0% found this document useful (0 votes)
28 views26 pages

Module 2 - Maclaurins Series - Presentation

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
28 views26 pages

Module 2 - Maclaurins Series - Presentation

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Mathematics-1 for CSE stream (BMATS101)

Module 2
Differential Calculus II

Department of Mathematics
Acharya Institute of Technology
Bengaluru - 560107

Department of mathematics, AIT 1


Taylor’s series and Maclaurin’s series

Taylor’s series : Taylor’s series expansion for the given function 𝑓 𝑥 in powers of 𝑥 − 𝑎 or
about the point ‘a’ is given by
𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 2 ′′ 𝑥−𝑎 3 ′′′ 𝑥−𝑎 𝑛
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑓′ 𝑎 + 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑓 𝑎 +….+ 𝑓𝑛 𝑎
1! 2! 3! 𝑛!

Maclaurin’s series: In particular if 𝑎 = 0, Taylor’s series expansion reduces to Maclaurin’s


expansion given by
𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥 3 ′′′ 𝑥 𝑛
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 0 + 𝑓 0 + 𝑓 0+ 𝑓 0 +….+ 𝑓𝑛 0
1! 2! 3! 𝑛!

Note : some important expansions


𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1 − + − + ⋯… 𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − + ⋯…
2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + + + + ⋯… 𝑖𝑣 𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 − + − + ⋯…
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!

Department of mathematics, AIT 2


Example 1: Obtain a Taylor’s expansion for 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 up to the term containing 𝑥 − 1 4
and hence find 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( 1.1)

≫ The Taylor’s series for 𝑓 𝑥 about the point 𝑥 = 𝑎 = 1 is given by


𝑥−1 2 ′′ 𝑥−1 3 ′′′ 𝑥−1 4 𝑖𝑣
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 1 + 𝑥 − 1 𝑓′ 1 + 𝑓 1 + 𝑓 1 + 𝑓 1 …(1)
2! 3! 4!

Here 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 1 = log 𝑒 1 = 0


Differentiating the above equation with respect to x we have
1
𝑓′ 𝑥 = ⟹ 𝑓′ 1 = 1
𝑥
1
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = − ⟹ 𝑓 ′′ 1 = −1
𝑥2
2
𝑓 ′′′ 𝑥 = ⟹ 𝑓 ′′′ 1 = 2
𝑥3
6
𝑓 𝑖𝑣 𝑥 = − ⟹ 𝑓 𝑖𝑣 1 = −6
𝑥4

Using all these values in (1) we get


2 3 4
𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 + 𝑥 − 1 1 + −1 + 2 + −6
2! 3! 4!
𝑥−1 2 𝑥−1 3 𝑥−1 4
⟹ 𝑥−1 − + −
2 3 4
0.1 2 0.1 3 0.1 4
Taking 𝑥 = 1.1 in the above expansion we get log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0.1 − + − = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟑
2 3 4

Department of mathematics, AIT 3


Example 2: Obtain a Maclaurin’s series for 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 upto the term containing 𝑥 5

≫ Maclaurin’s expansion up to the term containing 𝑥 5 given by


𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥 3 ′′′ 𝑥 4 𝑖𝑣 𝑥5 𝑣
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 0 + 𝑓 0 + 𝑓 0 + 𝑓 0 + 𝑓 0 + 𝑓 0
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

Here 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0


Differentiating the above equation with respect to x we have
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⟹𝑓 ′ 0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⟹𝑓 ′′ 0 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0
𝑓 ′′′ 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⟹𝑓 ′′′ 0 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = −1
𝑓 ′𝑣 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⟹𝑓 ′𝑣 0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0
𝑓 𝑣 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⟹𝑓 𝑣 0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1

Substituting these values, we get the Maclaurin’s series in the form


𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 + 𝑥 1 + 0 + −1 + 0 + 1
2! 3! 4! 5!

