Fundament

also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

Chapt
erOne
Fi
leSys
temandDat
abas
e
Chapt
erc
ont
ent
:
 Fi
le
-Bas
edSys
tems
 Li
mit
ati
onso
fFi
le
-Bas
edAp
pro
ach
 Dat
aba
seAp
pro
ach
 Dat
aba
seManage
mentSys
tem(
DBMS)
 Co
mpo
nent
sofDBMSEnv
iro
nme
nt
 Hi
sto
ryo
fDat
abas
eSys
tems
 ANSI
-SPARCThr
ee-Le
velAr
chi
tec
tur
e
 Dat
aMo
del
 Fu
nct
ionso
faDBMS
 DBMSAr
chi
tec
tur
es

Ex
ampl
eso
fDat
abas
eAppl
ic
ati
ons
 Pu
rchas
esfr
omt
hes
upe
rmar
ket
 Bo
oki
ngaho
li
dayatt
het
rav
elage
nts
 Us
ingt
hel
ibr
ary
 Tak
ingo
uti
nsu
ranc
e
 Us
ingt
heI
nte
rne
t
Fi
le-Bas
edSys
tems
 Co
ll
ect
iono
fap
pli
cat
ionp
rogr
amst
hatp
erfo
rms
erv
ice
sfo
rthee
ndu
ser
s(e
.g.
rep
ort
s)
 Eac
hpr
ogr
amde
fine
sandmanage
sit
sowndat
a.

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 1
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

Li
mit
ati
onso
fFi
le-Bas
edAppr
oac
h
1. Separ
ati
onandi
sol
ati
ono
fdat
a
 Eac
hpr
ogr
ammai
ntai
nsi
tso
wns
eto
fdat
a.
 Us
erso
fonep
rogr
ammaybeu
nawar
eofp
ote
nti
all
yus
efu
ldat
ahe
ldbyo
the
rpr
ogr
ams
.
2. Dupl
ic
ati
ono
fdat
a
 Samedat
aishe
ldbydi
ffe
rentp
rogr
ams
.
 Was
teds
pac
eandp
ote
nti
all
ydi
ffe
rentv
alu
esand/o
rdi
ffe
rentfo
rmat
sfo
rthes
amei
tem.
3. Dat
ade
pendenc
e
 Fi
les
tru
ctu
rei
sde
fine
dint
hep
rogr
amc
ode
.
4. I
nco
mpat
ibl
efi
lefo
rmat
s
 Pr
ogr
amsar
ewr
itt
eni
ndi
ffe
rentl
angu
age
s,ands
ocanno
teas
il
yac
ces
seac
hot
her
’sfi
le
s.
5. Fi
xedQuer
ies
/Pr
oli
fer
ati
ono
fapp
lic
ati
onpr
ogr
ams
 Pr
ogr
amsar
ewr
itt
ent
osat
isfyp
art
icu
larfu
nct
ions
.
 Anyne
wre
qui
reme
ntne
edsane
wpr
ogr
am.
Dat
abas
eAppr
oac
h
 Ar
osebe
cau
se:
 De
fini
ti
ono
fda
tawase
mbe
dde
dinap
pli
cat
ionp
rogr
ams
,rat
hert
hanbe
ings
tor
eds
epar
ate
ly
andi
nde
pende
ntl
y.
 Noc
ont
rolo
verac
ces
sandmani
pul
ati
ono
fdat
abe
yondt
hati
mpo
sedbyap
pli
cat
ionp
rogr
ams
.
 Re
sul
t:
 Thedat
abas
eandDat
abas
eManagementSys
tem(
DBMS)
.
Dat
abas
e
 Shar
edc
oll
ect
iono
flo
gic
all
yre
lat
eddat
a(andade
scr
ipt
iono
fthi
sdat
a),de
signe
dtome
ett
he

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 2
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

i
nfo
rma
tio
nne
edso
fano
rgani
zat
ion.
 Sys
temc
atal
og(
met
adat
a)p
rov
ide
sde
scr
ipt
iono
fdat
atoe
nabl
epr
ogr
am–
dat
ainde
pende
nce
.
 Lo
gic
all
yre
lat
ed dat
aco
mpr
ise
sent
iti
es,at
tri
but
es,and r
elat
ions
hip
sof an o
rga
niz
ati
on’
s
i
nfo
rma
tio
n.
Dat
abas
eManagementSys
tem(
DBMS)
 As
oft
war
esys
temt
hate
nabl
esu
ser
stode
fine
,cr
eat
eandmai
ntai
nthedat
abas
eandt
hat
p
rov
ide
sco
ntr
oll
eda
cce
sst
othi
sda
tabas
e.

