖ‡qvRb| GB ÔQweÕwU n‡e
†jvKms¯‹…wZi GKwU Av`k© KíwPÎ| Kíbv Avi cÖvwßi e¨eavb hZ
`y¯Íi †nvK, ¯^cœ †`L‡ZB n‡e| ÔGKRb jvwZb `vk©wbK GKevi
e‡jwQ‡jb, Avgv‡`i ¯^cœ †`L‡ZB n‡e, †Kbbv ¯^cœ bv †`L‡j Avgiv
†Zv KL‡bv †R‡M DV‡Z cvie bv|Õ ZvB c‡njv ‰ekv‡L †jvKms¯‹…wZi
beRvMi‡Yi ¯^cœ †`wL| ˆmq` gbRyiyj Bmjvg †jvKms¯‹…wZi
beRvMi‡Yi Rb¨ ÔGK wekvj cybyiyÌv‡bi QweÕi ¯^cœ †`‡Lb; Ô†h,
cybyiyÌvb gvbyl‡K Zvi †kK‡o Ges gvwU‡Z wb‡q hv‡”Q; mgwói
Rxe‡bi I fv‡jvevmvi Kv‡Q, Zvi mvgvb¨ PvIqv-cvIqv, Zuvi m¤§vb
Ges wek¦v‡mi RvqMvUvq wb‡q hv‡”Q| `„k¨gva¨g Avgv‡`i Drcv`b
bq, Z‡e Avgiv G‡K e¨envi Kie, cÖ‡qvRb n‡j AvZ¥¯’ Kie| wKš‘ Zv
cwð‡gi Av‡ivwcZ m~Î †g‡b bq, eis Avgv‡`i wPiKvjxb †mŠ›`h©,
g~j¨‡eva I fv‡jvevmvi m~Î †g‡b-Õ|
†jvKms¯‹…wZ KZ¸‡jv we‡kl ˆewkó¨gwÛZ ixwZ, c×wZ, KvVv‡gvi
gva¨‡g weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| ˆmq` Rvwgj Avn‡g` G¸‡jv‡K QqwU fv‡M
wef³ K‡i‡Qb- 1. ms¯‹…Z bvU¨ cÖfveRvZ ixwZ, 2. K_vbvU¨, 3.
bvUMxwZ, 4. †jŠwKK nvm¨imvZ¥K bvU¨, 5. wgkªbvU¨ Ges 6.
cyZzj bvP| GQvovI Av‡Q Dcwb‡ewkK bvU¨aviv| GLb Zv ms¯‹…wZi
Ask| †jvKms¯‹…wZi beRvMi‡Y meB A¶zbœ _vK‡e| G‡Ki Kvi‡Y A‡b¨i
webvk NU‡e bv|
†`kKv‡ji ev¯ÍeZvq nvRvi eQi Av‡MB evsjvq DbœZ wkíiywP ˆZwi
nq| †mB iywP‡eva AvRI cÖevngvb| GB mg„× iywP wbg©v‡Y cyZzj
bvP, M¤¢xiv, AvjKvc, jxjv, kv¯¿Mvb, fvmvb, cvjv, K_KZv, j¶xi Mvb,
wePviMvb, Szgyi, MxwZKv, †NUz, bvUMxZ, cuvPvjx, †jUz,
MvRxiMvbmn †jvKms¯‹…wZi wewPÎ Abym‡½i Acwimxg f~wgKv
i‡q‡Q| PÆMÖv‡gi gvBRfvÛvwi Mv‡bi K_v fywj Kx K‡i? †jvKci¤úivq
Gi PP©vi cvkvcvwk MvRb, i_hvÎv, bevbœ, †gjv, ZvwRqv BZ¨vw`
Drme,cvjv, cve©‡bi Av‡qvRb‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| Ggwb‡ZB evi gv‡m
†Zi cve©b| GB cve©b‡K wN‡i †jvKvPv‡i c~Y© †jvKvqZ Rxeb|
Qvqvb‡Ui c‡njv ˆekvL, 12 ˆekvL PÆMÖv‡g ReŸv‡ii ewj‡Ljvq GLb
