Environment:

 The world environment is derived from FRENCH world ENVIRON, which means surround.
 Environment is the life support system that includes air, water & land.
 It is the sum of total of all biotic(living) and Abiotic(non-living) factor that surround and influence.
 It is an inherently inter disciplinary subject.
 Thomas Carlyle coined the term "environment" in 1828 in the Lowlands of Scotland.
 Nature provides the need of human beings.
 World environmental day on 5Th June
Environmental Education:
 It helps students to develop a sense of responsibility towards the environment.
 They learn about the importance of reducing waste, conserving energy, and preserving natural resources.
 Reduce the impact of human activities on the environment and promote sustainability.
 Create environmental ethics.

E Ecology
 Ecology is branch of biology and it is now popularly called environment biology.
 The term ecology is derived from Greek words OIKOS meaning home or dwelling place and
LOGOS meaning discourage or study.
 The term ecology was coined by German biologist Haeckel. by Reiter(1885),
 Hanns Reiter (1868) gave the concept of ecology
 Alexander von Humbolt was the father of ecology.
 It is defined as “ Relationship between the organisms and their environment”

Ecosystem: An ecosystem consists of all the organisms and the physical environment with which they
interact (where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment).
The term `eco' refers to a part of the world and `system' refers to the co-ordinating units.
The term ecosystem was coined by A G Tansley in 1935.
Types of Ecosystem: Aquatic ecosystem and Terrestrial ecosystem.
Aquatic ecosystem: It is a fresh water ecosystem or marine ecosystem Ex: Sea, Ocean, ponds, lake, river etc.,
Terrestrial Ecosystem: Tropical forest, evergreen forest, deserts, grass lands, mountain, hill etc.,
Structure: Ecosystem consists of abiotic & biotic components.

The structure of an ecosystem can be split into two main components, namely:
 Biotic Components
 Abiotic Components
Abiotic Components: The non living constituents of the environment(Physical factors Or climatic factors &
Chemical factors).
 Physical factors Or climatic factors: Evaporation & Precipitation, Gravity, Pressure, Humidity, Air &
water.
 Chemical factors: Inorganic substance(O2, C, H, CO2, H2O ), Mineral(P, CU, K Zn, Fe etc) & organic
matter(Proteins, carbohydrates)
Biotic Components
They includes all living organisms
Classified into producers, consumers and Decomposers of different classes.
Autotrophs or Producers:
 Autotrophs are self dependent as they can manufacture their own food or derived their own energy. i.e.
Self nourishing one.
 About 99% of living organisms are producers.
 Ex Green plants(in Terrestrial ecology), Blue green algae i.e. Phytoplankton(Aquatic ecology)
 They synthesize their food by Photosynthesis are called Phototrophs.
 Sulphur bacteria, Iron bacteria derived their own energy through chemical reaction, They are called
Chemotrophs..
Heterotrophs or consumers:
They are directly or indirectly depend on producers are called consumers.
An organism that feed upon the producers is called a primary consumers or a herbivores. Ex: Ants,
Grasshoppers, Caterpillars, birds, monkeys etc.,
An organism that feed upon the primary consumers is called as secondary consumer or carnivore Ex: Tiger,
Wolf, Lion Cheeta etc
An organism that feed upon both plants and animals are known as omnivores.
Ex; Cat, Dog etc.,
Micro consumers:
Parasites become intimately associated with their host and feed on it over an extended period of time.
Typically with out killing it but usually causing harm to it.
Ex: TAPEWARM,
Ectoparasites: They attack themselves to the outside of their host and suck the blood are called Ectoparasites.
Ex; Leach
Decomposers:
 They depends on the decay and dead organic matter(The dead plants material, dead animal’s bodies all
comprise a mass of dead organic materials called detritus).
 These includes the microbes like bacteria, fungi etc.
 Organism that feed upon detritus are often considered as detritus feeder or decomposers.

Functions of Ecosystem
 It regulates the essential ecological processes, supports life systems and renders stability.
 The ecosystem is a balance or equilibrium between living and non-living factors of the ecosystem.
 It is also responsible for the cycling of nutrients between biotic and abiotic
 components
 It maintains the balance of energy flow between various levels of the ecosystem.
 The abiotic components help in the synthesis of organic components that involve the exchange of energy.
 It cycles the minerals through the biosphere.

Balanced ecosystem
The stable ecosystem represents a dynamic balance among numerous factors of biotic potential and
environmental resistance.
 Balanced between predators and prey. {The predator is the animals that feed another animal (Pray)}.
 Balanced between vegetation, herbivores and carnivores.
 Balance between competing species and balance with biotic factors.