Dat
abas
eAppr
oac
h
 Dat
ade
fini
ti
onl
anguage(
DDL)
.
 Pe
rmi
tss
pec
ifi
cat
iono
fdat
atyp
es,
str
uct
ure
sandanydat
aco
nst
rai
nts
.
 Al
lsp
eci
fic
ati
onsar
est
ore
dint
hedat
abas
e.
 Dat
amani
pul
ati
onl
anguage(
DML)
.
 Ge
ner
ale
nqu
iryfac
il
it
y(qu
eryl
angu
age
)oft
he
 Co
ntr
oll
edac
ces
stodat
abas
emayi
ncl
ude:
 As
ecu
rit
ysys
tem.
 Ani
nte
gri
tys
yst
em.
 Ac
onc
urr
enc
yco
ntr
ols
yst
em.
 Ar
eco
ver
yco
ntr
ols
yst
em.
 Au
ser
-ac
ces
sibl
ecat
alo
g.
 Av
iewmec
hani
sm.
 Pr
ovi
desu
ser
swi
tho
nlyt
heda
tat
heywanto
rne
edt
ous
e.
Vi
ews
 Al
lo
wse
achu
sert
ohav
ehi
s/he
rownv
iewo
fthedat
abas
e
 Av
iewi
ses
sent
ial
lys
omes
ubs
eto
fthedat
abas
e.
 Be
nefi
tsi
ncl
ude
:

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 3
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

 Re
duc
eco
mpl
exi
ty;
 Pr
ovi
deal
eve
lofs
ecu
rit
y;
 Pr
ovi
deame
chani
smt
ocu
sto
miz
etheap
pear
anc
eoft
hedat
abas
e;
 Pr
ese
ntac
ons
ist
ent
,unc
hangi
ng p
ict
ureo
fthes
tru
ctu
reo
fthedat
abas
e,e
veni
fthe
u
nde
rlyi
ngdat
abas
eisc
hange
d.

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 4
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

Co
mpo
nent
sofDBMSEnv
iro
nment

1. Har
dwar
e
 Canr
angefr
omaPCt
oane
two
rko
fco
mpu
ter
s.
2. So
ftwar
e
 DBMS,
ope
rat
ings
yst
em,
net
wor
kso
ftwar
e(i
fne
ces
sar
y)andal
sot
heap
pli
cat
ionp
rogr
ams
.
3. Dat
a
 Us
edbyt
heo
rgani
zat
ionandade
scr
ipt
iono
fthi
sdat
acal
le
dthes
che
ma.
4. Pr
ocedur
es
 I
nst
ruc
tio
nsandr
ule
sthats
hou
ldbeap
pli
edt
othede
signandu
seo
fthedat
abas
ean
dDBMS.
5. Peo
ple:
 Dat
apr
oce
ssi
ngmanage
r,dat
apr
oce
ssi
ngs
pec
ial
is
t,p
rogr
amme
rs,
ande
ndu
ser
s.
Ro
lesi
ntheDat
abas
eEnv
iro
nment
 Dat
aAdmi
nis
trat
or(
DA)
 Dat
aba
seAdmi
nis
trat
or(
DBA)
 Dat
aba
seDe
signe
rs(
Logi
calandPhys
ical
)
 Ap
pli
cat
ionPr
ogr
amme
rs
 EndUs
ers(
nai
veands
ophi
sti
cat
ed)
Hi
sto
ryo
fDat
abas
eSys
tems
1. Fi
rst
-gener
ati
on
 Hi
erar
chi
calandNe
two
rk
2. Sec
ondgener
ati
on
 Re
lat
ional
3. Thi
rdgener
ati
on
 Obj
ectRe
lat
ional
 Obj
ect
-Or
ient
ed
TheDBMSMar
ket
plac
e
 Re
lat
ionalDBMSc
omp
ani
es–Or
acl
e,Sybas
e–ar
eamo
ngt
hel
arge
sts
oft
war
eco
mpa
nie
sint
he
wo
rld.
 I
BMo
ffe
rsi
tsr
elat
ionalDB2s
yst
em.Wi
thI
MS,
ano
nre
lat
ionals
yst
em,
IBMi
sbys
omeac
cou
ntst
he
l
arge
stDBMSv
endo
rint
hewo
rld.
 Mi
cro
softo
ffe
rsSQL-Se
rve
r,p
lusMi
cro
softAc
ces
sfo
rthec
heapDBMSo
nthede
skt
op,ans
wer
ed

