1

Digital Electronics Question and

Answers

Topic 1

Number system &Codes :

Number System – 1
Number System – 2
Arithmetic Operation
1’s, 2’s, 9’s & 10’s Complements – 1
Binary Coded Decimal(BCD)

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Digital Electronics Question & Answers

Number System & Codes
Number System – 1
1. Any signed negative binary number is recognised by its ________
a) MSB
b) LSB
c) Byte
d) Nibble
Answer: a
Explanation: Any negative number is recognized by its MSB (Most Significant Bit).
If it’s 1, then ít’s negative, else if it’s 0, then positive.

2. The parameter through which 16 distinct values can be represented is known as

________
a) Bit
b) Byte
c) Word
d) Nibble
Answer: c
Explanation: It can be represented up to 16 different values with the help of a Word.
Nibble is a combination of four bits and Byte is a combination of 8 bits. It is “word” that is
said to be a collection of 16-bits on most of the systems.

3. If the decimal number is a fraction then its binary equivalent is obtained by ________ the
number continuously by 2.
a) Dividing
b) Multiplying
c) Adding
d) Subtracting
Answer: b
Explanation: On multiplying the decimal number continuously by 2, the binary equivalent
is obtained by the collection of the integer part. However, if it’s an integer, then it’s binary
equivalent is determined by dividing the number by 2 and collecting the remainders.
4. The representation of octal number (532.2)8 in decimal is ________
a) (346.25)10
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b) (532.864)10
c) (340.67)10
d) (531.668)10
Answer: a
Explanation: Octal to Decimal conversion is obtained by multiplying 8 to the power of
base index along with the value at that index position.
(532.2)8 = 5 * 82 + 3 * 81 + 2 * 80 + 2 * 8-1 = (346.25)10

5. The decimal equivalent of the binary number (1011.011)2 is ________

a) (11.375)10
b) (10.123)10
c) (11.175)10
d) (9.23)10
Answer: a
Explanation: Binary to Decimal conversion is obtained by multiplying 2 to the power of
base index along with the value at that index position.
1 * 23 + 0 * 22 + 1 * 21 +1*20 + 0 * 2-1 +1 * 2-2 + 1 * 2-3 = (11.375)10
Hence, (1011.011)2 = (11.375)10

6. An important drawback of binary system is ________

a) It requires very large string of 1’s and 0’s to represent a decimal number
b) It requires sparingly small string of 1’s and 0’s to represent a decimal number
c) It requires large string of 1’s and small string of 0’s to represent a decimal number
d) It requires small string of 1’s and large string of 0’s to represent a decimal number
Answer: a
Explanation: The most vital drawback of binary system is that it requires very large string
of 1’s and 0’s to represent a decimal number. Hence, Hexadecimal systems are used by
processors for calculation purposes as it compresses the long binary strings into small
parts.
7. The decimal equivalent of the octal number (645) 8 is ______
a) (450)10
b) (451)10
c) (421)10
d) (501)10
Answer: c
Explanation: Octal to Decimal conversion is obtained by multiplying 8 to the power of
base index along with the value at that index position.
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The decimal equivalent of the octal number (645)8 is 6 * 82 + 4 * 81 + 5 * 80 = 6 * 64 + 4 * 8

+ 5 = 384 + 32 + 5 = (421)10.

8. The largest two digit hexadecimal number is ________

a) (FE)16
b) (FD)16
c) (FF)16
d) (EF)16
Answer: c
Explanation: (FE)16 is 254 in decimal system, while (FD)16 is 253. (EF)16 is 239 in decimal
system. And, (FF)16 is 255. Thus, The largest two-digit hexadecimal number is (FF)16.

9. Representation of hexadecimal number (6DE)H in decimal:

a) 6 * 162 + 13 * 161 + 14 * 160
b) 6 * 162 + 12 * 161 + 13 * 160
c) 6 * 162 + 11 * 161 + 14 * 160
d) 6 * 162 + 14 * 161 + 15 * 160
Answer: a
Explanation: Hexadecimal to Decimal conversion is obtained by multiplying 16 to the
power of base index along with the value at that index position.
In hexadecimal number D & E represents 13 & 14 respectively.
So, 6DE = 6 * 162 + 13 * 161 + 14 * 160.

10. The quantity of double word is ________

a) 16 bits
b) 32 bits
c) 4 bits
d) 8 bits
Answer: b
Explanation: One word means 16 bits, Thus, the quantity of double word is 32 bits.