Types of Ecosystem: Natural & Artificial ecosystem

Natural Ecosystem: These are self regulatory in nature & derived their energy from sun without any major
interference by man.
Ex; Forest, desert, grass land, lakes, ponds, river, sea, ocean etc.,
Artificial Ecosystem: These are not self regulated & depend on human interaction to meet their energy
requirement.
Ex: Paddy fields, Cropland, Plantation.
Food Chain: The transfer of food energy from the green plants through a series of organisms with repeated
eating and by being eaten is called the food chain.
Food web: The more realistic representation of who eats whom is called food web. ie., interlocking food
chains.
Ecological pyramids:
The ecological pyramids are graphical representation of the nutritional relationship and the energy flow from
one Trophic level to the other in any ecosystem.
Classified into three types.
1.Pyramid of number, 2. Pyramid of Biomass & 3. Pyramid of Energy.
Pyramid of Number: This represent the number of individual organisms at each level.
Pyramid of Biomass: This represent the total dry weight & other suitable measures of the total amount of
living matter.
Pyramid of Energy: This represent the rate of energy flow &/Or productivity of successive Trophic levels.
Note:
The pyramid of number & biomass may be upright or inverted depending upon the nature of the food chain.
The pyramid of energy are always upright.
Nature provides man basic need such as food, air , water & land.
Habitat refers to
a) Physical condition of the place where organism live
b) Chemical conditions of the place where organism live.]
The energy is recycled in the environment.
  The eco implies the environment & system implies an interaction.
 It is defined as any unit of space in which all the biotic & Abiotic interact in such a manner that a flow of
energy is maintained.
In an ecosystem, the flow of energy is Unidirectional ( typically in the form of food energy that flows from
one trophic level to another) & Non-cycling.
The energy lost as heat from the living organisms of a food chain cannot be reused by plants in
photosynthesis. During the transfer of energy through successive trophic levels in an ecosystem, there is a loss
of energy all along the path.
 In complex ecosystems the degree of species diversity is high
Estuary: An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams
flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.
Estuaries and their surrounding wetlands are bodies of water usually found where rivers meet the sea
.
Component: The environment includes lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere & Biosphere.
Atmosphere: The gaseous mass surrounding the earth is called atmosphere.
The world atmosphere is divided from two Greek worlds Atmos means vapour & Shaira means Sphere.
 It extends up to 10,000 Km’s from the earth surface.
 The atmospheric layers are divided into Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere, exosphere.
 The lower two layers are called Homosphere, (The gases are highly mixed up due to the moment of wind,
ie., In the lower part of the atmosphere composition is almost uniform because of winds and current with
which the gases are mixed up).
 Where as two upper layer are called Heterosphere.(The gases are in the form of separate layers, So they
are called Heterosphere).
 Hydrological cycle: Water vapors are formed & precipitated in various form like rain, snow & hail stone.
Composition:
 Atmosphere is composed of three elements such as gases, water vapors and the dust particle.
 The water vapors is added to atmosphere through the process of evaporation.
 The dust and other microscopic solid particles of the atmosphere are known as aerosols(only in
troposphere).
 Atmosphere is nothing but gaseous layers, About 99% of atmosphere majorly consists only of two gases
N2 (78%) & O2(20%), Minor are Argon(0.93%), CO2(0.03%), H2 Helium, O3. to its volume.
Characteristics:
 O2 & N2 gases extends only upto 109 & 120km respectively.(lower part of atmosphere)
 Atmosphere beyond 150km consists only of H2 & other lighter gases.
Lithosphere:
It is the outermost part of the earth. It forms only 0.5% of the total volume the earth. The thickness of the
Lithosphere varies from 10 to 60 km (5 to 10km under oceans). The soil is most significant part of the
lithosphere. Soil consists of minerals, ground water, soil water and its supports the crops & plants.
Biosphere: The term biosphere was coined by Russian scientist Vladimir Verna sky in the year 1929. The
bio-sphere is the life zone of the earth & includes all living organisms, including man & all organic matter that
has not get decomposed. It occupy the least volume of all the sphere.
It is also termed as life zone of earth. It has a least storage capacity for matter.

he term "biosphere" was coined in 1875 by geologist Eduard Suess, who defined it as the place on Earth's
surface where life dwells. He is from great Britain
NOTE:
A lotic ecosystem is a freshwater ecosystem that is characterized by flowing water, such as a river, stream,
brook, or spring.
In a complex ecosystem, High biodiversity exist.

Objective type questions & answers :

The term ‘Environment’ has been derived from the French word which means to 17CIV18/28
encircle or surround
a) Environ b) Oikos c) geo d) Aqua July
/Aug2022

The world Environment is derived from 18CIV59

a)Greek a) French c) Spanish d) English June/
July2024.
The object of environment education is
a) Raise consciousness about environmental conditions
b) To teach environmental conditions
c) Create an environmental ethic
d) All
Environment means 17CIV18/28
a) Sourrounding ( Biotic +abiotic) in which organism live July
b) Atmosphere around one self ‘ /Aug2022
b) Sum total of social, economical, biological behavior of animals
d) Sum total development activities around
The world ecology is proposed by 10CIV18/28
a) Ernt Hoeckel b) Helena Curtis c) Charles south wich d) Charles Alton. Dec2017/
Jan2018
The world ecology is derived from.
a) Greek world b) French World c) English World d) Spanish World
Ecology is defined as the study of
a) Relation between organisms to the environment
b) Relation between groups of organisms to their environment
c) Both a & b d) None.
The study of living organisms with the environment is known as ____________
a) Ecosystem b) Environment c) Community d) Ecology
The study of interaction between the living organism & Environment is called as 10CIV18/2
8
a) Ecosystem b) Ecology c) Phytogeography d) Phytosociology June/
July2016
Environment is the life support system that includes
a) Air b) Water c) Land d) All of the above
World Environment day is on 18CIV59
a) 5th May b) 5th June c) 18th July d) 16th August June/July
2024.
Environment means
a) Surrounding(Biotic + Abiotic components), in which organisms live.
b) Atmosphere around one self.
c) Sum total of social, Economical , biological behavior of animals.
d) Sum total of development activities around.
The term environment was introduced by (II-2008)
a) Jacob Van Verkul b) Tyler miller c) Gilbertson d) Thomas Carlyle
In an ecosystem, the energy flow is always
a) Always unidirectional b) Always bidirectional
c) In any direction d) Always down directional
In an ecosystem, the flow of energy is 18CIV59

a) bidirectional b) cyclic c) unidirectional d) multidirectional Dec2023/

Jan2024.
Which of the following is a biotic component of an ecosystem? 15CIV18/28
18CIV59
a) Fungi b) solar light c) temperature d) humidity June/
July2017
June/
July2024
Which of the fallowing is a ecosystem
a) Forest b) desert c) Mountain d) All.
Which of the fallowing is not the meaning of ecosystem. 18CIV59
a) Unit where in all organisms live a healthy life. Jan/
b) a small unit that can be self sufficient. Feb2021
c) Co-Existence of diverse things by mutual adjustment.
d) A unit includes all of the organisms in a given area interacting with the physical
environment to form a natural unit of stability.
Which of it is not an example for an terrestrial ecosystem. 18CIV59
a) Forest b) Desert c) Water d) Grassland. Dec2023/
Jan2024.
The factor responsible for stable ecosystem are balance between.
a) Predators & Pray b) Vegetation, Herbivores & carnivores.
c) Competing species & Biotic factor d) All the above.
An ecosystem is a region in which(II-2008)
a) Dead organism interact with their environment
b) Living organism do not interact with their environment
c) Living organism interact with their environment
d) All the above.
The term ecosystem was first proposed by(II-2008)
a) Jacob van verkul b) A G Transley c) Costraza d) Marie Gibbs.
The two major components of ecosystem are(II-2008) 18CIV59
a) Adiabatic & Isotropic b) Ecologic & climatologic Jan/
c) Cyclic & biologic d) Abiotic & biotic. Feb2023
Which of the following is the terrestrial ecosystem?
a) Forest b) Grass land c) Desert d) All of the above
In complex ecosystems the degree of species diversity is 15CIV18/28
18CIV59
a) poor b) high c) medium d) none Jan/
Feb2021
JUNE/
JULY2023