𝑥3 𝑥5
⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 − +
6 120

Department of mathematics, AIT 4


x2 x3 x4
Example 3: Using Maclaurin’s theorem prove that 1 + sin2x = 1 + x − − + ∓⋯
2 6 24
≫ Maclaurin’s expansion up to the term containing 𝑥 4 given by
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
y 𝑥 =𝑦 0 + 𝑦 0 + 𝑦2 0 + 𝑦3 0 + 𝑦4 0
1! 1 2! 3! 4!
Let y = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ⟹ 𝒚 𝟎 = 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟎 = 𝟏
Differentiating the above equation with respect to x we have
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑦1 = ⟹ 𝑦1 = ⟹ 𝒚𝒚𝟏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 ⟹ 𝒚𝟏 𝟎 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟎 = 𝟏
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑦

𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑦′ 2 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦2 0 + 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝒚𝟐 𝟎 = −𝟏
𝑦𝑦3 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2 = −4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦3 0 + 3 1 −1 = −4
𝒚𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 ⟹ 𝒚𝟑 𝟎 = −𝟏
𝑦𝑦4 + 𝑦𝑦3 + 3𝑦1 𝑦3 + 3 𝑦2 2 = 8𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦4 0 + 4 1 −1 + 3 −1 2 =0
𝟐
𝒚𝒚𝟒 + 𝟒𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 ⟹ 𝒚𝟒 𝟎 = 𝟏
Substituting these values, we get the Maclaurin’s series in the form
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑦 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 1 + x 1 + −1 + −1 + 1
2 6 24
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
=1+𝑥− − +
2 6 24

Department of mathematics, AIT 5


Example 4: Expand log(1 + cosx) using Maclaurin’s series up to the term containing 𝑥 4
≫ Maclaurin’s expansion up to the term containing 𝑥 4 given by
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
y 𝑥 =𝑦 0 + 𝑦 0 + 𝑦2 0 + 𝑦3 0 + 𝑦4 0
1! 1 2! 3! 4!
Consider 𝑦 = log 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 0 = log 1 + 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑦1 = − ⟹ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦1 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦1 0 = 0
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦1 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑦2 0 = −1 ⟹ 𝑦2 0 = −
2
1
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⟹ 1 + 1 𝑦3 0 − 0 − − 1 0 − 0 𝑦2 = 0
2

⟹ 2𝑦3 0 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦3 0 = 0
Finally 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦4 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦3 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1 1 1
⟹ 1 + 1 𝑦4 0 − 0 − 3 − =1 ⟹ 2𝑦4 0 = − ⟹ 𝑦4 0 = −
2 2 4

Substituting these we have


𝑥2 1 𝑥4 1
log 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 + − + −
2 2 24 4
𝑥2 𝑥4
log 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − −
4 96
Department of mathematics, AIT 6
Example 5: Obtain a Maclaurin’s series for 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 upto the term containing 𝑥 4
>> Maclaurin’s expansion up to the term containing 𝑥 4 given by
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
y 𝑥 =𝑦 0 + 𝑦 0 + 𝑦 0 + 𝑦 0 + 𝑦 0
1! 1 2! 2 3! 3 4! 4

y  e x cos x  y (0)  e 0  1
y1  e x cos x (cos x  x sin x)  y (cos x  x sin x)  y1 (0)  1
y 2  y1 (cos x  x sin x)  y (2 sin x  x cos x)  y 2 (0)  1
y3  y 2 (cos x  x sin x)  2 y1 (2 sin x  x cos x)  y (3 cos x  x sin x)
 y3 (0)  2
y4  y3 (cos x  x sin x)  3 y2 (2 sin x  x cos x)  3 y1 (3 cos x  x sin x)  y (4 sin x  x cos x)
 y4 (0)  2  9  11
Substituting these values, we get the Maclaurin’s series in the form
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑦=𝑒 =1+𝑥+ + −2 + −11
2 6 24
𝑥2 𝑥3 11x4
Thus 𝑒 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1+𝑥 + − −
2 3 24

Department of mathematics, AIT 7


6. Using Maclaurin’s series expand y = log(secx) up to the term containing 𝑥 4 .
Solution : Maclaurin’s expansion up to the term containing 𝑥 4 given by
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
y 𝑥 =𝑦 0 + 𝑦 0 + 𝑦2 0 + 𝑦3 0 + 𝑦4 0
1! 1 2! 3! 4!
Given y = log(secx) ⟹ 𝑦 0 = log 𝑠𝑒𝑐0 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 = 𝟎
1
𝑦1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦1 0 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛0 = 𝟎
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑦2 = sec 2 𝑥 ⟹𝑦2 0 = sec 2 0 = 𝟏
𝑦3 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. sec 2 𝑥 = 2𝑦1 . 𝑦2 ⟹𝑦3 0 = 2𝑦1 0 𝑦2 0 = 𝟎
𝑦4 = 2𝑦1 𝑦3 + 2 𝑦2 2 ⟹𝑦4 0 = 2𝑦1 0 𝑦3 0 +2𝑦2 0 𝑦2 0 = 𝟐
x2 𝑥4
Hence y = log secx = 1 + 2
2 24
x2 𝑥4
= +
2 12

