Ton Duc Thang University

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Applied Calculus for IT - 501031

Lab 03

1. Python Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line. The
indentation in Python is very important, and it indicate a block of code.
- Example:

- Python will give you an error if you skip the indentation:

The content of error is: IndentationError: expected an indented block

- The number of spaces is up to you as a programmer, but it has to be at

least one.

- You have to use the same number of spaces in the same block of code,
otherwise Python will give you an error:

The content of error is: IndentationError: unexpected indent

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2. Python main function
Main function is like the entry point of a program. However, Python interpreter
runs the code right from the first line. The execution of the code starts from
the starting line and goes line by line. It does not matter where the main
function is present or it is present or not.
Since there is no main() function in Python, when the command to run a
Python program is given to the interpreter, the code that is at level 0
indentation is to be executed.

3. Python Functions
- Definitions:
o A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
o A function is a group of related statements that performs a specific
task.
- Adavantages:
o Functions help break our program into smaller and modular chunks.
As our program grows larger and larger, functions make it more
organized and manageable.
o It avoids repetition and makes the code reusable.
- To call a function, use the function name followed by parenthesis, and
then data can be passed inside the parentheses.
print(“sum of a and b:”)
range(1, 10, 3)

- A function is defined using the def keyword:

def myPrint():
print("abcdxyz")
print("12345")

myPrint()

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- You can pass data, known as parameters/arguments, into a function.
Parameters/Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the
parentheses. You can add as many arguments as you want, just separate
them with a comma.

- Positional arguments:
By default, a function must be called with the correct number of
arguments. Meaning that if your function expects 2 arguments, you have to
call the function with 2 arguments, not more, and not less.

The above arguments fname and lname are called positional arguments.
Positional arguments must be included in the correct order.
- See more “parameters vs arguments” in:
https://www.w3schools.com/python/gloss_python_function_arguments.asp

- To let a function return a value, use the return statement:

def my_sum(a, b):

return a + b

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my_sum(1, 15)

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- Summary (https://pynative.com/python-function-arguments/):

- Keyword Arguments:
You can also send arguments with the key = value syntax. This way the
order of the arguments does not matter.

- Default arguments:
A default argument is an argument that assumes a default value if a value
is not provided in the function call for that argument.

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Non-default argument must not follow the default argument, it means you
can't define (age = 35, name) in the above function “printinfo”.

- Practice examples:
Define a Python function for each of the following functions:
f ( x )= √ x
x +1
f ( x )=
x−1
import math

def f1_sqrt(x):
return math.sqrt(x)

def f2_fraction(x):
res = (x + 1) / (x - 1)
return res

#main
print( f1_sqrt(4) )
print( f2_fraction(2) )

Exercise 1
Define a Python function for each of the following functions:

Exercise 2
Define a Python function for each of the following functions, and then find the range (minimum
and maximum values) of the functions:

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{
( e ) f ( x )= x , x ≥ 0 with x ∈ [ −3 , 3 ]
−x , x <0
Hint:
import math
import numpy as np

def fx_2e(x):
if x >= 0:
return x
else:
return -x

def cau2e():
for x in np.arange( -3, 3.1, 0.1 ):
#find minimum and maximum values of fx_2e
print( round (fx_2e(x), 5) )
# ...

#main
cau2e()

4. Python Anonymous/Lambda Function

In Python, an anonymous function is a function that is defined without a name.

While normal functions are defined using the def keyword in Python,
anonymous functions are defined using the lambda keyword. Hence,
anonymous functions are also called lambda functions.