The Cycling element in the ecosystem is called

a) Chemical cycle b) Biological cycle
c) Geological cycle d) Biogeochemical cycle
Largest ecosystem of the earth is
a) Biosphere b)Hydrosphere c)Lithosphere d) Biome
In a ecosystem energy is
a) released b) flows c) absorbed d) stored
Ecosystem consists of
a) living organism b) nonliving organism
c) physical factor d) living organism & physical factors
Which of the fallowing is not an artificial ecosystem
a) Reservoir of Dam b) Paddy field c) Forest d) Garden
Which of the fallowing is not an natural ecosystem
a) Reservoir of Dam b) ocean c) Forest d) river
Which is the most stable ecosystem 18CIV59
In ecosystem the source of energy is
a) ATP b) Sun c) The Green plant d) Sugar
It is correct for ecosystem
a) (Plants, Animals, Microorganisms) + Abiotic environment
b) Community formed by various species present in a particular region
c) Animal, plants and micro- organisms d) Abiotic factors
If earth is considered a unit region then it can be compared to
a) Eco-System b) Population c) Biotic Community d) Species
Which of the following eco-system has highest annual primary productivity ?
a) Tropical deciduous forest b) Tropical Rain forest
c) Temperate deciduous forest d) Temperate Ever green forest
Which of the following is not a functional unit of ecosystem ?

a) Stratification b) Flow of energy c) Decompose d) Productivity

Through, which of the following, energy enters in an ecosystem?
a) Herbivores b) Producer c) Decomposer d) Primary producers
Which of the following statements is false? (I-2007) 15CIV18/28
a) Inorganic nutrients are recycled in an ecosystem Dec2017/
b) Energy ‘flows’ through the ecosystem in the form of carbon-carbon bonds Jan2018
c) Energy is recycled in an ecosystem d) Respiration process releases energy
What can be visualized as a functional unit of nature?
a) Humans b) Ecosystem c) Vehicles d) Plants
Pyramid of numbers for grassland ecosystem is____________
a) Decreases b) Lateral c) Inverted d) Upright
Which of the following ecosystem consists of forest, grassland and deserts?
a) Artificial ecosystem b) Aquatic ecosystem
c) Natural ecosystem d) Terrestrial ecosystem
Mark the one, which comes under a lotic ecosystem?
a) Ocean b) Lake c) Pond d) River
What are the two basic categories of an ecosystem?
a) Aquatic and terrestrial b) Aquatic and forest
c) Ponds and lakes d) Rivers and forests
What is the characteristic of each type of ecosystem?
a) Interaction between living things
b) Interaction between biotic and abiotic factors
c) Interaction between abiotic factors d) Fights among individuals
In which of the following aspect do the components of the ecosystem are seen to
function as a unit?
a) Community b) Productivity c) Speciation d) Niche
In which of the following aspect do the components of the ecosystem are seen to
function as a unit?
a) Speciation b) Community c) Niche d) Decomposition
In which of the following aspect do the components of the ecosystem are seen to
function as a unit?
a) Community b) Speciation c) Energy flow d) Niche
In which of the following aspect do the components of the ecosystem are seen to
function as a unit?
a) Niche b) Community c) Speciation d) Nutrient cycle
Factors responsible for balanced ecosystem are
a) Balance between predator and prey
b) Balance between vegetation, herbivorous and carnivorous
c) Balance between competing species and biotic factors d) All of the above
Which of the following is an abiotic component of a pond?
a) Bacteria b) Fungi c) Water d) Fishes
Which of the following is an autotrophic component of a pond?
a) Fungi b) Fishes c) Submerged plants d) Water
Which of the following is an autotrophic component of a pond?
a) Fungi b) Phytoplankton c) Water d) Fishes
Which of the following is the consumer of a pond ecosystem?
a) Fungi b) Sunlight c) Water d) Zooplankton
Abiotic component includes ( Feb/march 2022)
a) Spoil b) Temperature c) Water d) All
Biotic components includes (II-2008)
a) All living organisms b) water, mineral & gases
c) Self-nourishing green plants d) Light, temperature etc.
The organisms who directly feed on producers are called 15CIV59
18CIV59
a) Herbivores b) Carnivores c) Decomposers d) Saprophytes JUNE/
JULY2023
June/
 July2024.
The sequence of eating and being eaten in an ecosystem is called 15CIV18/28
18CIV59
a) food Chain b) carbon cycle c) hydrological cycle d) anthroposystem June/
July2017
June/
July2024
Which of the following is a producer in an ecosystem 18CIV59

a) Plants and some bacteria capable of producing their own food Feb/
b) Animals c) Human beings d) Fish Mac2022
In an ecosystem biological cycling of materials is maintained by
18CIV59
a) Producer b) Consumer c) Decomposer d) All of the above June/
July2024
Organisms which feed directly or indirectly on producers are called
a) Prey b) Consumers c) Decomposers d) Detritus
The primary producers in a forest ecosystem are
a) Chlorophyll containing trees and plants b) Herbivores
c) Carnivores d) Bacteria and other microorganisms
Abiotic component includes
a) Soil b) Temperature c) Water d) All of the above
Which of the following statement is true

a) Green plants are self nourishing b) Producers depends on consumers

c) Biotic components includes all non-living components
d) Herbivores depend on Carnivores
Ecological pyramids are studies of
a) Pyramid of numbers b) Pyramid of biomass
c) Pyramid of energy d) All of the above
In aquatic ecosystem phytoplankton can be considered as a 18CIV59
a) Consumer b) producer June/
c) Saprotrophic organisms d) Macroconsumer July2024.
The basic requirements of human beings are provided by(I-2007)
a) Industrialisation b) Agriculture c) Nature d) Urbanization
. Which of the fallowing are producers’

