TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
ABSTRACT III
LIST OF TABLES IV
LIST OF FIGURES V

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO WEB DEVELOPMENT 1-2

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Frontend Development 1
1.3 Backend Development 1-2
1.4 Full Stack Development 2

CHAPTER 2 HTML 3-6

2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 HTML Page Structure 3
2.3 Other HTML Tags 4
2.4 Lists 4-5
2.5 Tables 5-6
2.6 Forms 6

CHAPTER 3 CSS 7-10

3.1 What is CSS? 7
3.2 Types of CSS 7
3.3 Selectors 7
3.4 Box Model 7-8
3.5 CSS Website Layout 8
3.6 Text Formatting 8-9
3.7 CSS Border 10

CHAPTER 4 BOOTSTRAP 11-13

4.1 What is Bootstrap? 11
4.2 Bootstrap Grid System 11-13
4.2.1 Grid Classes 11
4.2.2 Basic Structure Of a Bootstrap Grid 11-13
4.3 Components Of Bootstrap 13
4.4 Applications Of Bootstrap 13

CHAPTER 5 DBMS 14-16

5.1 Database Management System 14
5.2 SQL 14
5.3 Important SQL Commands 14
5.4 Database Keyword 14-15
 5.5 Table Keyword 15
5.6 Join 16
5.7 Database Relationship 16

CHAPTER 6 PHP 17-18

6.1 What is PHP 17
6.2 Syntax 17
6.3 Comments 17
6.4 Constraints and Variables 18
6.5 Operations 18

ASSIGNMENT 19-21

BIBLOGRAPHY 22
 LIST OF TABLES

S.No Table No Table Name Page No

1. 2.1 HTML Tags 4
2. 2.2 HTML Table tags 5
3. 5.1 Database Relationship 16
 IV

LIST OF FIGURES

S.No Figure No Figure Name Page No

1. 2.2 HTML Page Structure 3
2. 3.1 CSS Box Model 8
3. 3.2 CSS Website Layout 8
4. 4.1 Bootstrap Grid System 11
5. 4.2 Three Equal Columns 12
6. 4.3 Two Unequal Columns 12
V
 WEB DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO WEB DEVELOPMENT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Web development refers to the creating, building, and maintaining of websites. It includes aspects such
as web design, web publishing, web programming, and database management. It is the creation of an
application that works over the internet i.e. websites.

The word Web Development is made up of two words, that is:

• Web: It refers to websites, web pages or anything that works over the internet.
• Development: It refers to building the application from scratch.

Web Development can be classified into two ways:

• Frontend Development
• Backend Development

1.2 FRONTEND DEVELOPMENT

The part of a website where the user interacts directly is termed as front end. It is also referred to as the
‘client side’ of the application.

POPULAR FRONTEND TECHNOLOGIES

• HTML: HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is used to design the front end
portion of web pages using markup language. It acts as a skeleton for a website since it is used
to make the structure of a website.
• CSS: Cascading Style Sheets fondly referred to as CSS is a simply designed language intended
to simplify the process of making web pages presentable. It is used to style our website.
• JavaScript: JavaScript is a scripting language used to provide a dynamic behavior to our
website.
• Bootstrap: Bootstrap is a free and open-source tool collection for creating responsive websites
and web applications. It is the most popular CSS framework for developing responsive, mobile-
first websites. Nowadays, the websites are perfect for all browsers (IE, Firefox, and Chrome)
and for all sizes of screens (Desktop, Tablets, Phablets, and Phones).

1.3 BACKEND DEVELOPMENT

Backend is the server side of a website. It is part of the website that users cannot see and interact with.
It is the portion of software that does not come in direct contact with the users. It is used to store and
arrange data.

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POPULAR BACKEND TECHNOLOGIES

• PHP: PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web development.
• Java: Java is one of the most popular and widely used programming languages. It is highly
scalable.
• Python: Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly and integrate systems
more efficiently.
• Node.js: Node.js is an open source and cross-platform runtime environment for executing
JavaScript code outside a browser.

1.4 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT

• Full Stack Development refers to the development of both front end(client side) and back
end(server side) portions of web application.
• Full stack web developers have the ability to design complete web applications and websites.
• They work on the frontend, backend, database and debugging of web applications or websites.