Number System – 2
1.The given hexadecimal number (1E.53)16 is equivalent to ____________
a) (35.684)8
b) (36.246)8
c) (34.340)8
d) (35.599)8
Answer: b

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Explanation: First, the hexadecimal number is converted to it’s equivalent binary form, by
writing the binary equivalent of each digit in form of 4 bits. Then, the binary equivalent
bits are grouped in terms of 3 bits and then for each of the 3-bits, the respective digit is
written. Thus, the octal equivalent is obtained.
(1E.53)16 = (0001 1110.0101 0011)2
= (00011110.01010011)2
= (011110.010100110)2
= (011 110.010 100 110)2
= (36.246)8.

2. The octal number (651.124)8 is equivalent to ______

a) (1A9.2A)16
b) (1B0.10)16
c) (1A8.A3)16
d) (1B0.B0)16
Answer: a
Explanation: First, the octal number is converted to it’s equivalent binary form, by writing
the binary equivalent of each digit in form of 3 bits. Then, the binary equivalent bits are
grouped in terms of 4 bits and then for each of the 4-bits, the respective digit is written.
Thus, the hexadecimal equivalent is obtained.
(651.124)8 = (110 101 001.001 010 100)2
= (110101001.001010100)2
= (0001 1010 1001.0010 1010)2
= (1A9.2A)16.

3. The octal equivalent of the decimal number (417)10 is _____

a) (641)8
b) (619)8
c) (640)8
d) (598)8
Answer: a
Explanation: Octal equivalent of decimal number is obtained by dividing the number by 8
and collecting the remainders in reverse order.
8 | 417
8 | 52 — 1
8|6–4
So, (417)10 = (641)8.

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4. Convert the hexadecimal number (1E2)16 to decimal.

a) 480
b) 483
c) 482
d) 484
Answer: c
Explanation: Hexadecimal to Decimal conversion is obtained by multiplying 16 to the
power of base index along with the value at that index position.
(1E2)16 = 1 * 162 + 14 * 161 + 2 * 160 (Since, E = 14)
= 256 + 224 + 2 = (482)10.

5. (170)10 is equivalent to ____________

a) (FD)16
b) (DF)16
c) (AA)16
d) (AF)16
Answer: c
Explanation: Hexadecimal equivalent of decimal number is obtained by dividing the
number by 16 and collecting the remainders in reverse order.
16 | 170
16 | 10 – 10
Hence, (170)10 = (AA)16.

6. Convert (214)8 into decimal.

a) (140)10
b) (141)10
c) (142)10
d) (130)10
Answer: a
Explanation: Octal to Decimal conversion is obtained by multiplying 8 to the power of
base index along with the value at that index position.
(214)8 = 2 * 8v + 1 * 81 + 4 * 80
= 128 + 8 + 4 = (140)10.

7. Convert (0.345)10 into an octal number.

a) (0.16050)8
b) (0.26050)8
c) (0.19450)8
d) (0.24040)8
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Answer: b
Explanation: Converting decimal fraction into octal number is achieved by multiplying the
fraction part by 8 everytime and collecting the integer part of the result, unless the result
is 1.
0.345*8 = 2.76 2
0.760*8 = 6.08 6
00.08*8 = 0.64 0
0.640*8 = 5.12 5
0.120*8 = 0.96 0
So, (0.345)10 = (0.26050)8.
8. Convert the binary number (01011.1011)2 into decimal.
a) (11.6875)10
b) (11.5874)10
c) (10.9876)10
d) (10.7893)10
Answer: a
Explanation: Binary to Decimal conversion is obtained by multiplying 2 to the power of
base index along with the value at that index position.
(01011)2 = 0 * 24 + 1 * 23 + 0 * 22 + 1 * 21 + 1 * 20 = 11
(1011)2 = 1 * 2-1 + 0 * 2-2 + 1 * 2-3 + 1 * 2-4 = 0.6875
So, (01011.1011)2 = (11.6875)10.

9. Octal to binary conversion: (24)8 =?

a) (111101)2
b) (010100)2
c) (111100)2
d) (101010)2
Answer: b
Explanation: Each digit of the octal number is expressed in terms of group of 3 bits. Thus,
the binary equivalent of the octal number is obtained.
(24)8 = (010100)2.

10. Convert binary to octal: (110110001010)2 =?

a) (5512)8
b) (6612)8
c) (4532)8
d) (6745)8

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Answer: b
Explanation: The binary equivalent is segregated into groups of 3 bits, starting from left.
And then for each group, the respective digit is written. Thus, the octal equivalent is
obtained.
(110110001010)2 = (6612)8.