a)Animals b) Human being c) Plants & Bacteria d) Fishes

Primary consumer is ( Feb/ March 2022) 15CIV18/28
a) Herbivores b) Carnivores c) Macro consumers d) Omnivores June/
July2017
A predator is 15CIV18/28
a) An animal that is fed upon b) An animal that feeds upon another animal Dec2017/
c) Animal that feeds upon both plants and animals d) A primary consumer Jan2018
Which of the following is placed in upper most (highest) level of ecological pyramids.
a) Herbivores b) Carnivores
c) Primary and Secondary Producers d) Primary and Secondary consumer
Which type of organisms, fungi & Bacteria of forest ecosystem generally called ?
a) Producers b) Decomposers c) Primary consumer d) Secondary consumer
What is correct for the artificial ecosystem ?
a) Biodiversity is less b) Biodiversity is High
c) Ecosystem can not be form by human d) It is more stable than Natural ecosystem
Name the group of species which exploit the abiotic and biotic resources in a similar
way?
a) Guild b) Ecads c) Biomes d) Community
Food chain is divided into ---------basic categories (II-2008)
a) Four b) Three c) Five d) seven
Which Pyramid is always upright 18CIV59
a) energy b) biomass c) numbers d) food chain June/
July2024
A food web consists of(II-2007) 15CIV18/28
18CIV59
a) a portion of a food chain June/
b) an organism’s position in a food chain or producer, consumer & Decomposer July2017
c) interlocking food chains d) a set of similar consumers June/
July2024
The transfer of energy & nutrients from one feeding group of organization to another
in a series is called. (II-2008)

a) Energy chain b) Food Chain c) Balanced ecosystem d) Food Web

Which of the following conceptual spheres of the environment is having the 15CIV18/28
least storage capacity for matter? 17CIV18
15CIV18/28
a) Atmosphere b) Lithosphere c) Hydrosphere d) Biosphere Jan/
Feb2021
Dec.2017/
Jan.2018
June/
July2017
Which of the following components of the environment are effective? 15CIV18/28
transporters of matter? (II-2007)
a) Atmosphere and Hydrosphere b) Atmosphere and Lithosphere June/
c) Hydrosphere and Lithosphere d) Biosphere and Lithosphere July2017
Biosphere is
a) The solid shell of inorganic materials on the surface of the earth
b) The thin shell of organic matter on the surface of earth comprising of
all the living things
c) the sphere which occupies the maximum volume of all of the spheres
d) all of the above
Atmosphere consists of 79 per cent of Nitrogen and 21 per cent of Oxygen by 18CIV59

a) volume b) weight c) density d) all the three June/

July2024
The largest reservoir of nitrogen in our planet is 18CIV59
a) Oceans b) Atmosphere c) biosphere d) Fossil fuels June/
July2024.
Which of the following is absorbed by green plants from the atmosphere?
a) Carbon dioxide b) Water c) Nutrients d) All of above
Habitat refers to
a) Physical conditions of the place where organisms live
b) Chemical conditions of the place where organisms live
c) Both a & b d) None of a or b
Which among the following is a climatic factor?
a) pressure b) humidity c) temperature d) all of the above
Which of the following statements are true?
a) Man is not dependent on nature
b) Resources are unlimited, so one can use them as per one’s wish.
c) Energy can be converted from one form to another, but some percentage is lost
into the environment
d) Matter can be generated afresh. It need not be recycled or reused.
Important physical factor responsible for a good habitat of a organism.
a) Light b) Temperature c) Humidity d) All the above
Which of the fallowing is not a prominent chemical responsible for a good habitat.
a) O2 b) CO2 c) SO2 d) Nutrients
--------is termed as the life zone of the earth.
a) Atmosphere b) Hydrosphere c) Biosphere d) Stratosphere.
Which of the following components of the Environment are effective transport of 18CIV59
matter 15CIV18/28
a) Atmosphere & Hydrosphere b) Atmospohere & Lithosphere Dec2023/
c) Hydrosphere & Lithosphere d) Biosphere & Lithosphere Jan2024.
June/
July2017
A is step in food chain 18CIV59
a) Community b) Biosphere c) Food web d) Tropical Level Dec2023/
Jan2024.
How many parts are there in the forest ecosystem 18CIV59

a) one b) two c) Three d) Four June/

July2023
Which of the fallowing conceptual sphere of environment having least storage capacity 18CIV59
 of matter
a) Atmosphere b) Lithosphere c) Hydrosphere d) Biosphere Feb/
March2022
The basic requirements of human being are provide by 18CIV59
a) Industrialization b) Agriculture c) Nature d) Urbanization Feb/
Mar2022
Habitat refer to 18CIV59
a) Physical conditions of the place where organism live Feb/
b) Chemical conditions of the place where organism live Marh2022
c) Both a) & b)
d) None
The earth is surrounding by a blanket of air which is referred as 10CIV18/28
a) Atmosphere b) Biosphere c) Hydrosphere d) Lithosphere June/
July2017
The term biosphere was coined by scientist from 10CIV18/28
a) Romania b)Russia c) Spain d) sweedish e) Great Britain June/
July2017
Fungi & bacteria are 10CIV18/28
a) Produces b)Heterotrophs c) Consumers d) Decomposers June/
July2017
Habitat may also fragmented by 18CIV59
a) Artificial process b) Natural Process Dec2023/
c) Global Warming d) Sea water intrusion Jan2024.

xpert-Verified Answer. The biosphere is the 'conceptual sphere' of the environment' that is having the
'least storage capacity' for matter'. Explanation: A thin shell made up of organic matter that is found in
the earth's surface is called the biosphere.