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CHAPTER-2
HTML
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Html stands for hyper text markup language, which is the most widely used language on web to
develop web pages. Html was created by berners-lee in late 1991 but "html 2.0" was the first standard
html specification which was published in 1995. Html is a combination of hypertext and markup
language. Hypertext defines the link between web pages. A markup language is used to define the
text document within the tag which defines the structure of web pages.

2.2 HTML PAGE STRUCTURE

The basic structure of an html page is laid out below. It contains the essential building -block
elements (i.e. Doctype declaration, html, head, title, and body elements) upon which all web pages
are created.
<!Doctype html> – this is the document type declaration (not technically a tag). It declares a
document as being an html document.
<html> – this is called the html root element. All other elements are contained within it.
<head> – the head tag contains the “behind the scenes” elements for a webpage. Elements within
the head aren’t visible on the front-end of a webpage. Html elements used inside the <head>
element include:
• <style> – this html tag allows us to insert styling into our webpages and make them appealing
to look at with the help of css.
• <title> – the title is what is displayed on the top of your browser when you visit a website
and contains the title of the webpage that you are viewing.
• <script> – this tag is used to add functionality in the website with the help of javascript.
• <meta> – this tag encloses the meta data of the website that must be loaded every time the
website is visited.
• <link> – the ‘link’ tag is used to tie together html, css, and javascript.
• <body> – the body tag is used to enclose all the visible content of a webpage. In other words,
the body content is what the browser will show on the front-end.
NOTE -. Save the text file using .html or .htm.

FIG 2.2 HTML PAGE STRUCTURE

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2.3 OTHER HTML TAGS
TABLE 2.1 HTML TAGS
Tags Description
A <footer> typically contains information about the author of the section,
<footer>
copyright data etc.
Represents introductory content, typically a group of introductory or
<header>
navigational aids.
<h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, Represent six levels of section headings. <h1> is the highest section level
<h5>, <h6> and <h6> is the lowest.
Represents a section of a page whose purpose is to provide navigation
<nav>
links.
<hr> Represents a thematic break between paragraph-level elements
<p> Represents a paragraph.
<br> Produces a line break in text
<sub> Defines subscripted text
<sup> Defines superscripted text
<img> Embeds an image into the document.
<marquee> Used to insert a scrolling area of text.
<strike> Places a strikethrough (horizontal line) over text.
<u> It is used to render enclosed text with an underline.
<i> It is used to represent a text in some different voice.
It defines a division or section within HTML document
<div>

2.4 LISTS
HTML lists allow web developers to group a set of related items in lists.
• An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.The list items
will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by default.
• An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.The list items will
be marked with numbers by default.

EXAMPLE-

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>An unordered HTML list</h2>
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
<h2>An ordered HTML list</h2>

<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
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<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

OUTPUT-

2.5 TABLES
The <table> tag defines an html table.
An html table consists of one <table> element and one or more <tr>, <th>, and <td> elements.

TABLE 2.2 HTML TABLE TAGS

Tags Description
<th> Defines a header cell in a table
<tr> Defines a row in a table
<td> Defines a cell in a table
<thead> Groups the header content in a table
<tbody> Groups the body content in a table
<tfoot> Groups the footer content in a table

• To add a border, use the CSS border property on table, th, and td elements. To avoid having
double borders, set the CSS border-collapse property to collapse.
• Cell padding is the space between the cell edges and the cell content.By default the padding is
set to 0.To add padding on table cells, use the CSS padding property.
• Cell spacing is the space between each cell.By default the space is set to 2 pixels.To change the
space between table cells, use the CSS border-spacing property on the table element.

EXAMPLE-
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>TIME TABLE</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1" cellspacing="1" bordercolor="blue" bgcolor="yellow">
<tr>
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<th>Company</th>
<th>Contact</th>
<th>Country</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alfreds Futterkiste</td>
<td>Maria Anders</td>
<td>Germany</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

OUTPUT-

2.6 FORMS
An HTML form is used to collect user input. The <form> element is a container for different types of
input elements, such as: text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit buttons, etc.