Arithmetic Operation
1. What is the addition of the binary numbers 11011011010 and 010100101?
a) 0111001000
b) 1100110110
c) 11101111111
d) 10011010011
Answer: c
Explanation: The rules for Binary Addition are :
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0 ( Carry 1)
1
11011011010
+00010100101
_______________________
11101111111
_______________________

2. Perform binary addition: 101101 + 011011 = ?

a) 011010
b) 1010100
c) 101110
d) 1001000
Answer: d
Explanation: The rules for Binary Addition are :
0+0=0
0+1=1

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1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0 ( Carry 1)
111111
101101
+011011
_______________
1001000
_______________
Therefore, the addition of 101101 + 011011 = 1001000.

3. Perform binary subtraction: 101111 – 010101 = ?

a) 100100
b) 010101
c) 011010
d) 011001
Answer: c
Explanation: The rules for Binary Subtraction are :
0–0=0
0 – 1 = 1 ( Borrow 1)
1–0=1
1–1=0
101111
-010101
____________
011010
_____________
Therefore, The subtraction of 101111 – 010101 = 011010.
4. Binary subtraction of 100101 – 011110 is?
a) 000111
b) 111000
c) 010101
d) 101010

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Answer: a
Explanation: The rules for Binary Subtraction are :
0–0=0
0 – 1 = 1 ( Borrow 1)
1–0=1
1–1=0
100101
-011110
___________
000111
___________
Therefore, The subtraction of 100101 – 011110 = 000111.
5. Perform multiplication of the binary numbers: 01001 × 01011 = ?
a) 001100011
b) 110011100
c) 010100110
d) 101010111
Answer: a
Explanation: The rules for binary multiplication are:
0*0=0
0*1=0
1*0=0
1*1=1
01001
x01011
____________
01001
010010
0000000
01001000
000000000

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___________________
001100011
___________________
Therefore, 01001 × 01011 = 001100011.

6. 100101 × 0110 = ?
a) 1011001111
b) 0100110011
c) 101111110
d) 011011110
Answer: d
Explanation: The rules for binary multiplication are:
0*0=0
0*1=0
1*0=0
1*1=1
100101
x 0110
___________
000000
1001010
10010100
000000000
__________________
011011110
___________________
Therefore, 100101 x 0110 = 011011110.

7. On multiplication of (10.10) and (01.01), we get ____________

a) 101.0010
b) 0010.101
c) 011.0010
d) 110.0011
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Answer: c
Explanation: The rules for binary multiplication are:
0*0=0
0*1=0
1*0=0
1*1=1
1 0.1 0
x 0 1.0 1
__________
1010
00000
101000
0000000
_______________
0 1 1.0 0 1 0
_________________
Therefore, 10.10 x 01.01 = 011.0010.

8. Divide the binary numbers: 111101 ÷ 1001 and find the remainder.
a) 0010
b) 1010
c) 1100
d) 0111
Answer: d
Explanation: Binary Division is accomplished using long division method.
1001)111101(11
1001
__________
01100
1001
___________
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0111
Therefore, the remainder of 111101 ÷ 1001 = 0111.

9. Divide the binary number (011010000) by (0101) and find the quotient.
a) 100011
b) 101001
c) 110010
d) 010001
Answer: b
Explanation:
0101)011010000(010111
0000
_____________________
01101
00101
______________
010000
000000
______________________
10000
00101
____________________
010110
000101
____________________
100010
000101
________________________
111010

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000101
________________________
10101
00101
________________________
10000
Therefore, the quotient of 011010000 ÷ 1001 = 101001.

10. Binary subtraction of 101101 – 001011 = ?

a) 100010
b) 010110
c) 110101
d) 101100
Answer: a
Explanation: The rules for binary subtraction are:
0–0=0
0 – 1 = 1 ( Borrow 1)
1–0=1
1–1=0
101101
-001011
____________
100010
____________
Therefore, the subtraction of 101101 – 001011 = 100010.

1’s, 2’s, 9’s & 10’s Complements – 1

1. 1’s complement of 1011101 is ____________
a) 0101110
b) 1001101
c) 0100010
d) 1100101

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Answer: c
Explanation: 1’s complement of a binary number is obtained by reversing the binary bits.
All the 1’s to 0’s and 0’s to 1’s.
Thus, 1’s complement of 1011101 = 0100010.