Department of mathematics, AIT 8


7. Expand tan−1 𝑥 in powers of 𝑥 up to the term containing 𝑥 4 .
Solution : Maclaurin’s expansion up to the term containing 𝑥 4 given by
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
y 𝑥 =𝑦 0 + 𝑦 0 + 𝑦2 0 + 𝑦3 0 + 𝑦4 0
1! 1 2! 3! 4!
Solution : Let 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 0 = tan−1 𝑥 = 𝟎
1
𝑦1 = ⟹ 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦1 = 1 ⟹ 𝑦1 0 = 1
1+𝑥 2
1+ 𝑥 2 𝑦2 + 2𝑥𝑦1 = 0 ⟹𝑦2 0 = 0
1+ 𝑥 2 𝑦3 + 2𝑥𝑦1 + 2𝑥𝑦1 + 2𝑦1 = 0
1+ 𝑥 2 𝑦3 + 4𝑥𝑦1 + 2𝑦1 = 0 ⟹𝑦3 0 = −2
1+ 𝑥 2 𝑦4 + 2𝑥𝑦3 + 4𝑥𝑦3 + 4𝑦2 + 2𝑦2 = 0
1+ 𝑥 2 𝑦4 + 6𝑥𝑦3 + 6𝑦2 = 0 ⟹𝑦4 0 =0
Substituting these values, we get the Maclaurin’s series in the form
𝑥3
tan−1 𝑥 =𝑥 1 + −2
6
𝑥3
tan−1 𝑥 =𝑥−
3

Department of mathematics, AIT 9


Exercise Problems :

1. Expand 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 up to the term containing 𝑥 4


2. Expand sin−1 𝑥up to the term containing 𝑥 5
3. Using Maclaurin’s series expand y = log(secx) up to the term containing 𝑥 6 .
4. Expand log(1 + ex ) using Maclaurin’s series up to the term containing 𝑥 4 .

Solutions :
1. sin 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 =
−1 𝑥3 3𝑥 5
2. sin 𝑥=𝑥 + 3 +
40
x2 𝑥4 x6
3. log secx = 2
+
12
+
45
x x 𝑥2 𝑥4
4. log 1 + e = log2 + 2 + 8
− 192

Department of mathematics, AIT 10


Indeterminate Forms
0 ∞
While evaluating certain limits, we come across expressions of the form , ,0× ∞, ∞ − ∞, 00 ,
0 ∞

∞0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1∞ which do not represent any value. Such expressions are called Indeterminate Forms.
There is no actual value for this expressions. We can evaluate such limits that lead to
indeterminate forms by using L’Hospital’s Rule.
Statement: If f x and g x are two functions such that
i. lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
ii. 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔′ 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥
Then lim = lim i.e differentiate both numerator and denominator separately
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′ 𝑥
The above rule can be extended if 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔′ 𝑎 = 0 then

𝑓 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥
lim = lim ′ = lim ′′
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥
Note: i) lim =1 ii) lim =1 iii) lim =1 iv) lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

Department of mathematics, AIT 11


Department of mathematics, AIT 12
Department of mathematics, AIT 13
Exercise : Evaluate the following limits

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
1. lim Ans:
𝑥→0 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 1+𝑥 2

𝜋
log 𝑥−
2. lim𝜋 2
Ans: 0
𝑥→ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
2

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑥 1
3. lim 𝑥 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 Ans:
𝑥→0 3

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
4. lim Ans: 0
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

Department of mathematics, AIT 14


Limits of the form [∞ − ∞, 0 × ∞] : To evaluate the limits of the form
∞ − ∞, 0 × ∞ we evaluate such expressions first by reducing them to either
0 ∞
𝑜𝑟 form and then apply the L’Hospital’s Rule.
0 ∞

1
Example 6 : Evaluate lim − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥

1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Soln. lim − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = lim − ∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0+0


lim = lim = =0
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0 𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1+1+0

Department of mathematics, AIT 15


Department of mathematics, AIT 16
Exercise : Evaluate the following limits

𝑥 1 1
1. lim − Ans:
𝑥→0 𝑥−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2

2. lim𝜋 2𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝜋𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 Ans: −2


𝑥→
2

𝑎 𝑥
3. lim − cot Ans: 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑎

1
4. lim 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 Ans: 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