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 5
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

by“
li
te”s
yst
emsfr
omo
the
rco
mpe
tit
ors
.
 Re
lat
ionalc
omp
ani
esal
soc
hal
le
nge
dby“
obj
ect
-or
ient
edDB”c
omp
ani
es.
 Bu
tco
unt
ere
dwi
th“
obj
ect
-re
lat
ion
al”s
yst
ems
,whi
chr
etai
nther
elat
ionalc
orewhi
leal
lo
wingt
ype
e
xte
nsi
onasi
nOOs
yst
ems
.
Dat
abas
eMo
del
 The
rea
refi
vedat
abas
emo
del
s
1. Hi
erar
chi
cal
2. Ne
two
rk
3. Re
lat
ional
4. Ent
ityr
elat
ions
hip
5. Obj
ecto
rie
nte
d
i
.Hi
erar
chi
calDat
abas
eMo
del
 Adv
ant
ages
 Pr
omo
tedat
ashar
ing
 Co
nce
ptu
als
imp
li
ci
tyi
spr
omo
tedbyp
are
nt/c
hil
dre
lat
ions
hip
 Par
ent
/chi
ldr
elat
ions
hipp
romo
tesdat
abas
eint
egr
ity
 Dat
abas
ese
cur
ityandi
nte
gri
ty
 Dat
ainde
pende
nce
 Effi
ci
enc
ywi
th1
:Mfi
xedr
elat
ions
hip
s
 Di
sadv
ant
ages
 Nav
igat
ionals
yst
em yi
el
dsc
omp
lexde
sign
,imp
leme
ntat
ion,ap
pli
cat
ionde
vel
opme
nt,u
seand
man
age
ment
 Co
mpl
exi
mpl
eme
ntat
ion
 Nodat
ade
fini
ti
onl
angu
ageo
rdat
amani
pul
ati
onl
angu
agei
nDBMS
 Di
ffi
cul
ttoman
ageandl
acko
fst
andar
ds
 Lac
kss
tru
ctu
ral
inde
pende
nce
 Ap
pli
cat
ionsp
rogr
ammi
ngandu
sec
omp
lex
ity
 I
mpl
eme
ntat
ionl
imi
tat
ions(
noM:
Normu
lti
-par
entr
elat
ions
hip
)
i
i.Ne
two
rkDat
abas
eMo
del
 Hi
sto
ry:
 CODASYL(
Confe
renc
eonDat
aSys
temsLangu
age
s)c
reat
edagr
oupt
owo
rko
nst
andar
diz
ati
on
o
fdat
abas
es:Dat
abas
eTas
kGr
oup(
DBTG)
 I
dent
ifi
ed3dat
abas
eco
mpo
nen
t:
 Ne
two
rks
che
ma(
dat
aba
seo
rgani
zat
ion)
 Su
bsc
hema(
vie
wso
fdat
abas
epe
rus
er)
 Dat
amanage
mentl
angu
age

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 6
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

 Eac
hre
cor
dcanhav
emu
lti
pl
epar
ent
s
 Co
mpo
sedo
fse
ts-r
elat
ions
hip
s
 Eac
hse
thaso
wne
rre
cor
dandme
mbe
rre
cor
d
 Me
mbe
rmayhav
ese
ver
alo
wne
rs
 As
etr
epr
ese
ntsa1
:Mr
elat
ion
shi
pbe
twe
ent
heo
wne
randt
heme
mbe
r