2. 2’s complement of 11001011 is ____________

a) 01010111
b) 11010100
c) 00110101
d) 11100010
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: 2’s complement of a binary number is obtained by finding the 1’s
complement of the number and then adding 1 to it.
2’s complement of 11001011 = 00110100 + 1 = 00110101.
3. On subtracting (01010)2 from (11110)2 using 1’s complement, we get ____________
a) 01001
b) 11010
c) 10101
d) 10100
Answer: d
Explanation: Steps For Subtraction using 1’s complement are:
-> 1’s complement of the subtrahend is determined and added to the minuend.
-> If the result has a carry, then it is dropped and 1 is added to the last bit of the result.
-> Else, if there is no carry, then 1’s complement of the result is found out and a ‘-’ sign
preceeds the result.
111
Minuend - 11110
1’s complement of subtrahend - 1 0 1 0 1
____________
Carry over - 1 10011
1
_____________
10100
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4. On subtracting (010110)2 from (1011001)2 using 2’s complement, we get ____________

a) 0111001
b) 1100101
c) 0110110
d) 1000011
Answer: d
Explanation: Steps For Subtraction using 2’s complement are:
-> 2’s complement of the subtrahend is determined and added to the minuend.
-> If the result has a carry, then it is dropped and the result is positive.
-> Else, if there is no carry, then 2’s complement of the result is found out and a ‘-’ sign
preceeds the result.
1’s complement of subtrahend - 1101001
_________________
111
Minuend - 1011001
2’s complement of subtrahend - 1101010
_________________

Carry over - 1 1000011

Answer: 1000011

5. On subtracting (001100)2 from (101001)2 using 2’s complement, we get ____________

a) 1101100
b) 011101
c) 11010101
d) 11010111
Answer: b
Explanation: Steps For Subtraction using 2’s complement are:
-> 2’s complement of the subtrahend is determined and added to the minuend.
-> If the result has a carry, then it is dropped and the result is positive.
-> Else, if there is no carry, then 2’s complement of the result is found out and a ‘-’ sign
preceeds the result.
1’s complement of subtrahend - 110011

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_________________
Minuend - 101001
2’s complement of subtrahend - 110100
_________________
Carry over - 1 011101
Answer: 011101

6. On addition of 28 and 18 using 2’s complement, we get ____________

a) 00101110
b) 0101110
c) 00101111
d) 1001111
Answer: b
Explanation: Steps for Binary Addition Using 2’s complement:
-> The binary equivalent of the two numbers are obtained and added using the rules of
binary addition.
Augend - 0 011100
Addend - 0 010010
_________________
0 101110
Answer: 0 1 0 1 1 1 0

7. On addition of +38 and -20 using 2’s complement, we get ____________

a) 11110001
b) 100001110
c) 010010
d) 110101011
Answer: c
Explanation: Steps for Binary Addition Using 2’s complement:
-> The 2’s complement of the addend is found out and added to the first number.
-> The result is the 2’s complement of the sum obtained.
Augend - 0100110
2’s Complement of Subtrahend: 1101100

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_________________
1 0010010
Answer: 0 1 0 0 1 0

8. On addition of -46 and +28 using 2’s complement, we get ____________

a) -10010
b) -00101
c) 01011
d) 0100101
Answer: a
Explanation: The BCD form is written of the two given numbers, in their signed form. After
which, normal binary addition is performed.
Augend is 28 and Subtrahend is -46.
Augend - 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 .....(a)
2’s Complement of Subtrahend: 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 .....(b)
_________________
Addiing (a) and (b): 1101110
Since, there is no carry, so answer will be negative
and 2's complement of the above result is determined.
0010001
+ 1
_________________
0010010
Answer: - 1 0 0 1 0

9. On addition of -33 and -40 using 2’s complement, we get ____________

a) 1001110
b) -110101
c) 0110001
d) -1001001
Answer: d
Explanation: The BCD form is written of the two given numbers, in their signed form. After

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which, normal binary addition is performed.