KvD‡K WvK‡Z nq bv|
†jvKms¯‹…wZi beRvMiY NU‡j PvevMvb¸‡jvi g‡Zv cvovq cvovq,
bM‡i gnjøvq bvUgÛj n‡e| GLv‡b gv`viMxZ, gbmvi Mvb, AvjKvc,
Cgvb hvÎv, Kzkvb cvjv, Kwei Mvb n‡e| webq euvkxi wkl¨‡`i Xv‡Ki
k‡ã bvMwi‡Ki Nyg fv½‡e| Rwni DwÏb cvjv‡bi †`nZ‡Ë¡i Mvb bM‡i
Ziy‡Yi AvÇvq MxZ n‡e| †iLvivYxi Mvb ïbvi Rb¨ †ówWqvg Kvbvq
Kvbvq c~Y© _vK‡e| ¯‹zj K‡j‡Ri wk¶v_x©, ZiyY, hyev,
cÖvmv`evmx bvix `j †eu‡a wU‡K‡Ui Rb¨ QzU‡e| †iLvivYxi
ÔgnvcÖfy wbjvP‡jÕ ï‡b nvDgvD K‡i Kuv`‡e| Avkivd Avjxi Ôgbmvi
MvbÕ ï‡b duywc‡q DV‡e| cjvb`vi wkl¨iv ÔhyMxce©Õ cwi‡ekb K‡i
†`k-we‡`‡k L¨vwZ AR©b Ki‡e| cybv †diZ Pjw”PÎKvi cywVqvi
ÔwgwQj MvbÕ wPÎvwqZ K‡i cyi¯‹vi cv‡e| fvwUqvwj, Rvwi, mvwi,
gywm©`x, jvjb, nvmb, kªxK…ò KxZ©‡bi Gjevg wewµ gv‡mi ci
gvm †miv `‡k _vK‡e| wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxi hvÎvg‡Â cÖwZw`b wU‡KU
†K‡U †jv‡K hvÎv †`L‡e|
miKvi e‡j‡Qb, ÔMÖv‡g MÖv‡g B›Uvi‡bU †cuŠ‡Q hv‡eÕ| †jvKms¯‹…
wZi beRvMiY n‡j AmsL¨ ZiY, hyev †kdvjx †Nvl, k¨vg my›`i ˆeò‡ei
Mvb WvDb‡jvW Ki‡e| †jvKms¯‹…wZi B-g¨vMvwRb B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
Kj¨v‡Y Zviy‡Y¨i cv‡Vi Ask n‡e| ¸M‡j Qwo‡q co‡e kªxK…òjxjv, gv`vi
MxZ, gbmvi fvmvb, kx‡ei MvRb|
†jvKms¯‹…wZi beRvMiY NU‡j N‡i N‡i †jvK cyiv‡Yi PP©v n‡e| PviY
wkíxiv wify m¤§v‡b c~wRZ n‡eb| †`‡ki abx‡`i ZvwjKvq PviY wkíxi
bvg hy³ n‡e| PviYiv iPbv Ki‡eb †jvKms¯‹…wZi †mvcvb| Anxf~lY
fÆvPvh© 1894 mv‡j Ômyi_ D×viÕ hvÎvq we‡eK bv‡gi PwiÎ m„wó
K‡i hvÎvwk‡í bZzb gvÎv †hvM K‡ib| hvÎvq we‡e‡Ki Mvb Acwinvh©
n‡q I‡V| hvÎvq we‡eK Mvb cwi‡ekb K‡i gvwbKM‡Äi wkíx ejvB `vm,
D‡cb `vm †Rjvi m‡e©v”P Ki`vZv n‡eb| gqgbwms‡ni wkíx wbwLj
miKvi †`‡ki m‡e©v”P c`K jvf Ki‡eb| A‡_©i Kvi‡Y Kv‡iv wkíxmËv
bó n‡e bv, GK eqvwZ‡K †`‡LwQ, †`k we‡`‡k mybvg Qov‡bvi ci
K‡Éi †mB imgÄywi †jvc †c‡q‡Q| bvbv `yb©vg Zuvi m½x|