Forrest
Forest Ecosystem
A forest ecosystem consists of several plants, animals and microorganisms that live in
coordination with the abiotic factors of the environment.
A plant community predominantly of trees and other vegetation usually with a closed canopy is called forest.
Each Acers of forest absorbs 31.45 tones of carbon dioxide per year.
According to standard national forest policy. The nation should have forest cover at least 33%.
Forest cover in Karnataka has only 20.19%. & Forest cover in India has only 19.8%(15.7%).
The world percentage of forest cover to land is 26.6%.(1/4).
The word forest is derived from the Latin word Foris.
Forest cover approximately occupies 9.4% geographical portion of the earth.
Western Ghats is the riches forest area in Karnataka.
Advantages:
1. It provides home to unique plants and animals.
2. Provides clear air and help to cool.
3. Provides recreational opportunities.(Tourism)
4. Reduces the effect of noise and air pollution.(Buffer zone)
5. It provide clear air(Lungs of atmosphere), clear water, Rich source of medical plants, wood, timber, fruits,
nuts, honey bee, bomb, flowers etc.,
6. It reduces the soil erosion.(Roots are responsible for the reduction of soil erosion.)
7. It is a major sink for CO2.
8. It helps for maintain temperature.
Deforestation is due to:
1. Increase requirements of timber and fuel wood.
2. Expansion of agricultural lands, Urbanization.
3. Forrest fire.
4. For infrastructure development like Mining, dams, roads, power plants, Industries etc.
Disadvantages:
1. Deforestation increase the CO2 percentage in the atmosphere and leads to green house effect.
2. Soil erosion, (Decreases in soil fertility, decreases the yield of plants)
3. This leads to water pollution. (Introduction of slit in rivers, ponds, dams etc )
4. Effect the local ecology.
5. Food and shutter problem arises for forest animals, (they destroy the agricultural crops.)
6. Effect the normal monsoons.
7. Byproducts(Honey, wax, bark) of the forest decreases.
8. It effect the tribal groups
A forestation: The development of forest on waste lands is usually known as a forestation.
Reforestation: Growing of forest in deforested area.
Deforestation: Destruction of forest.
Remide:
1.Reforestation, avoid forest fires etc.,
2.Reduce the consumption of Forest and related products.
3. Consumer must boycotts the goods involving in deforestation.
Note: During photosynthesis plants utilizes CO 2 and release oxygen. So forest is a sink for CO 2 or LUNGS of
the earth.
Forests in Karnataka: Nagarahole, Badipur, Western Ghats, Sahyadri, Dandale, Out of which Western Ghats
is a thickest and richest forest.
World forest is celebrated on21st March.
Objective Question & Answers

Deforestation can

aa) Increase the rain fall b) Increase soil fertility

c) Introduce silt in the rivers d) None of these
Plants use ………..gas for photosysthesis

a) Oxygen b) methane c) Nitrogen d)

Carbon dioxide
Deforestation means
a) preservation of forests b) destruction of forests
c) monocrop cultivation d) agriculture
Deforestation means
.
a) Maintenance of forest for recreation purpose
b)Creating forest land for habitat of wild life
c) Conversion of forestland to agricultural land cattle pastes, homes
etc
d) Planting trees
Deforestation means 17CIV18/28
a) Maintain the forest for recreation purpose July /Aug2022
b)Create forest land for habitat of wild life
c) Converting forest land to agriculture land, cattle pastes homes etc
d) planting tree
What percentage of its geographical area of a country should be under 18CIV59
forest cover?
a) 23% b) 43% c) 13% d) 33% June/July2024.
During photosynthesis, trees produce 17CIV18/28
a) Oxygen b) Carbon Dioxide c) Nitrogen d) Carbon Monoxide July /Aug2022
Forests prevent soil erosion by binding soil particles in their 18CIV59
a) stems b) roots c) leaves d)buds July/Aug2022
Major causes of deforestation are
a) shifting cultivation b) Fuel requirements
c) Raw materials for industries d) All of these
Which of the following statements about forest is not correct? 10CIV18/28

a) Forests reduces soil erosion b) Provides recreational opportunities 2008

c) Provides a source of economic development d) None of the above
The depletion of trees is causing accumulation of
a) NO3 b) SO2, c) CO2 d) O2
Forest rich area in Karnataka is found in ______ 18CIV59

a) Western Ghats b) Bandipur Dec2023/Jan2024.

c) Nagarhole d) Mangalore
________ are referred to as Earth’s lungs. 18CIV59
a) Forests b) Carbon cycles June/July2024.
c) Water sources d) Mines
Forest are effective sink of
a) O2 b) CO2 c) NO d) All.
At present Karnataka is having forest cover of
a) 20.19% b) 18.10% c) 28.00 d) 16.4%.
Forest are extremely important because
a) Provides clear air b) Provides habitat for wild life
c) Provides recreation d) All
Which of the fallowing is not an adverse effect of deforestation

a) Destruction of biodiversity
b) Dry up of moist land
c) Causing air & water pollution through dams & mining industries
d) Deplication in mineral resource
The earth’s land surface covered by the forest is about(I-2008)
a) ¼ b) 2/3 c) 1/3 d) 1/3
Extensive plantings of trees to increase forest cover is called 18CIV59
a) A forestation b) Agro forestation c) Deforestation d) Social Jan/Feb2021
forestry.
Bandipur National park is located in which of the given states?
a) Andhra Pradesh b) Rajasthan c) Assam d) Karnataka
Which one of the given options was the first National Park established
in India?
a) Kanha National park b) Dudhwa National park
c) Jim Corbett National park d) None of these
Which one of the below is the only floating National Park in the world?

a) Kanha National Park b) Kaziranga National Park

c) Keibul Lamjao National Park d) None of these
Which one of the below is a manmade forest in India?

a) Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary b) The Nandini forest

c) Van vihar d) None of these
Which one of the below Mudumalai National Park is famous for?

a) Birds b) Elephant c) Tiger Reserve d) None of these

Which of the fallowing forest is a type of permanent forest?

a) Unprotected Forest b) Reserved Forest c) Un classed forest d)

Community Forest
In which of the following given states Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is
located?

a) Arunachal Pradesh b) Karnataka c) Kerala d) Tamil Nadu

Name the tropical evergreen forest in India.

a) The Western Ghats b) Semiarid areas c) Bandipur d) All of the

above
Which one of the given below, Van Mahotsav is associated?

a) Cutting of trees b) Harvesting festival

c) Increase in crop production d) Tree Plantation
World Forest Day is celebrated on which of the given days?
a) 21st May b) 21st June c) 21st March d) 21st April
Declaration of reserved forest is possible by IFA, 1927 under sections

a) 3 to 25 b) 3 to 27 c) 3 to 30 d) 3 to 33
Indian Forest Act contain

a) 56 section b) 75 section c) 86 section d) 90 section

Protected Forest declared under forest act of __________

a) 1927 b) 1952 c) 1988 d) 2001

Indian Forest Act of 1927 has contain

a) 10 chapter b) 13 chapter c) 15 chapter d) 20 chapter

Social forestry programme was launched in the

a) Fifth five year plan b) Six five year plan

c) Seventh five year plan d) Eight five year plan
Where was the Imperial Forest Institute set up?

a) Nagpur b) Bombay c) Dehradun d) Bangalore

When and where was Imperial Research Institute set up?