Augend is -40 and Subtrahend is -33.
Augend - 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 .....(a)
2’s Complement of Subtrahend: 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 .....(b)
______________________
Addiing (a) and (b): 10 1001000
Since, there is no carry, so answer will be negative
and 2's complement of the above result is determined.
1001000
+ 1
_________________
1001001
Answer: -1001001

10. On subtracting +28 from +29 using 2’s complement, we get ____________
a) 11111010
b) 111111001
c) 100001
d) 1
Answer: d
Explanation: Steps For Subtraction using 2’s complement are:
-> 2’s complement of the subtrahend is determined and added to the minuend.
-> If the result has a carry, then it is dropped and the result is positive.
-> Else, if there is no carry, then 2’s complement of the result is found out and a ‘-’ sign
preceeds the result.
1’s complement of subtrahend - 100011
Minuend - 011101
2’s complement of subtrahend - 100100
____________________
Carry over - 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Answer: 000001 = 1
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11. On subtracting +28 from +29 using 2’s complement, we get ____________
a) 11111010
b) 111111001
c) 100001
d) 1
Answer: d
Explanation: Steps For Subtraction using 2’s complement are:
-> 2’s complement of the subtrahend is determined and added to the minuend.
-> If the result has a carry, then it is dropped and the result is positive.
-> Else, if there is no carry, then 2’s complement of the result is found out and a ‘-’ sign
preceeds the result.
1’s complement of subtrahend - 100011
Minuend - 011101
2’s complement of subtrahend - 100100
____________________
Carry over - 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Answer: 000001 = 1

12. If the number of bits in the sum exceeds the number of bits in each added numbers, it
results in _________
a) Successor
b) Overflow
c) Underflow
d) Predecessor
Answer: c
Explanation: If the number of bits in the sum exceeds the number of bits in each added
numbers, it results in overflow and is also known as excess-one. In case of any arithmetic
operation, if the result has less number of bits than the operands, then it is known as
underflow condition.

13. An overflow is a _________

a) Hardware problem
b) Software problem
c) User input problem
d) Input Output Error

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Answer: b
Explanation: An overflow is a software problem which occurs when the processor cannot
handle the result properly when it produces an out of the range output.

14. An overflow occurs in _________

a) MSD position
b) LSD position
c) Middle position
d) Signed Bit
Answer: a
Explanation: An overflow occurs at the Most Significant Digit position. It occurs when the
processor cannot handle the result properly when it produces an out of the range output.

15. Logic circuitry is used to detect _________

a) Underflow
b) MSD
c) Overflow
d) LSD
Answer: c
Explanation: To check the overflow logic circuitry is used in each case. Overflow occurs
when the processor cannot handle the result properly when it produces an out of the
range output.

15. 1’s complement can be easily obtained by using _________

a) Comparator
b) Inverter
c) Adder
d) Subtractor
Answer: b
Explanation: With the help of inverter the 1’s complement is easily obtained. Since,
during the operation of 1’s complement 1 is converted into 0 and vice-versa and this is
well suited for the inverter.

16. The advantage of 2’s complement system is that _________

a) Only one arithmetic operation is required
b) Two arithmetic operations are required
c) No arithmetic operations are required
d) Different Arithmetic operations are required

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Answer: a
Explanation: The advantage of 2’s complement is that only one arithmetic operation is
required for 2’s complement’s operation and that is only addition. Just by adding a 1 bit to
1’s complement, we get 2’s complement.

17. The 1’s complements requires _________

a) One operation
b) Two operations
c) Three operations
d) Combined Operations
Answer: a
Explanation: Only one operation is required for 1’s complement operation. This includes
only inversion of 1’s to 0’s and 0’s to 1’s.

18. Which one is used for logical manipulations?

a) 2’s complement
b) 9’s complement
c) 1’s complement
d) 10’s complement
Answer: c
Explanation: For logical manipulations, 1’s complement is used, as all logical operations
take place with binary numbers.

19. For arithmetic operations only _________

a) 1’s complement is used
b) 2’s complement
c) 10’s complement
d) 9’s complement
Answer: b
Explanation: Only 2’s complement is used for arithmetic operations, as it is more fast.

20. The addition of +19 and +43 results as _________ in 2’s complement system.
a) 11001010
b) 101011010
c) 00101010
d) 111110
Answer: d
Explanation: The decimal numbers are converted to their respective binary equivalent and
then the binary addition rules are applied.
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Binary Coded Decimal(BCD)

1. Binary coded decimal is a combination of __________
a) Two binary digits
b) Three binary digits
c) Four binary digits
d) Five binary digits
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Binary coded decimal is a combination of 4 binary digits. For example-8421.

2. The decimal number 10 is represented in its BCD form as __________

a) 10100000
b) 01010111
c) 00010000
d) 00101011
Answer: c
Explanation: The decimal number 10 is represented in its BCD form as 0001 0000, in
accordance to 8421 for each of the two digits.