 Adv
ant
ages
 Co
nce
ptu
als
imp
li
ci
tyatl
eas
tequ
alt
othato
fthehi
erar
chi
calmo
del
 Handl
esmo
rer
elat
ions
hipt
ype
ssu
chasM:
Nandmu
lti
-par
ent
 Own
er/me
mbe
rre
lat
ions
hipp
romo
tesdat
abas
eint
egr
ity
 Co
nfo
rmanc
etos
tandar
ds
 I
ncl
ude
sdat
ade
fini
ti
onanddat
amani
pul
ati
onl
angu
agei
nDBMS
 Dat
aac
ces
sfl
exi
bil
it
y
 Dat
ainde
pende
nce
 Di
sadv
ant
ages
 Sys
temc
omp
lex
ityl
imi
tse
ffi
ci
enc
y(s
til
lanav
igat
ionals
yst
em)
 Nav
igat
ionals
yst
em yi
el
dsc
omp
lexde
sign,i
mpl
eme
ntat
ion,ap
pli
cat
ionde
vel
opme
nt,u
se,and
man
age
ment
.
 Lac
kofs
tru
ctu
rali
nde
pende
nce
i
ii
.Rel
ati
onalDat
abas
eMo
del
 Fi
rstde
vel
ope
dbyE.
F.Co
dd(
IBM)i
n19
70
 Fi
rstde
plo
yedo
nmai
nfr
amec
omp
ute
rs(
DB2
),t
henal
sop
ers
onalc
omp
ute
rs
 Or
acl
e,I
nfo
rmi
x,SQLs
erv
er,
DB2
 Pe
rce
ive
dbyu
serasac
oll
ect
iono
ftabl
esfo
rdat
ast
orage
 Tabl
esa
reas
eri
eso
fro
w/c
olu
mni
nte
rse
cti
ons(
aro
wco
rre
spo
ndst
oar
eco
rd,
aco
lumnt
oafi
el
d)
 Tabl
esr
elat
edbys
har
ingc
ommo
nent
ityc
har
act
eri
sti
c(s
)
 RDBMS

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 7
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

 Adv
ant
ages
 St
ruc
tur
ali
nde
pende
nce
 Tabu
larv
iews
ubs
tant
ial
lyi
mpr
ove
dco
nce
ptu
als
imp
li
ci
ty,t
husp
romo
ting Eas
ierdat
abas
e
de
sign,
imp
leme
ntat
ion,
manage
ment
,andu
se
 Adho
cqu
eryc
apabi
li
tywi
thSQL
 Po
wer
fuldat
aba
semanage
men
tsys
temi
mpr
ove
simp
leme
ntat
ionandmanage
ments
imp
li
ci
ty
 Di
sadv
ant
ages
 TheRDBMSt
hatmak
est
hes
yst
eme
asyt
ous
ere
qui
res
ubs
tant
ialhar
dwar
eands
yst
em
s
oft
war
eov
erhe
ad
 Co
nce
ptu
als
yst
ems
imp
li
ci
tygi
vesr
elat
ive
lyu
ntr
aine
dpe
opl
ethet
ool
stou
seago
ods
yst
em
p
oor
ly
 Po
orde
signandi
mpl
eme
ntat
ioni
smadee
asy
 Mayp
romo
te“
isl
andso
finfo
rmat
ion”p
robl
emsasi
ndi
vi
dual
sandde
par
tme
ntsfi
ndi
teas
yto
de
vel
opt
hei
rownap
pli
cat
ions
i
v.Ent
ityr
elat
ions
hipMo
del
 Adv
ant
age
 St
ruc
tur
ali
nde
pende
nce
 Vi
sualmo
del
ingyi
el
dse
xce
pti
onalc
onc
ept
uals
imp
li
ci
ty
 Vi
sualr
epr
ese
ntat
ionmak
esi
tane
ffe
cti
vec
ommu
nic
ati
ont
ool
s
 I
nte
gri
tywi
thdo
minantr
elat
ionaldat
abas
emo
del
 Di
sadv
ant
ages
 Li
mit
edc
ons
trai
ntr
epr
ese
ntat
ion
 Li
mit
edr
elat
ions
hipr
epr
ese
nta
tio
n

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 8
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

