AP Calculus BC Integration by Parts/Partial Fractions

Integration by Parts

We have seen how the method of u-substitution reverses the chain rule. Now we will see a method
called integration by parts that is based on the product rule.

d
Recall that the product rule ( uv=) u ' v + uv ' , where u and v are functions of x .
dx

Integration by Parts

∫ uv ' dx= uv − ∫ u ' vdx

Advice on how to choose u and v

• Whatever you let v ' be, you need to be able to find v

• It helps if u ' is simpler than u (or at least no more complicated than u )
• It helps if v is simpler than v ' (or at least no more complicated than v ' )

Example 1 ∫ xe dx Example 2 ∫ ln xdx

x
Example 3 ∫x Example 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 sin(4𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
6
ln x dx

Alternate Method for Integrating by Parts (Tabular Method)

Example 4 (repeated) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 sin(4𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

u dv
Partial Fractions

1
Suppose we want to integrate the following: ∫ ( x − 2 )( x − 5) dx . We will need to split the denominator
1 A B
∫ ( x − 2 )( x − 5=
)
dx +
x −2 x −5
so that each part can be integrated separately.

x+2 3x + 6
Example 1 ∫x 2
+x
dx Example 2 ∫x 2
+ 3x
dx
Long Division

Sometimes we are faced with a situation whereby we are asked to integrate a rational function with a
higher degree in the numerator or the same degree in the numerator and denominator. When we see this
type of problem, we must find a way to simplify the integrand.

x2 + 1
∫ x dx we will have to simplify first.
For example, if we are asked to anti-differentiate
With this problem, we can proceed by “splitting the numerator” and thereby creating two fractions and
integrating from there.

Sometimes the problems are a bit more complicated than this one, and we will be required to perform
long division to simplify the integrand.

x3 + x
∫ x − 1 dx

(x + 1)
2 2
x −5
Practice: ∫ x
dx ∫ −2 x + 2 dx
AP Calculus BC Inverse Trig Integration and Integration by Completing the Square

Integrating to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

In our Unit 4 lesson on integration by “guess & check,” you were reminded of the following three rules
for integrating to inverse trigonometric functions:

1
∫ 1+ x 2
dx anti-differentiates to: tan −1 x + C

1
∫ 1− x 2
dx anti-differentiates to: sin −1 x + C

−1
∫ 1− x 2
dx anti-differentiates to: cos −1 x + C

We will combine our knowledge of these integrals, along with the process of u-substitution, to integrate
more complicated fractions into inverse trig functions.

1
Example: ∫ 9+ x 2
dx

For this function, we may have an instinct that the integrand “looks like” it will integrate to tan −1 x + C .
However, the integrand is not in the correct format to be integrated directly to tan −1 x + C .

We will manipulate this integral by factoring a 9 out of the denominator:

1
∫  x2 
dx
9 1 + 
 9 

2
1 x2 x
Next, we restate the integral by factoring out and rewriting as   :
9 9 3

1 1
9∫ 2
dx
x
1+  
3

x 1
At this point, we use u-substitution with u = and du = dx . We need to have dx alone for our
3 3
substitution, so we solve for it: 3du = dx

1 1
Now we substitute: ∫
3 1+ u2
du
 1 1 x
This integrates to arctan u + C which, when we re-substitute in for u, becomes arctan + C .
3 3 3

Practice:

1
Find the general antiderivative of ∫
16 − x 2
dx by manipulating the integrand so that it can be

integrated using sin −1 x as its core antiderivative.

Integration by Completing the Square

Sometimes another level of difficulty is added to integration problems using inverse trigonometric
integration. This happens when we are faced with the use of “completing the square” to rewrite the
denominator in a rational integrand.

Example:

1
Find the general antiderivative of ∫x 2
+ 6 x + 25
dx .

Our goal is to manipulate this integral so that it can be anti-differentiated with tan −1 x . In this case, we
can’t factor out a constant since we have the “x” term 6x.

We need to complete the square for the denominator as follows:

(x 2
+ 6 x + ?? ) + 25 − ??

2
6
The number we need to add and subtract in the above expression is   = 9 . The number 6 is the
2
coefficient of the “x” term in the expression.
Therefore, we write ( x 2 + 6 x + 9 ) + 25 − 9 = ( x + 3)
2
+ 16
Let’s put this expression back in the denominator of our integrand:

1
∫ ( x + 3) 2
+ 16
dx

Now we can approach the problem with the same process we used on the prior problems:

Factor out a 16 from the denominator and rewrite the denominator:

1 1
∫
16  x + 3 2
dx
  +1
 4 

x+3 1
Now use u-substitution with u = and du = dx . Solve for 4du = dx and then substitute:
4 4

1 1
∫ 2
4 u +1
dx

1 1  x+3
This integrates to arctan u + C . With our final substitution, we reach an answer of arctan  +C
4 4  4 
1
Practice: Find the general antiderivative of ∫ dx by manipulating the integrand so that it
2
−x − 6x + 7
can be integrated using sin −1 x as its core antiderivative. Start by completing the square that is under the
radical in the denominator. You may use this set-up:

7+? ? −(𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥+? ? )

𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ∫ 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑�−𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Identify the method for how each of the following would be integrated:

Don’t complete the integration unless you need extra practice

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
∫ (𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏)(𝒙𝒙−𝟓𝟓) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ∫ (𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ∫ �𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝟏𝟏� 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
∫ 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 −𝟗𝟗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ∫ 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝟗𝟗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ∫ 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔(√𝒙𝒙) 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 +𝒙𝒙−𝟕𝟕 𝟕𝟕

∫ 𝟐𝟐√𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ∫ 𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ∫� 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
√𝒙𝒙 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒−𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑+𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
∫ (𝒙𝒙−𝟓𝟓) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ∫� 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 ∫ 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝟗𝟗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔−𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
AP Calculus BC Arc Length & L’Hôpital’s Rule

Arc Length

Another application of integration is finding lengths of curves. Consider f ( x ) below.