3. Add the two BCD numbers: 1001 + 0100 = ?

a) 10101111
b) 01010000
c) 00010011
d) 00101011
Answer: c
Explanation: Firstly, Add the 1001 and 0100. We get 1101 as output but it’s not in BCD
form. So, we add 0110 (i.e. 6) with 1101. As a result we get 10011 and it’s BCD form is
0001 0011.

4. Carry out BCD subtraction for (68) – (61) using 10’s complement method.
a) 00000111
b) 01110000
c) 100000111
d) 011111000
Answer: a
Explanation: First the two numbers are converted into their respective BCD form using
8421 sequence. Then binary subtraction is carried out.

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5. Code is a symbolic representation of __________ information.

a) Continuous
b) Discrete
c) Analog
d) Both continuous and discrete
Answer: b
Explanation: Code is a symbolic representation of discrete information, which may be
present in the form of numbers, letters or physical quantities. Mostly, it is represented
using a particular number system like decimal or binary and such like.

6. When numbers, letters or words are represented by a special group of symbols, this
process is called __________
a) Decoding
b) Encoding
c) Digitizing
d) Inverting
Answer: b
Explanation: When numbers, letters or words are represented by a special group of
symbols, this process is called encoding. Encoding in the sense of fetching the codes or
words in a computer. It is done to secure the transmission of information.

7. A three digit decimal number requires ________ for representation in the conventional
BCD format.
a) 3 bits
b) 6 bits
c) 12 bits
d) 24 bits
Answer: c
Explanation: The number of bits needed to represent a given decimal number is always
greater than the number of bits required for a straight binary encoding of the same.
Hence, a three digit decimal number requires 12 bits for representation in BCD format.

8. How many bits would be required to encode decimal numbers 0 to 9999 in straight binary
codes?
a) 12
b) 14
c) 16
d) 18

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Answer: b
Explanation: Total number of decimals to be represented = 10000 = 104 = 2n (where n is
the number of bits required) = 213.29. Therefore, the number of bits required for straight
binary encoding = 14.

9. The excess-3 code for 597 is given by __________

a) 100011001010
b) 100010100111
c) 010110010111
d) 010110101101
Answer: a
Explanation: The addition of ‘3’ to each digit yields the three new digits ‘8’, ’12’ and ’10’.
Hence, the corresponding four-bit binary equivalents are 100011001010, in accordance to
8421 format.

10. The decimal equivalent of the excess-3 number 110010100011.01110101 is

_____________
a) 970.42
b) 1253.75
c) 861.75
d) 1132.87
Answer: a
Explanation: The conversion of binary numbers into digits ‘1100’, ‘1010’, ‘0011’, ‘0111’ and
‘0101’ gives ’12’, ‘5’, ‘3’, ‘7’ and ‘5’ respectively. Hence, the decimal number is 970.42.

1. Give an example for Non-weighted code?

Answer:
Unlike weighted code, non-weighted codes will not any weights. For example, Excess-3
code and Gray code. So the numbers that are represented using non-weighted code can
not be directly converted to decimal equivalents.

2. What is weighted code? Give example.

Answer:
The weighted code will have a fixed weight for each position. For example, in normal
binary system, the decimal equivalent can be obtained by multiplying the position value
with position weight and adding them together.
3. Define: (a) bit (b) nibble (c) byte (d) word

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Answer:
a. Bit: Binary digit (Either logic-1 or logic-0) b. Nibble: 4-bits together is called a nibble c.
Byte: 8 bits or 2 nibbles d. Word: 16 bits or 2 bytes.

4. What is the key feature of Excess-3 code?

Answer:
Self-complementing: The 9’s complement of an excess 3 number can be obtained simply
by replacing its 1’s with 0’s and 0’s with 1’s.

5. A number N has ‘n’ digits in a r-radix number system. What is its (r-1)’s complement and
r’s complement?
Answer:
(𝒓𝒏 – 1)-N , ( 𝒓𝒏 – N)
6. Represent 45 in the number systems (a) binary (b) BCD (c) Excess-3
Answer:
(a) 101101 (b) To get BCD: Represent each digit separately in binary 0100 0101 (c) Excess-
3: Add 3 to each digit and then represent them separately in binary 0111 1000.

7. What are all the BCD numbers that can be uniquely represented in 2-4-2-1 weighted
code?
Answer:
0, 1, 8 and 9 (Only these 4 numbers will have unique representations).

8. What is the condition for a weighted code to be self-complementary?

Answer:
A weighted code is self-complimentary if the sum of the weights equals to 9. E.g.: 2-4-2-1
code. Sum of the weights = 2+4+2+1 = 9

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