a) Dehradun 1906 b) Nagpur 1908 c ) Lahore 1906 d) Peshawar

1916
Which one of the following is a great achievement of the Chipko
Movement?

a) More trees are planted b) Development in Himalayan region

c)Successfully resisted deforestation d )Soil erosion gets declined
The species which are in danger of extinction are called:

a) Vulnerable species b) Rare species c) Endangered species d)

Normal species
What was the aim of Chipko movement?

a) Human rights b) Political rights c) Agricultural expansion d) Forest

conservation
Periyar Tiger reserve is located in

a) Rajasthan b) Uttar Pradesh c) Tamil Nadu d) Kerala

The forest cover in our country has recently increased due to:

a) Increase in natural forest growth b) Increase in net sown area

c) Plantation by different agencies d) None of the above
The Indian Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in:

Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as:

Forest rich are of Karnataka found in 18CIV59

a) Western Ghats b) Kodagu c) Mangalore d) Belgavi Feb/March2022
How many acres of forest are destroyed every year 18CIV59
a) 20 million acres b) 40 million acres Dec2023/Jan2024.
c) 10 million acres d) 80 million acres
The wild life helps in 18CIV59
a) Balance of genetic make up b) Balance of Nature Dec2023/Jan2024.
c) Balance of life d) Balance of Evolution.
Major reason for decline of species includes 18CIV59
a) Persecution by man b) Pollution Dec2023/Jan2024.
c) Destruction of Natural habitat d) All

…… Should be established for protection of endangered species 18CIV59

a) Protected areas b) National park c) Sanctuaries d) All of these Dec2023/Jan2024.
How many parts are there in the forest ecosystem 18CIV59

a) one b) two c) Three d) Four June/July2023

On which factor forest type is mainly dependent 18CIV59

a) Abiotic b) Size of forest c) Shape of Trees d) Production from the June/July2023

trees
The forest cover in India has recently increases due to 18CIV59

a) Increase in natural forest growth June/July2023

b) Increase in net sown area
c) Plantation by different agencies
d) None
What is called for the practice of regulating forest resources to meet the 18civ59
society and industry while preserving forest health?
a) Environmental Protection b) Sustainable forest management Jan /feb21
c) Forest policy d) Unsustainable forest management
Soil erosion is prevented by 18civ59
a) Deforestation b) Afforestation c) Overgrazing d) Removal of Jan /feb21
vegetation
The Leader chipko movement is 17CIV18/28
18CIV59
a) Sunderlal Bahuguna b) Medha Patkar July /Aug2022
c) Vandana Shiva b) Suresh Heblikar Dec.2023/Jan.2024
Sundarbans is the name of places in 18CIV59
a) Assam b) West Bengal c) Karnataka d) None July/Aug2022
 …… Should be established for protection of endangered species 18CIV59
a) Protected areas b) National park c) Sanctuaries d) All of these Dec2023/Jan2024.

a) Unclassed forest b) Permanent forest estate

c) Open forest d) Mangrove forest
Unclassed forests are mainly found in:

a) All north-eastern states and parts of Gujarat b) Kerala and Tamil

Nadu
c) Punjab and Haryana d) West Bengal and Bihar
Forest conservation act was enacted in the year

a) 1980 b) 1975 c) 1960 d) 1985

Which one of the following is not responsible for the decline in India’s
biodiversity?

a) Mining activities b) Hunting and poaching c) Forest fire d) A

forestation

Desert Ecosystem:
 Defined: It is interactions between organisms, the climate in which they live, and any other non-living
influences on the habitat.
 Desert ecology is the study of interactions between both biotic and abiotic components of desert
environments.
 The desert ecosystem is one of the world's most important ecosystems.
 Deserts experience a wide range of temperatures( High temperatute in day/ low temperature in night) and
weather conditions.
 The desert ecosystem covers around 17% (1/5) of the earth's surface.
 The desert receives less than 25 cm / year of rain or 10 inches /year.
 Desert ecosystem is the driest ecosystem.
 Wind velocity is high in desert.
 Less population density.
 Less vegetation and less diversity of life.
 It is one of the parts of the terrestrial ecosystem.
 The plants and animals of the desert ecosystem have mastered the art of survival in harsh conditions.
The climate of this ecosystem is hot and dry in nature.
 Arid environment.
 Extreme temperatures.
 High wind velocity.
 Sparsity of cloud cover.
 Absence of water vapour in air.
Function
It serves as a habitat to multiple species of animals and plants and. These animals and plants have adapted, and
they survive in extreme environments. It acts as the carbon sink.
Note:
Aeolian sandy soils are those soils which are typically developed from sandy parent material through the
action of wind.

Desert soils are often saline due to the intense evaporation,

Adaptation;
Some desert plants store water in their leaves, stems, or roots. Others have thick, waxy skin that helps prevent
water loss. Some desert plants have small leaves that help reduce evaporation. Others have deep taproots that
help them reach the underground water sources. Major plants does not have leaf, Photosynthesis through stem
( Ex: cactus plant)
Ex: the stomata is open during night. During night, desert plants absorb carbon dioxide and form an
intermediate. Then during day time when the stomata is closed to prevent loss of water, they use this
stored carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis.
desert plants the leaves are reduced to spines so the process of photosynthesis is carried out by the stem.
Stems of desert plants are thick and green.
Many desert animals have thick fur or feathers to help insulate them from the heat, while others have adapted
to conserve water by producing less urine or having a higher tolerance for salt.
Animals survive in deserts by living underground or resting in burrows during the heat of the day.
Cold deserts
 This type of desert has short and warm summers, and Long, cold winters
 Found in places near the north and south poles
 Less flora and fauna can be found compared to hot desert.
Functions of Desert Ecosystem
 Deserts contain valuable mineral deposits like silica, gypsum, borates are found here.
 Due to consistent dryness, deserts are ideal places for natural preservation of artifacts and
 fossils

Which is the fallowing is the example for cold desert

a) Thar b) Trans Himalaya c) Sahara d) kalahari

What type of climate present in Thar desert.

a) cold b) dry c) cool d) moist

What make the desert region become highly unproductive?

a) salinity b) sunlight c)temperature d) increase in rainfall

Which is the biggest desert in the world includes cold & hot deserts?

a) Sahara b) Arabian c) Thar d) Antarctica

What Proportion of the Thar desert lies with in Indian territory?