Definition

If the function y = f ( x ) is differentiable over the interval a ≤ x ≤ b , the length of the

curve y = f ( x ) from a to b is found by determining
b
1 + ( f ' ( x ) ) dx
2
L
= ∫
a

or if the function x= f ( y ) is differentiable over the interval , the length of the

curve x= f ( y ) from c to d is found by determining
d
1 + ( f ' ( y ) ) dy
2
L
= ∫
c

Practice

4 2 32 13
1. Find the length of the curve
= f ( x) x − 1 over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 . (Answer: )
3 6
 1 2 3
2. Find the length of the curve
= y
3
( x + 2 ) 2 over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 . (Answer: 12)

2 dy
3. Find the length of the curve y = x 3
over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 . (Careful: does not exist at
dx
x = 0 ). You may use your TI-89 to evaluate! (Answer: ≈ 4.807 )

y3 1 13
4. Find the length of the curve =
x + over the interval 2 ≤ y ≤ 3 . (Answer: )
6 2y 4
L’Hôpital’s Rule

ln x
Suppose we want to find lim . This raises some important questions!
x →1 x −1

The first thing you should ask yourself is “How can we solve it? What methods do we have at our
disposal?”

Methods for Solving Limits

• Direct Substitution – plug in the number you are approaching
• Numerically – plug in a number very close to the number you are approaching
• Graphically – graph the function and see what y-value the function
approaches
• Algebraically – factor and try to cancel, use the conjugate
• L’Hôpital’s Rule

L’Hôpital’s Rule

f ( x) 0 ∞ f ( x) f ' ( x)
If lim = or , then lim = lim .
x→a g ( x) 0 ∞ x → a g ( x) x → a g ' ( x)

f ' ( x) 0 ∞ f ( x) f ' ( x) f " ( x)

If lim = or , then lim = lim = lim .
x → a g ' ( x) 0 ∞ x → a g ( x) x → a g ' ( x) x → a g" ( x)

And so on…

0 ∞
• When a limit gives a value ofor , then the limit is called an
0 ∞
indeterminate form and may or may not exist. L’Hôpital’s Rule may be
applied to the limit.

a
• When a limit gives a value of where a ≠ 0, the limit does not exist.
0

Which of the above methods may require a calculator?

Practice Solving Limits

ln x x2 − 1
1. lim 2. lim 2
x →1 x − 1 x →∞ 2 x + 1

ex tan x − x
3. lim 4. lim
x →∞ x2 x →0 x3

ln x sin x
5. lim 6. lim
x →∞ 3 x x →π 1 − cos x

Hints for #7,8: Try to make the function a fraction!

7. lim x ln x 8. lim (sec x − tan x)

x →0 x →π 2
AP Calculus BC Improper Integrals

Integrals are considered improper if one of two things occurs when defining the definite integral
b
∫a
f ( x)dx on the interval [a, b].

• TYPE 1: either a or b is ∞.

• TYPE 2: The region defined by ƒ(x) has an infinite discontinuity in [a, b]

Type 1

Example 1 Sketch the infinite region S that lies under the curve
1
y = 2 , above the x-axis, and to the right of the line x = 1
x
ending to the right at some value x = t.

t 1
1. Solve the integral A(t ) = ∫ dx .
1 x2

2. What does the answer to #2 tell you about the value of A(t)? ________________________

3. Find lim A(t ) . Does this surprise you? ________________________

t →∞

Definition of Improper Integral Type 1

∞ t
∫
a
f ( x)dx = lim ∫ f ( x)dx provided the limit exists.
t →∞ a

b b
∫
−∞
f ( x)dx = lim
t →−∞ ∫ t
f ( x)dx provided the limit exists.

∞ a ∞
∫
−∞
f ( x)dx = ∫
−∞
f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx where a is any real number.
a

If the limit exists, the improper integral is called convergent. If the limit does not exist, the
improper integral is called divergent.
 ∞ 1
Example 2 Find ∫ 1 x
dx

∞ 1
∫1 xp
is convergent when __________ and divergent when __________.

∞ 1
Example 3 ∫ −∞ 1 + x2
dx

Type 2

Example 4

1
1. Sketch the function f ( x) = over [2 5].
x−2

5 1
2. Why would ∫ 2
x−2
dx be considered improper?

5 1
3. Solve the integral S (t ) = ∫ .
t
x−2

4. Now find lim+ S (t )

t →2
 Definition of Type 2 Improper Integrals

If ƒ(x) has a discontinuity at x = b, then

b t
∫a
f ( x)dx = lim−
t →b
∫
a
f ( x)dx provided the limit exists.

If ƒ(x) has a discontinuity at x = a, then

b b
∫a
f ( x)dx = lim+
t →a
∫
t
f ( x)dx provided the limit exists.

If ƒ(x) has a discontinuity at x = c, where c lies between a and b, then

b c b
∫a
f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
a c

1 3 dx
Example 5 ∫0
ln xdx Example 6 ∫0 x −1