†jvKms¯‹…wZi beRvMiY n‡j †ZgbwU n‡e bv| Rq`yM©v A‡civi
Kvjxc` `vk, eveyj A‡civi †gvnbjvj ivq, wbD eveyj A‡civi eveyjvj
ivq, `yjvj wek¦vm, beiÁb A‡civi †MŠiv½ Avw`Z¨, wSbvB`‡ni
gnx‡Zvl wek¦vm, Lyjbvi PzKbM‡ii Zcb †`ebv_, XvKvi mij Luvi
wkl¨iv hvÎvq we‡e‡Ki Mvb †M‡q mybvg AR©b Ki‡e| we‡e‡Ki Mv‡b
RvwZi we‡eKI RvMÖZ n‡e| PviY Kwe gyKz›` `v‡ki Mvb †jvKgy‡L
Kvi‡Y-AKvi‡Y D”PvwiZ n‡e|
Rvcv‡bi †bv w_‡qUv‡ii Lei ivwL| †Møve w_‡qUv‡i wM‡q †k·wcqv‡ii
bvUK †`wL| ZLb ewikv‡j wM‡q gbmvi fvmvb †`Le| ivRkvnx‡Z
AvjKve †`Le| ZvB e‡j †k·wcqvi, Be‡mb‡K fzje bv| hvÎvg‡Â ZLb wgjb
KvwšÍ †`, Ag‡j›`y wek¦v‡mi wkl¨iv n¨vg‡jU, g¨vK‡e_ Ki‡eb| Wjm
nvDR, Gwbwg Ae `¨ wccjm g¯’ n‡e MÖv‡g, MÖv‡g| †k·wcqvi,
Be‡m‡bi †`‡ki †jv‡Kiv AevK n‡q †`L‡e, Zv‡`i PvB‡ZI †ewk
AvšÍwiKZvq evOvwji bvUgÛ‡j g¯’ n‡”Q| iex›`ªbv_, †eªkU, gvB‡Kj,
`xbeÜz wgÎ, ˆmq` kvgmyj nK, †mwjgAvj`x‡bi bvUK g¯’ n‡e|
gy³aviv, i³Kiex, ivRv hvÎvg‡Â †`L‡Z MÖv‡g MÖv‡g ayg co‡e| Z‡e
Db¥v‡`i g‡Zv iex›`ªPP©vq gË n‡e bv| iex›`ªbv‡_i 150Zg
Rb¥evwl©Kx‡Z iex›`ª bvUK gÂvq‡bi †Rvqvi †`‡LwQ| †Rvqv‡i eo
†ewk fq| †e‡bvRj Xy‡K hvIqvi fq|
†jvKms¯‹…wZi beRvMiY n‡j ZviyY¨ hywMc‡e©i ZvwË¡KwfwË,
e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY, †jvK HwZn¨ hvÎvi we‡klZ¡ I ¯^vZš¿¨ m¤ú‡K©
Z‡K© wjß n‡q ivZ cvi K‡i †`‡e| wke MvR‡bi MxZ, bvU¨Kwe Avi
†jvKbvU¨ Avw½K msµvšÍ Av‡jvPbvq mvb‡›` AskMÖnY Ki‡e| `k©K
wU‡KU †K‡U GB Av‡jvPbv ïb‡e| bwQgb cvjv, hyMxce©, fvmvb
hvÎvmn kZvwaK †jvKcvjvi msMÖvnK KvRx mvB` †nv‡mb `yjvj
evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK`~Z wnmv‡e †`k we‡`‡k e³…Zv †`‡eb|
gvbyl wU‡KU †K‡U Zuvi K_v ïb‡e| Zuvi wkl¨iv ivRkvnxi cywVqv‡Z
†Wov evwb‡q †jvKms¯‹…wZi PP©v Ki‡e| Zuv‡`i msMÖ‡ni ZvwjKv
kZK Qvwo‡q hv‡e|
†jvK ms¯‹…wZi msMÖn Ges weKv‡k iex›`ªbv_mn A‡b‡K hy³