• The HTML <input> element is the most used form element. An <input> element can be
displayed in many ways, depending on the type attribute.
i. <input type="text"> (Displays a single-line text input field)
ii. <input type="text">( Displays a radio button)
iii. <input type="checkbox"> (Displays a checkbox)
iv. <input type="submit">(Displays a submit button)
v. <input type="button">( Displays a clickable button)

• The <label> tag defines a label for many form elements.

• The <input type="radio"> defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select ONE of a
limited number of choices.
• The <input type="checkbox"> defines a checkbox.Checkboxes let a user select ZERO or
MORE options of a limited number of choices.
• The <input type="submit"> defines a button for submitting the form data to a form-handler.
• Notice that each input field must have a name attribute to be submitted. If the name attribute is
omitted, the value of the input field will not be sent at all.

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CHAPTER-3
CSS
3.1 WHAT IS CSS?
• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
• CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media
• CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once.

3.2 TYPES OF CSS

There are three types of css which are given below:
1. INLINE CSS - inline css contains the css property in the body section attached to the
element is known as inline css. This kind of style is specified within an html tag using the
style attribute.
2. INTERNAL OR EMBEDDED CSS - this can be used when a single html document must be
styled uniquely. The css rule set should be within the html file in the head section i.e.
The css is embedded within the <style> tag inside the head section of the html file.
3. EXTERNAL CSS - external css contains separate css files that contain only style properties
with the help of tag attributes (for example class, id, heading, … etc). Css property is written
in a separate file with a .css extension and should be linked to the html document using
a link tag.

3.3 SELECTORS
CSS selectors are used to select the content you want to style. Selectors are the part of CSS rule set.
CSS selectors select HTML elements according to its id, class, type, attribute etc.
There are several different types of selectors in CSS.
1. CSS ELEMENT SELECTOR - The element selector selects the HTML element by name.
2. CSS ID SELECTOR - The id selector selects the id attribute of an HTML element to select a
specific element. It is written with the hash character (#), followed by the id of the element.
3. CSS CLASS SELECTOR - The class selector selects HTML elements with a specific class
attribute. It is used with a period character (full stop symbol) followed by the class name.
4. CSS UNIVERSAL SELECTOR - The universal selector is used as a wildcard character.
selects all the elements on the pages.
5. CSS GROUP SELECTOR - the grouping selector is used to select all the elements with the
same style definitions. Grouping selector is used to minimize the code. Commas are used to
separate each selector in grouping.

3.4 BOX MODEL

In CSS, the term "box model" is used when talking about design and layout.
The CSS box model is essentially a box that wraps around every HTML element. It consists of:
content, padding, borders and margins.
Explanation of the different parts:
• Content - The content of the box, where text and images appear
• Padding - Clears an area around the content. The padding is transparent
• Border - A border that goes around the padding and content
• Margin - Clears an area outside the border. The margin is transparent

The box model allows us to add a border around elements, and to define space between elements.

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The image below illustrates the box model:

FIG 3.1 CSS BOX MODEL

3.5 CSS WEBSITE LAYOUT

Website can be divided into various sections comprising of header, menus, content.
The most common structure of website layout is given below:

FIG 3.2 CSS WEBSITE LAYOUT

• Header Section: The header section is generally placed either at the top of the Website or
just below a top navigation menu. It often comprises of the name of the Website or the logo
of the Website.
• Navigation menu: a navigation bar/menu is basically a list of links that allows visitor to
navigate through the website comfortably with easy access.
• Content section: the content section is the main body of the website. The user can divide the
content section in an n-column layout.
• Footer section: a footer section is placed at the bottom of the webpage and it generally consists
of information like contact info, copyrights, about us etc.

3.6 TEXT FORMATTING

The css text formatting properties are used to format text, style the text and perform different
types of manipulations like word spacing, alignment, justification, and text transformation.

Syntax:
Selector
{

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property-name : /*value*/
}

CSS Text Formatting Properties:

These are the following text formatting properties.
• Text Color: This property is used to set the color of the text and the color can be set by using a
color name like “red”, hex value “#ff0000”, or by its RGB value “rgb(255,0,0)”;
• text-align: This property in CSS is used to specify the horizontal alignment of text in an
element inside a block element or table-cell box.
• text-decoration: text-decoration property is used to “decorate ” the content of the text.
• text-indent: It is used to indent the first line of the paragraph .
• text-justify: This property is used to set the text-align to justify.
• text-shadow: it is used to add shadow to the text.
• word-spacing: It is used to specify the space between the words of the line.