a) 75% b) 60% c) 50% d)85%

Which of the given below is the hottest desert in the world?

a) The Arctic b) Sahara c) The Gobi d) Thar

Which of the given deserts is the largest cold desert?
a) Sahara b) Antarctic c) Thar d) None of these
Where is the Thar Desert located in India?

a) Goa b) Kerala c) Rajasthan d) None of these

What is the colour of desert soil?

a) Black b) Green c) White d) Gray-colour

What is desertification?

a)The process of land losing nutrients

b) The process of land turning into a desert as the quality of the soil declines over
time
c) The process of land losing vegetation d) None of these
Which river runs through the Sahara Desert?

a) Nile River b) Amazon c) Thane d) Ganga

What percentage of earth covered with sand

a) 17% b) 25% c) 35% d) 50%

Desert get less than …… cm of rain per year

a) 25 b) 100 c) 150 d) 200

Desert experience rain

a) Very little b) Little c) moderate d) Heavy

The desert among the following is not a cold desert 18CIV59
a) Gobi desert b) Atacama desert c) Mojave desert d) Patagonian desert Dec2023/Jan2024.
What is not entirely correct about desert 18CIV59

a) It is dry and hot b) Waterless c) Without shelter d) All June/July2023

Who have learnt to live under very hot and dry condition. 18CIV59

a) People b) Plants c) Animals d) All June/July2023

Wetlands
The land covered with water. Wetlands are areas where water is the primary factor controlling the
environment and the associated plant and animal life.
Ranganathitu is the first wet land in karnataka.
During heavy rains, wetlands absorb excess water, limiting the effects of flooding.
Wetlands help slow water flows, reducing downstream soil erosion.
Wetlands can improve water quality by removing pollutants from surface waters.
Wetland ecosystem performs various important functions in environment like purification of water,
mitigation of floods,stabilizing local climate
economically beneficial natural products for human
Wetlands, or simply a wetland, is a distinct ecosystem

A wetland is a type of ecosystem that is either partially or completely filled with water for most of the year
and can be either human-made or naturally occurring.

The Pantanal
Situated in the heart of South America, the Pantanal is the world's largest tropical wetland. At 42 million
acres, the Pantanal covers an area slightly larger than England and sprawls across three countries

Wetlands are vital ecosystems. Home to 40 percent of the world's species, they protect us from flooding,
provide food and clean water, and play a crucial role in combating climate change. But they are at risk. A
wetland is an area of inland or coastal land partly covered or saturated by
Wetlands are highly productive and biologically diverse systems that enhance water quality, control erosion,
maintain stream flows, sequester carbon, and provide a home to at least one third of all threatened and
endangered species. Wetlands are important because they: improve water quality. provide wildlife habitat.
River Ecosystem
Marine (Ocean )Ecosystem
 Oceans covers around 71% of earth surface & 97% of the earth water is present in it.
 It is the largest ecosystem.
 Marine ecosystems generate 32% of the world's net primary production.
 Marine ecosystems are aquatic environments with high levels of dissolved salt, such as those found in or
near the ocean. Marine ecosystems are defined by their unique biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving)
factors.
 It does not contains freshwater ecosystem.

Freshwater Ecosystems: These cover 0.8% of the Earth's surface and contain 0.009% of its
total water. They generate nearly 3% of its net primary production. There are 2 basic types of
freshwater ecosystems.
 Lentic: Slow-moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes.
 Lotic: Rapidly-moving water, for example streams and rivers.

River: A river is a flowing/moving steam of water. Rivers are flowing in downward direction with gravity.
River ecosystems have:
 This is known as a lotic (flowing water) system.
 Flowing water that is mostly unidirectional
 A state of continuous physical change
 Many different (and changing) microhabitats
 Variability in the flow rates of water
 Pants and animals that have adapted to live within water flow conditions.
Water flow is the main factor that makes river ecology different from other water ecosystems.
Light provides energy for photosynthesis, which produces the primary food source for the river. It also
provides refuges for prey species in the shadows it casts.
Lake Ecosystem
Lakes are large natural bodies of standing-water, which is formed when precipitation, runoff, or
groundwater seepage fills depressions on the Earth’s surface”.

Biodiversity: It is the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that are living in an
ecosystem. Or the richness of the diversification of all the species living in a
particular area.
Biodiversity is a measure of the variety of organisms that exist in different ecosystems.
Bio means 'life', diversity means 'variety'.

Types of Biodiversity
There are the following three different types of biodiversity:
 Genetic Biodiversity
 Species Biodiversity
 Ecological Biodiversity
Genetic Biodiversity: reflects at the variation of genes within a species. Diversity of genes
within a species increases its potential ability to adapt to disease, pollution and the other changes in habitat or
environment. When a variety of particular specie is destroyed. he genetic diversity gets diminished; hence
increase in genetic diversity is essential for a species to evolve.
Species diversity: Species diversity refers to the variety of different types of species found in a particular
area. It is the biodiversity at the most basic level. It includes all the species ranging from plants to different
microorganisms.
No two individuals of the same species are exactly similar. For example, humans show a lot of diversity
among themselves.