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- Syntax:

lambda arguments: expression

Lambda functions can have any number of arguments but only one
expression. The expression is evaluated and returned.
f1_double = lambda x: x * 2
print( f1_double(5) )
In the above program, x is the argument and x * 2 is the expression that gets evaluated

and returned. This function returns a function object which is assigned to the
identifier f1_double. The statement

f1_double = lambda x: x * 2

is nearly the same as:

def f1_double(x):

return x * 2

- Other examples:
f2 = lambda a, b: (a + b) / (a - b)
print( f2(5, 1) )

fx = lambda x: x**4 + 3*x**2 - 1

print( fx(1) )

- Use of Lambda Function in python

Lambda functions are used along with built-in functions
like filter(), map() etc.
The map() function in Python takes in a function and a list. The
function is called with all the items in the list and a new list is returned
which contains items returned by that function for each item.
Here is an example use of map() function to double all the items in a list.
my_list = [1, 5, 4, 6, 8, 11, 3, 12]
f1_double = lambda x: x * 2

new_list = list( map(f1_double , my_list) )

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print(new_list)

Another example, calculate y-values for the function f =x 2

import numpy as np

f = lambda x: x**2

x = np.arange(-3, 3.1, 1)
y = list( map(f, x) )

print(x)
print(y)

For more usages, visit the websites:

- https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_lambda.asp

- https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/anonymous-function

Exercise 3
Write a computer program to compute the composites of function. Meanwhile,
2
f 1=x+ 5∧f 2=x −3.

5. Python Matplotlib
Matplotlib is a low level graph plotting library in python that serves as a
visualization utility.
5.1 Installation of Matplotlib
If you have Python and PIP already installed on a system, then install it using this
command:

python -m pip install matplotlib

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If this command fails, then use a python distribution that already has Matplotlib
installed, like Anaconda, Spyder etc.
5.2 Matplotlib Pyplot
Most Matplotlib utilities lies under the pyplot submodule, and are usually
imported under the plt alias:

Now the Pyplot package can be referred to as plt.

Plotting x and y points:
The plot() function is used to draw points (markers) in a diagram.
By default, the plot() function draws a line from point to point.
The function takes parameters for specifying points in the diagram:
- Parameter 1 is an array containing the points on the x-axis.
- Parameter 2 is an array containing the points on the y-axis.
For ex., plot a line from (1, 3) to (8, 10), we pass two arrays [1, 8] and [3, 10] to
the plot function:

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For more usages, visit the website: https://www.w3schools.com/python/matplotlib_intro.asp

- Practice examples:
Plot the function f ( x )=−x3 and specify the intervals over which the function is
increasing and the intervals where it is decreasing.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

fx_4i = lambda x: -x**3

#def fx_4i(x):
# return -x**3

#main
x_array = np.arange(-10, 10.1, 0.1)
y_array = list( map(fx_4i, x_array) ) #y = f(x)

plt.plot(x_array, y_array, color='red')

plt.grid()
plt.show()
print("4i, f(x) is decreasing as x-values belong to (-oo, +oo)")

Exercise 4
Write a Python program to plot each of the following functions and specify the intervals over which
the function is increasing and the intervals where it is decreasing:

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Exercise 5
Write a Python program to plot the functions:

f 1 is drawn with magenta color, f 2 is drawn with red color, and x ∈ [ −2 ,2 ].

Guide link: https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html

Exercise 6
Write a Python program to plot the original and shifted graphs together, labeling each graph with its
equation in these following cases:

6b is not correct, should be f ( x )=(x +k )2

Hint:
#6a
def f6_a(x, k):
return ...

def cau6a():
k = np.arange(...)
x = np.arange(...)

for ki in k:
y = []
for xi in x:

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y.append(...)

plt.plot(x, y, label = "k=" + str(ki) )

plt.title("Cau 6a")
plt.legend()
plt.show()
#6h: f (x)−→> g( x)=f (x /2)
#6i: f (x)−→> g( x)=f (4 x)
#6j: f (x)−→> g( x)=3∗f (x)

Exercise 7
Write a Python program to check whether the function f ( x ) is one-to-one function or not:

Guide link: https://www.cuemath.com/algebra/one-to-one-function/

6. References
- Python Tutorial on the W3schools website:
https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp
- Python Tutorial on the Tutorials Point website:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/index.htm

-- THE END --

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