Fluid Properties:

Properties involving the mass and weight of the fluid

* Mass Density, ( ρ )
- Density is defined as mass per unit volume:
Mass M
ρ= =
Volume ∀

- Dimension
M
ρ→ 3
L
- Unit
Kg
ρ→ 3
m
- Liquids
Kg
ρwater =1000 3
at 4 C °
m
lbm
ρwater =62.4 3
at 4 C °
ft
Kg
ρwater =958 3
at 100C °
m
1
→ ρwater ∝
Temperature

- Gases
Kg
ρair =1.2 3
at 20 C ° ∧standard atmospheric pressure
m
lbm
ρair =0.075 3
at 20 C °∧standard atmospheric pressure
ft
Kg
ρair =0.95 3
at 100 C °∧standard atmospheric pressure
m
1
→ ρair ∝
Temperature

* Specific weight (γ ¿
- specific weight is defined as weight per unit :
weight w
γ= = =ρg
Volume ∀

- Dimension
F
γ→ 3
L
- Unit
KN
γ→ 3
m
- Values
KN N
γ water =9.79 3
=9790 3 at 20C °
m m
N
γ air =11.8 3
at 20C °∧standard atmospheric pressure
m

* Specific gravity ( S ¿
- It is the ratio of specific weight of a given fluid to the specific weight of water at a
standard reference temperature:
γ fluid ρfluid∗g ρfluid
S fluid= = =
γ water ρwater∗g ρwater

- Dimension
ratio → dimensionless

- Unit
independant of the system of units used

- Example (1)
S Hg at T =20 C ° :

γ Hg 133 KN /m3
S Hg= = =13.6
γ H 2 O 9.81 KN /m3

Example (2)
S Hg=13.6 what is the specific weight of γ Hg ?
3 3
γ Hg=S Hg∗γ H 2 O=13.6∗9.81 KN /m =133 KN /m

* Weight
w=mg → kilogram ar earth surface :
w=1∗9.81=9.81 N

- Weight of fluid is calculated as:

w=γ ∀ → Units : N (Newton)

Equation of state density of Gases:

P
ρ=
RT
Where;
P= absolute pressure, N/m2
T= absolute temperature, ok
R= Gas constant

( ° K )=273+° C → ° K is degree∈kelvin

Example (3)
What is the density of air at 4 oC, and at standard sea-level pressure (P=101 KN/m3) ?
P
ρ=
RT
3
101 KN /m 3
¿ =1.27 Kg/m
(287 J / Kg∗K)(273+4 K )

Note: Value of R could be founded in Table A.2

Elasticity
- Pressure acting on a mass of fluid increase↑ → then the fluid contracts
- Pressure decreases ↓ → fluid expands
- Elasticity of a fluid is related to the amount of deformation (expansion or
contraction) for a given pressure change.
- Elasticity = compressibility of fluid
- Degree of elasticity is given by the “Bulk modulus of elasticity”:
−dP dP
E v= =−∀
d∀ d∀
∀
Where;
dP → incremental pressure change
d ∀ →incremental volume change
∀ → volume of fluid
d∀
→is−ve for+ ve dP
∀
The -ve sign is used in the definition to yeild +ve Ev
- An alternative form to the former equation is:

dP dP
E v= =ρ
dρ dρ
ρ
Proof:
m=ρ ∀
dm= ρd ∀+ ∀ dρ
dm=0→ because mass is constant
∀ dρ=− ρ d ∀
Or
dρ −d ∀
=
ρ ∀

- Ev of water is ≈ 2.2 GN /m2 (Change in volume 0.05% at change in pressure 1MN.m-

2
)
- Elasticity of an idea gas is proportional to the pressure for isothermal (constant-
temperature) process:
dP
=RT
dρ
dP
E v =ρ =ρ RT
dρ

* Viscosity ( μ ) and Shear stress ( τ ) :

 dv
Shear rate of strain:
dy

dv
τ∝ the proportianality factor is μ
dy

dv
τ =μ
dy
Where
τ → shear stress , N /m
2
μ → dynamic ( absolute , binratic ) visocityN . s /m

Also:
F
τ=
A
F dv
=μ
A dy
 Kinematic viscosity, (ν):
2
μ N . s /m 2
ν= = 3
=m / s
ρ Kg/m

μ
The force dimension came out in the combination ( )
ρ

Application on Viscosity and shear stress:

1
6
v=10 y
T =20 ° C
water

At y=2mm
τ =?

Solution:
dv
τ =μ
dy
1
v=10 y 6
−5
dv 1 6
= ∗10 ( y )
dy 6
 −5
dv 1
At y=2mm : 6
= ∗10 ( 0.002 ) =295.76
dy 6

μ at T =20 ° C=1∗10
−3
( from table A.5)
dv
=( 1∗10 )∗( 295.76 )=0.296 N /m
−3 2
τ =μ
dy

Note: if μis not in the table (out of range value) then go to the graph (Figure A.2)