EXAMPLE –

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color: red;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: underline;
text-indent: 80px;
text-shadow: 3px 1px blue;
word-spacing: 15px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>TEXT FORMATTING</h1>
</body>
</html>

OUTPUT -

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3.7 CSS BORDERS

CSS border properties allow us to set the style, color, and width of the border.
Note: Different properties can be set for all the different borders i.e.top border, right border, bottom
border, and left border.

1. Border Style: The border-style property specifies the type of border. None of the other border
properties will work without setting the border style.
Eg - border-style: double/dotted/solid/hidden/none;
Following are the types of borders:
• dotted – It describes a dotted border
• dashed – It describes a dashed border
• solid – It describes a solid border
• double – It describes a double border
• groove – It describes a 3D grooved border.
• none – It describes no border
• hidden – It describes the hidden border

2. Border Width: Border width sets the width of the border. The width of the border can be in px, pt,
cm or thin, medium, and thick.
Eg - border-width: 8px;

3. Border Color: This property is used to set the color of the border. Color can be set using the color
name, hex value, or RGB value. If the color is not specified border inherits the color of the element
itself.
Eg - border-color: red;

4. Border radius property: It is used to round the corner of the border that looks more attractive.
Eg - border-radius: 20px;

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CHAPTER-4
BOOTSTRAP
4.1 WHAT IS BOOTSTRAP?
• Bootstrap is a free front-end framework for faster and easier web development
• Bootstrap includes HTML and CSS based design templates for typography, forms, buttons,
tables, navigation, modals, image carousels and many other, as well as optional JavaScript
plugins.
• Bootstrap also gives you the ability to easily create responsive designs.

4.2 BOOTSTRAP GRID SYSTEM

The Bootstrap Grid System allows up to 12 columns across the page. You can use all 12 columns
individually or you can groups the columns together to create wider columns.

FIG 4.1 BOOTSTRAP GRID SYSTEM

Bootstrap Grid System is responsive and the columns are re-arranged automatically according to the
screen size.

4.2.1 GRID CLASSES:

There are four classes in Bootstrap Grid System:
• xs (for phones)
• sm (for tablets)
• md (for desktops)
• lg (for larger desktops)

You can combine the above classes to create more dynamic and flexible layouts.

4.2.2 BASIC STRUCTURE OF A BOOTSTRAP GRID

The following is a basic structure of a Bootstrap grid:

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<div class="row">
<div class="col-*-*"></div>
<div class="col-*-*"></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-*-*"></div>
<div class="col-*-*"></div>
<div class="col-*-*"></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
...
</div>

First; create a row (<div class="row">). Then, add the desired number of columns (tags with
appropriate .col-*-* classes). Note that numbers in .col-*-* should always add up to 12 for each row.

THREE EQUAL COLUMNS

FIG 4.2 THREE EQUAL COLUMNS

The following example shows how to get a three equal-width columns starting at tablets and scaling to
large desktops. On mobile phones or screens that are less than 768px wide, the columns will
automatically stack:
Example – <div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-4">.col-sm-4</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">.col-sm-4</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">.col-sm-4</div>
</div>

TWO UNEQUAL COLUMNS

FIG 4.3 TWO UNEQUAL COLUMNS

The following example shows how to get two various-width columns starting at tablets and scaling to
large desktops:
Example –

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-4">.col-sm-4</div>
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<div class="col-sm-8">.col-sm-8</div>
</div>
 WEB DEVELOPMENT

4.3 COMPONENTS OF BOOTSTRAP

• Buttons: It is customized buttons that are used to perform an action in the form, dialogue box,
etc. They are in multiple states, sizes and have predefined styles.
• Modal: It is a small popup window positioned over the actual window.
• Carousel: It is a slide show of image or text content built with CSS 3D and JavaScript.
• Navbar: The navigation bar is the headers at the top of a website or webpage.
• Breadcrumb: It provides the location of the current page in a navigational hierarchy and also
adds separators through CSS.