wQ‡jb| `x‡bk P›`ª †mb, Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh©¨, Avï‡Zvl †PŠayix,
Ave`yj nK, i‡gk kxj, dbx eo–qv, BmnvK †PŠayix cÖgyL †jvKms¯‹…
wZi Amxg fvÛvi‡K Avg„Zy¨ D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i c_ a‡i ZiyY
cÖRb¥ GwM‡q hv‡e| G cÖR‡b¥i †jvKM‡elKiv †`k-we‡`‡ki
wek¦we`¨vj‡q †jvKms¯‹…wZ cov‡eb| Zuv‡`i †gavi m‡e©v”P
e¨env‡i wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e|
M‡elKMY †jvKms¯‹…wZi beRvMiY m~wPZ Ki‡eb Avcb HwZ‡n¨i
A½‡b ïay wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ bq, Awb‡kl PP©vi m¤¢ve¨ DcvqI †ei
Ki‡eb| M‡elYvi Rb¨ _vK‡e miKvwi †emiKvwi mn‡hvwMZv| GRb¨
cÖavb f~wgKvq _vK‡e †jvKms¯‹…wZ BÝwUwUDU| †Rjvq _vK‡e Gi
kvLv| Avw`evmx Aay¨wlZ GjvKvq GB kvLv Avw`evmx mvs¯‹…
wZK BÝwUwUDU bv‡g Kvh©eªg Pvjv‡e| Gi m‡½ MÖvg w_‡qUvi,
MÖyc w_‡qUvi †dWv‡ikb, AvBwUAvBmn RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK
ms¯’v¸‡jv ms¤ú„³ _vK‡e| Gi gva¨‡g †jvKms¯‹…wZi msMÖn, msi¶Y
Ges PP©v Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e| Gfv‡eI †jvKms¯‹…wZi beRvMiY NU‡e|
G‡Z eZ©gv‡bi g‡Zv mswgkª‡Yi gva¨‡g wPivqZ avivi weK…wZ
NU‡e bv| AvRKvj MÖyc w_‡qUv‡i gbmvi fvmvb, †jvKcvjvi bv‡g hv
n‡”Q, Zv wPivqZ avivi cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹iY| ewnwe©k¦ HUv †`‡L evsjvi
†jvKms¯‹…wZi ¯^v` wb‡”Q| ZiyY cÖRb¥ H weK…wZ Rvb‡Q|
†jvKms¯‹…wZi beRvMi‡Yi d‡j Gme iwnZ n‡e|
†bZ…‡Z¡i Avm‡b cÖK…Z ¯^cœ`ªóv AwawóZ n‡j †jvKms¯‹…wZi
beRvMiY NU‡eB| ZviyY¨ GwM‡q Avm‡j, mgwói †jvKms¯‹…wZ
PP©v n‡e| Av‡jvwKZ gvbyl evo‡j AóK Mv‡bi †kªvZv e„w× cv‡eB|
evsjv‡`‡k mgZvwfwËK iƒcKí cÖYxZ n‡j evsjvi †jvKms¯‹…wZi m‡½
G‡`‡ki Aa©kZvwaK Avw`evmx RvwZ‡Mvôxi ms¯‹…wZi cÖPvi,
cÖmvi NU‡e| †jvKms¯‹…wZi beRvMiY GKK RvwZi AvwacZ¨‡K iwnZ
K‡i mgwói cÖmvi NUv‡e|