 Nodat
amani
pul
ati
onl
angu
age
 Lo
sso
finfo
rmat
ionc
ont
entbe
cau
seat
tri
but
esar
eus
ual
lyr
emo
vedt
oav
oidc
rowde
ddi
spl
ay
v
. Obj
ecto
rient
ed
 Adv
ant
age
 St
ruc
tur
ali
nde
pende
nce
 Addss
emant
icc
ont
ent
s
 Vi
sualr
epr
ese
ntat
ioni
ncl
ude
sse
mant
icc
ont
ent
s
 I
nhe
rit
anc
epr
omo
tesdat
abas
eint
egr
ity
 Di
sadv
ant
ages
 Lac
kofs
tandar
ds
 Co
mpl
exnav
igat
ionals
yst
em
 St
eepl
ear
ningc
urv
e
 Hi
ghs
yst
emo
ver
heads
lowst
ran
sac
tio
n
Adv
ant
ageso
fDBMSs
 Co
ntr
olo
fdat
are
dundanc
y
 Dat
aco
nsi
ste
ncy
 Mo
rei
nfo
rmat
ionfr
omt
hes
amea
mou
nto
fdat
a
 Shar
ingo
fdat
a
 I
mpr
ove
ddat
aint
egr
ity
 I
mpr
ove
dse
cur
ity
 Enfo
rce
mento
fst
andar
ds
 Ec
ono
myo
fsc
ale
 Bal
anc
edc
onfl
ic
tingr
equ
ire
ment
s
 I
mpr
ove
ddat
aac
ces
sibi
li
tyandr
esp
ons
ive
nes
s
 I
ncr
eas
edp
rodu
cti
vi
ty
 I
mpr
ove
dmai
nte
nan
cet
hro
ughdat
ainde
pende
nce
 I
ncr
eas
edc
onc
urr
enc
y
 I
mpr
ove
dbac
kupandr
eco
ver
yse
rvi
ces

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 9
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

Di
sadv
ant
ageso
fDBMSs
 Co
mpl
exi
ty
 Si
ze
 Co
sto
fDBMS
 Addi
ti
onalhar
dwar
eco
sts
 Co
sto
fco
nve
rsi
on
 Pe
rfo
rmanc
e
 Hi
ghe
rimp
acto
fafai
lu
re
Dat
abas
eDes
ign
 Dat
aba
sede
signde
alswi
thho
wtode
signadat
abas
e
 I
mpo
rtanc
eofGo
odDe
sign
 Po
orde
signr
esu
ltsi
nunwant
eddat
are
dundanc
y
 Po
orde
signge
ner
ate
ser
ror
sle
adi
ngt
obadde
cis
ions
 Pr
act
icalAp
pro
ach
 Fo
cuso
npr
inc
ipl
esandc
onc
ept
sofdat
abas
ede
sign
 I
mpo
rtanc
eofl
ogi
calde
sign
Dat
abas
eEnv
iro
nment
Obj
ect
iveso
fThr
ee-Lev
elAr
chi
tec
tur
e
 Al
lus
erss
hou
ldbeabl
etoac
ces
ssa
medat
a.
 Au
ser
’sv
iewi
simmu
net
ochange
smadei
not
herv
iews
.
 Us
erss
hou
ldno
tne
edt
okno
wphys
icaldat
abas
est
oragede
tai
ls
.
 DBAs
hou
ldbeabl
etoc
hangedat
abas
est
orages
tru
ctu
reswi
tho
utaffe
cti
ngt
heu
ser
s’v
iews
.
I
nte
rnals
tru
ctu
reo
fdat
abas
esh
oul
dbeu
naffe
cte
dbyc
hange
stop
hys
icalas
pec
tso
fst
orage
.
DBAs
hou
ldbeabl
etoc
hangec
onc
ept
uals
tru
ctu
reo
fdat
abas
ewi
tho
utaffe
cti
ngal
lus
ers
.
ANSI
-SPARCThr
ee-Lev
elAr
chi
tec
tur
e

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 1
0
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

 Ex
ter
nalLev
el
 Us
ers
’vi
ewo
fthedat
abas
e.
 De
scr
ibe
sthatp
arto
fdat
abas
ethati
sre
lev
antt
oap
art
icu
laru
ser
.
 Co
ncept
ualLev
el
 Co
mmu
nit
yvi
ewo
fthedat
abas
e.
 De
scr
ibe
swhatdat
aiss
tor
edi
ndat
abas
eandr
elat
ions
hip
samo
ngt
hedat
a.
 I
nter
nalLev
el
 Phys
icalr
epr
ese
ntat
iono
fthedat
abas
eont
hec
omp
ute
r.
 De
scr
ibe
sho
wthedat
aiss
tor
edi
nthedat
abas
e.
Di
ffer
enc
esbe
tweenThr
eeLev
elso
fANSI
-SPARCAr
chi
tec
tur
e