Biodiversity hotspots are regions that contain a high level of species diversity, many endemic species
(species not found anywhere else in the world) and a significant number of threatened or endangered species.
Four of the world's 36 biodiversity hotspots are located in India: The Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma
area, and Sundaland.
 Biodiversity hotspots are ecologically unique regions that are exceptionally rich in species, and are thus
priority targets for nature conservation.
 What is the importance of the biodiversity?
 Biodiversity is essential for the processes that support all life on Earth, including humans. Without a wide
range of animals, plants and microorganisms, we cannot have the healthy ecosystems that we rely on to
provide us with the air we breathe and the food we eat.
 What are the values of biodiversity?
 Environmental Benefits
 The biggest impact of biodiversity is on the environment. Healthy ecosystems help to maintain the Earth's
natural processes. Soil turnover, water purification, pest control, and other processes wouldn't be possible
without the species that support them.
 The components of biodiversity are the source of all our food and many of our medicines, fibers, fuels, and
industrial products. The direct uses of the components of biodiversity contribute substantially to the
economy.
What is India's biodiversity value?
India, a megadiverse country with only 2.4% of the world's land area, harbours 7-8% of all recorded species,
including over 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 species of animals has a huge challenge to integrate its
development and growth needs with biodiversity conservation for a sustainable future .
Threats to biodiversity: Threats to biodiversity include the burning of fossil fuels and clearing forests and
other wild lands for industrialized agriculture. More direct human interventions such as poaching and hunting
can also have a serious effect.
 Loss of habitat
 Poaching and Over hunting
 Man-wildlife conflicts
 Deforestation
 Dams
 Urbanisation
 Agriculture
 Deforestation
 Forest fires
 Introduction of new species
 Natural disasters
 Mining
 Desertification
Overexploitation and unsustainable use: Activities such as logging, farming, and fishing can be done
sustainably,
Increased pollution: Pollution of air, soil, and water poses a serious problem to many ecosystems. Tiny bits
of plastic suspended in ocean water build up inside fish, birds, and other marine species.
Climate change: We’re already seeing hotter temperatures, warmer oceans, and more severe weather events.
Many species can’t adjust to these conditions, and their numbers crash. Changes to how we use the land and
waters: Both our lands and our seas contain many different ecosystems, and these are affected by business
actions. For example: when developers drain and fill in marshes or wetlands
Invasive species: Global trade brings species from their home ecosystems to other parts of the world, where
there are often no predators to eat them and keep their numbers in check.
Animals trade: It is also important part.
Deforestation & desertification:major loss to biodiversity in the world has been done by man. Man has
begun to overuse or misuse most of these natural ecosystems.
Poaching of Wildlife
Poaching of wildlife for trade and commercial activities has been on the rise for the last many decades. It has
been a significant cause of the extinction of hundreds of species and the endangerment of many more, such as
whales and many African large mammal, Asian tigers, etc. Most extinction over the past several hundred years
is mainly due to overharvesting for food, fashion, and profit.

Hunting is a sport which involves the stalking and killing of wild animals. These animals are then used either
as food, or more commonly as a trophy or for trade. Poaching is basically hunting, when one without the right
to do so. Poaching is nothing more that the illegal hunting, killing, or capturing of wild animals.
Conservation of biodiversity is protection, upliftment and scientific management of biodiversity so as to
maintain it at its threshold level and derive sustainable benefits for the present and future generation.
Preserving genetic diversity ensures the continuing existence of a wide-range of crops that may be able to
withstand disease, and potentially useful biochemicals such as those used in healthcare. It also means
availability of species for pollination and pest control.
Biodiversity Conservation Definition
“
National Parks
These are small reserves maintained by the government. Its boundaries are well demarcated and human
activities such as grazing, forestry, habitat and cultivation are prohibited. For eg., Kanha National Park, and
Bandipur National Park.
Wildlife Sanctuaries
These are the regions where only wild animals are found. Human activities such as timber harvesting,
cultivation, collection of woods and other forest products are allowed here as long as they do not interfere with
the conservation project. Also, tourists visit these places for recreation.
Biosphere Reserves
Biosphere reserves are multi-purpose protected areas where the wildlife, traditional lifestyle of the inhabitants
and domesticated plants and animals are protected. Tourist and research activities are permitted here.
Which ecosystem is largest in earth
a) Desert b) Forest c) Ocean d) River
How many types of aquatic ecosystems are there?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
Beach is classified into which ecosystem
a) River b) Sea c) ocean d) Seashore
Biodiversity can be broadly classified into how many types 18CIV59
a) 2 b) 5 c) 3 d) 4 Jan/Feb 2023
Hot spot areas have ( The hot spots of biodiversity are characterized by) 18CIV59
a) Low density of biodiversity b) Only endangered plants Jan/Feb 2023
c) High density of hot springs d) High density of biodiversity
Select the correct statement about biodiversity 18CIV59

a) The desert animls of Rajasthan & Gujarath have a very high of animals species as well Jan/Feb 2023
as rare animals
b) Large scale planting of biodiversity cotton has no adverse effect on biodiversity
b) Increasing the deforestation & increasing the growth of human population
d) Increasing deforestation & increasing the use of fossil fuels.
The term wet land implies 18CIV59

a) land covers by rain water only b) Slow moving water covered wet ground June/
c) Water logged wet ground d) Fast moving water covered wet ground. July2023
World wetland day celebrated every year on February 18CIV59

a) 2nd b) 3rd c) 4th d) 15th June/

July2023

Which of the following is cause of class of biodiversity 18CIV59

a) habitat degradation b) Invasion of non native species Jan/Feb 2023
 c) Pollution d) All

Eutrophication is the process in which a water body becomes overly enriched with nutrients, leading to the
plentiful growth of simple plant life.

Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global
ecosystems to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.
History
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015,
provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its
heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries -
developed and developing - in a global partnership.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations members in 2015, created 17
world Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The short titles of the 17 SDGs are: No poverty (SDG 1), Zero hunger (SDG 2), Good health and well-being
(SDG 3), Quality education (SDG 4), Gender equality (SDG 5), Clean water and sanitation (SDG 6),
Affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), Decent work and economic growth (SDG 8), Industry, innovation and
infrastructure (SDG 9), Reduced inequalities (SDG 10), Sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11),
Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), Climate action (SDG 13), Life below water (SDG 14),
Life on land (SDG 15), Peace, justice, and strong institutions (SDG 16), and Partnerships for the goals (SDG
17).
Targets: The lists of targets and indicators for each of the 17 SDGs was published in a UN resolution in July
2017.[7] Each goal typically has eight to 12 targets, and each target has between one and four indicators used
to measure progress toward reaching the targets, with the average of 1.5 indicators per target.[8] The targets
are either outcome targets (circumstances to be attained) or means of implementation targets.[9] The latter
targets were introduced late in the process of negotiating the SDGs to address the concern of some Member
States about how the SDGs were to be achieved. Goal 17 is wholly about how the SDGs will be achieved.[9]

Target1: is to: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere. Achieving SDG 1 would end extreme poverty
globally by 2030. One of its indicators is the proportion of population living below the poverty line The data
gets analyzed by sex, age, employment status, and geographical location (urban/rural).
Target2: is to: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable
agriculture. Indicators for this goal are for example the prevalence of diet, prevalence of severe food
insecurity, and prevalence of stunting among children under five years of age.
Target-3 is to: "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.Important indicators here are
life expectancy as well as child and maternal mortality. Further indicators are for example deaths from road
traffic injuries, prevalence of current tobacco use, and suicide mortality rate.
Total Target: 169