Department of mathematics, AIT 17


Limits of the form: 𝟎𝟎 , ∞𝟎 , 𝟏∞

Limits of the form 𝟎𝟎 , ∞𝟎 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏∞: To evaluate such limits, where function to the
power of function exists, we call such an expression as some constant, then take
logarithm on both sides of the function whose limit is required and rewrite the
0 ∞
expressions to get 𝑜𝑟 form and then apply the L’Hospital’s Rule.
0 ∞

Working procedure is as follows:

 To evaluate the limits of the form 00 , ∞0 , and 1∞ i.e, where function to the power of
function exists, first identify the form
 Take such an expression as some constant A.
0 ∞
 Take logarithm on both sides and rewrite the expressions to get 𝑜𝑟 form and
0 ∞
then apply the L’Hospital’s Rule.
 See any possible simplification can be done
 Continue till we obtain the finite value

Department of mathematics, AIT 18


Department of mathematics, AIT 19
Department of mathematics, AIT 20
1
Example 3 : Evaluate lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥→0
1
Sol. Let 𝐴 = lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥2 1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0

Taking log on both sides, we have


1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥→0

1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∞ × 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 2

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥2 0

−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 0
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥 0

− sec2 𝑥 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim =−
𝑥→0 2 2

1
− 1
Hence 𝐴 = 𝑒 2 =
𝑒

Department of mathematics, AIT 21


𝜋𝑥
𝑥 tan 2𝑎
Example 4 : Evaluate lim 2 −
𝑥→𝑎 𝑎
𝜋𝑥
𝑥 tan
2𝑎
Sol. Let A = lim 2 − 1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→𝑎 𝑎

Taking logarithm on both sides, we have

𝜋𝑥 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim tan 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 − ∞ × 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎

𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2− 0
𝑎
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim 𝜋𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→𝑎 cot 0
2𝑎

1

𝑎
𝑥
2−
𝑎
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
𝑥→𝑎 − co𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
2𝑎 2𝑎

2 𝜋𝑥
2 sin 2𝑎 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim . 𝑥 =
𝑥→𝑎 𝜋 2−
𝑎
𝜋

𝟐
∴𝑨=𝒆 𝝅

Department of mathematics, AIT 22


1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥
Example 5 : Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥
Sol. Let A = lim 1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥

Taking logarithm on both sides, we have

1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ∞ × 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 0
𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 0

1 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥2
1

sec2 𝑥+2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−sec2𝑥


𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim =0
𝑥→0 2𝑥

𝐴 = 𝑒0 = 1
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥
Hence lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

Department of mathematics, AIT 23


1
Example 6 : Evaluate lim 𝑎𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0

1
Sol. Let A = lim 𝑎𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0
Taking logarithm on both sides, we have
1
1
l𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝐴 = lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 = lim log 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥 ∞ × 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎𝑥 +𝑥 0 𝑎𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎+1 / 𝑎𝑥 +𝑥
= lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 0 𝑥→0 1

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 + 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = log 𝑎𝑒

l𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝐴 = log 𝑎𝑒 ⟹ 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑒
1
Hence lim 𝑎𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒
𝑥→0

Department of mathematics, AIT 24


1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 𝑥
Example 7 : Evaluate 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 3
1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 𝑥
Sol. Let 𝐴 = lim 1∞
𝑥→0 3
Taking logarithm on both sides
𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 +𝑐𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 +𝑐 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 0
3
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ∞×0 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 3 𝑥→0 𝑥 0
Applying L’Hospital’s rule we have
1 1
𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 +𝑐𝑥 3
𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎+𝑏 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏+𝑐 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
= lim 3
𝑥→0 1
1
=lim 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
𝑥→0

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 1
= = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎𝑏𝑐
3 3
1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 3
1
∴ 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 3

Department of mathematics, AIT 25


Exercise : Evaluate the following limits

1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 Ans : 𝑒


𝒙→𝟎

1
2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝝅 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒙 Ans :
𝒙→ 𝑒
𝟒
𝟏
1
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −
3. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 Ans : 𝑒 3
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

1

4. 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝝅 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 Ans : 𝑒 3
𝒙→
𝟐
𝟏
1
𝟐𝒙 +𝟑𝒙 +𝟒𝒙 𝒙
5. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 Ans : 24 3
𝒙→𝟎 𝟑
𝟏
1
𝒂𝒙 +𝒃𝒙 +𝒄𝒙 +𝒅𝒙 𝒙
6. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 Ans : 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 4
𝒙→𝟎 𝟒

Department of mathematics, AIT 26

You might also like