Dat
aIndependenc
e
 Lo
gic
alDat
aIndepe
ndenc
e
 Re
fer
stoi
mmu
nit
yofe
xte
rna
lsc
hemast
ochange
sinc
onc
ept
uals
che
ma.
 Co
nce
ptu
als
che
mac
hange
s(e
.g.
addi
ti
on/r
emo
valo
fent
iti
es)
.
 Sho
uldno
tre
qui
rec
hange
stoe
xte
rnals
che
mao
rre
wri
teso
fap
pli
cat
ionp
rogr
ams
.
 Phys
icalDat
aIndependenc
e
 Re
fer
stoi
mmu
nit
yofc
onc
ept
uals
che
mat
ochange
sint
hei
nte
rnals
che
ma.
 I
nte
rnals
che
mac
hange
s(e
.g.
usi
ngdi
ffe
rentfi
leo
rgani
zat
ions
,st
orages
tru
ctu
res
/de
vic
es)
.
 Sho
uldno
tre
qui
rec
hanget
oco
nce
ptu
alo
rex
ter
nals
che
mas
.

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 1
1
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

Dat
aIndependenc
eandt
heANSI
-SPARCThr
ee-Lev
elAr
chi
tec
tur
e

Dat
aDefi
nit
ionLanguage(
DDL)
 Al
lo
wst
heDBAo
rus
ert
ode
scr
ibea
ndnamee
nti
ti
es,at
tri
but
es,andr
elat
ions
hip
sre
qui
redfo
rthe
ap
pli
cat
ion
 Pl
usan
yas
soc
iat
edi
nte
gri
tyands
ecu
rit
yco
nst
rai
nts
.
Dat
abas
eLanguages
 Dat
aMani
pul
ati
onLanguage(
DML)
 Pr
ovi
desbas
icdat
amani
pul
ati
ono
per
ati
onso
ndat
ahe
ldi
nthedat
abas
e.
 Pr
ocedur
alDML
 Al
lo
wsu
sert
ote
lls
yst
eme
xac
tlyho
wtomani
pul
atedat
a.
 No
n-Pr
ocedur
alDML
 Al
lo
wsu
sert
ost
atewhatdat
aisne
ede
drat
hert
hanho
witi
stober
etr
iev
ed.
 Fo
urt
hGener
ati
onLanguage(
4GL)
 Qu
eryLangu
age
s
 Fo
rmsGe
ner
ato
rs
 Re
por
tGe
ner
ato
rs
 Gr
aphi
csGe
ner
ato
rs
 Ap
pli
cat
ionGe
ner
ato
rs.
Dat
aMo
del
 I
nte
gra
tedc
oll
ect
iono
fco
nce
ptsfo
rde
scr
ibi
ngdat
a,r
elat
ions
hip
sbe
twe
endat
a,andc
ons
trai
nts
o
nthedat
ainano
rgani
zat
ion.
 Dat
aMo
delc
omp
ris
es:
 as
tru
ctu
ralp
art
;
 amani
pul
ati
vep
art
;
 Po
ssi
blyas
eto
fint
egr
ityr
ule
s.

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 1
2
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

 Pu
rpo
se
 Tor
epr
ese
ntdat
ainanu
nde
rst
andabl
eway.
 Cat
ego
rie
sofdat
amo
del
sinc
lude
:
 Obj
ect
-bas
ed
 Re
cor
d-bas
ed
 Phys
ical
.
 Obj
ect
-Bas
edDat
aMo
del
s
 Ent
ity-Re
lat
ions
hip
 Se
mant
ic
 Fu
nct
ional
 Obj
ect
-Or
ient
ed.
 Re
cor
d-Bas
edDat
aMo
del
s
 Re
lat
ionalDat
aMo
del
 Ne
two
rkDat
aMo
del
 Hi
erar
chi
calDat
aMo
del
.
 Phys
ica
lDat
aMo
del
s
Co
ncept
ualMo
del
li
ng
 Co
nce
ptu
als
che
mai
sthec
oreo
fas
yst
ems
upp
ort
ingal
lus
erv
iews
.
 Sho
uldbec
omp
let
eandac
cur
ater
epr
ese
ntat
iono
fano
rgani
zat
ion’
sdat
are
qui
reme
nts
.
 Co
nce
ptu
almo
del
li
ngi
spr
oce
sso
fde
vel
opi
ngamo
delo
finfo
rmat
ionu
set
hati
sinde
pende
nto
f
i
mpl
eme
ntat
ionde
tai
ls
.
 Re
sul
tisac
onc
ept
ualdat
amo
del
.
Func
tio
nso
faDBMS
 Dat
aSt
orage
,Re
tri
eval
,andUp
dat
e.
 AUs
er-Ac
ces
sibl
eCat
alo
g.
 Tr
ans
act
ionSu
ppo
rt.
 Co
ncu
rre
ncyCo
ntr
olSe
rvi
ces
.
 Re
cov
erySe
rvi
ces
.
 Au
tho
riz
ati
onSe
rvi
ces
.
 Su
ppo
rtfo
rDat
aCo
mmu
nic
ati
on.
 I
nte
gri
tySe
rvi
ces
.
 Se
rvi
cest
oPr
omo
teDat
aInde
pende
nce
.
 Ut
il
it
ySe
rvi
ces
.

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 1
3
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

Mul
ti
-Us
erDBMSAr
chi
tec
tur
es
 Te
lep
roc
ess
ing
 Fi
le
-se
rve
r
 Cl
ie
nt-s
erv
er
Te
lepr
oces
sing
 Tr
adi
ti
onalar
chi
tec
tur
e.
 Si
ngl
emai
nfr
amewi
thanu
mbe
roft
ermi
nal
sat
tac
hed.
 Tr
endi
sno
wto
war
dsdo
wns
izi
ng.
Te
lepr
oces
singTo
pol
ogy

Fi
le-Ser
ver
 Fi
le
-se
rve
risc
onne
cte
dtos
eve
ralwo
rks
tat
ionsac
ros
sane
two
rk.
 Dat
aba
ser
esi
deso
nfi
le
-se
rve
r.
 DBMSa
ndap
pli
cat
ionsr
uno
neac
hwo
rks
tat
ion.
 Di
sadv
ant
age
sinc
lude
:
 Si
gni
fic
antne
two
rkt
raffi
c.
 Co
pyo
fDBMSo
neac
hwo
rks
tat
ion.
 Co
ncu
rre
ncy,
rec
ove
ryandi
nte
gri
tyc
ont
rolmo
rec
omp
lex
.
Fi
le-Ser
verAr
chi
tec
tur
e

Cl
ient
-Ser
ver

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 1
4
Fundament
also
fDat
abas
e Sys
tems Chapt
erI

 Se
rve
rho
ldst
hedat
abas
eandt
heDBMS.
 Cl
ie
ntmanage
sus
eri
nte
rfac
eandr
unsap
pli
cat
ions
.
 Adv
ant
age
sinc
lude
:
 wi
derac
ces
stoe
xis
tingdat
aba
ses
;
 i
ncr
eas
edp
erfo
rmanc
e;
 p
oss
ibl
ere
duc
tio
ninhar
dwar
eco
sts
;
 r
edu
cti
oni
nco
mmu
nic
ati
onc
ost
s;
 I
ncr
eas
edc
ons
ist
enc
y.

Rev
iewques
tio
ns
An
swe
rthefo
ll
owi
ngqu
est
ionandr
etu
rnwi
thi
nonewe
ek
1. Whati
saDBMS,
andwhatar
eit
sfu
nct
ions
?
2. Whati
sdat
ainde
pende
nce
,andwhyi
siti
mpo
rtant
?
3. Whywo
uldyo
ucho
oseadat
abas
esys
temi
nst
eado
fsi
mpl
yst
ori
ngdat
aino
per
ati
ngs
yst
emfi
le
s?
Whe
nwo
uldi
tmak
ese
nseno
ttou
seadat
abas
esys
tem?
4. Ex
plai
nthedi
ffe
renc
ebe
twe
enl
ogi
calandp
hys
icaldat
ainde
pende
nce
5. Ex
plai
nthedi
ffe
renc
ebe
twe
ene
xte
rnal
,i
nte
rnal
,andc
onc
ept
uals
che
mas
.Ho
war
ethe
sedi
ffe
rent
s
che
mal
aye
rsr
elat
edt
othec
onc
epto
flo
gic
alandp
hys
icaldat
ainde
pende
nce
?

Uni
tyUni
ver
sit
y 1
5