4.4 APPLICATIONS OF BOOTSTRAP

• Responsive Web Design
• Mobile-First Development
• Efficient Prototyping
• Consistent Cross-Browser Compatibility
• Customizable Themes and Styling
• Time and Cost Efficiency

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CHAPTER-5
DBMS
5.1 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• Database management system is a software which is used to manage the database. For example:
MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial database which is used in different
applications.
• DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation, storing data in
it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.
• It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users, it also maintains
data consistency.

5.2 SQL
SQL stands for Structured Query Language.SQL lets you access and manipulate databases.SQL
became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987.There are several SQL-supported
database servers such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, sqlite3 and so on. Data can be stored in a secured
and structured format through these database servers. SQL queries are often used for data
manipulation and business insights better.

5.3 IMPORTANT SQL COMMANDS

• SELECT - extracts data from a database
• UPDATE - updates data in a database
• DELETE - deletes data from a database
• INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
• CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
• ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
• CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
• ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
• DROP TABLE - deletes a table

5.4 DATABASE Keyword

CREATE DATABASE
The CREATE DATABASE command is used is to create a new SQL database.
The following SQL creates a database called "testDB":
Example -
CREATE DATABASE testDB;

DROP DATABASE
The DROP DATABASE command is used is to delete an existing SQL database.
The following SQL drops a database named "testDB":

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Example -
DROP DATABASE testDB;

BACKUP DATABASE
The BACKUP DATABASE statement is used in SQL Server to create a full back up of an existing
SQL database.
Syntax-
BACKUP DATABASE databasename
TO DISK = 'filepath';

5.5 TABLE Keyword

CREATE TABLE
The CREATE TABLE command creates a new table in the database.
The following SQL creates a table called "Persons" that contains five columns: PersonID, LastName,
FirstName, Address, and City:
Example –
CREATE TABLE Persons (

PersonID int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);

CREATE TABLE Using Another Table

The following SQL creates a new table called "TestTables" (which is a copy of two columns of the
"Customers" table):
Example -
CREATE TABLE TestTable AS
SELECT customername, contactname
FROM customers;

SQL DROP TABLE Statement

The DROP TABLE statement is used to drop an existing table in a database.
Syntax-
DROP TABLE table_name;

SQL ALTER TABLE Statement

The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an existing table.
The ALTER TABLE statement is also used to add and drop various constraints on an existing table.

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5.6 JOIN

A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column between
them.

Different Types of SQL JOINs

Here are the different types of the JOINs in SQL:
1. (INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables.

2. LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from
the right table.

3. RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records
from the left table.

4. FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table.

5.7 DATABASE RELATIONSHIPS

Database relationships are associations between tables that are created using join statements to retrieve
data.
The following table describes the database relationships.

TABLE 5.1 DATABASE RELATIONSHIP

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CHAPTER-6
PHP
6.1 WHAT IS PHP?
• PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".
• PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language.
• PHP scripts are executed on the server.

6.2 BASIC SYNTAX

• A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.
• A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:
• The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".
• A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code.
• PHP script uses a built-in PHP function "echo" to output the text on a webpage.
• PHP statements end with a semicolon (;).

EXAMPLE-

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first PHP page</h1>
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>

OUTPUT-

My first PHP page

Hello World!

6.3 COMMENTS
• Any text between // and the end of the line will be ignored (will not be executed).You can also
use # for single line comments
• Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */.

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6.4 CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES

• You can also create a constant by using the const keyword.
• Eg - const MYCAR = "Volvo";
• In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
• Eg-$x = 5 and ;$y = "John";
• A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable.
• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character.
• A variable name cannot start with a number.
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
• Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two different variables).

6.5 OPERATORS
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
PHP divides the operators in the following groups:
1. Arithmetic operators -The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform
common arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
2. Assignment operators - The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a
value to a variable.The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand
gets set to the value of the assignment expression on the right.
3. Comparison operators - The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values
(number or string)
4. Increment/Decrement operators - The PHP increment operators are used to increment a
variable's value.The PHP decrement operators are used to decrement a variable's value.
5. Logical operators - The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

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CHAPTER – 7
ASSIGNMENT

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

For successfully completing my project report, I have taken references from the following:-

• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
• https://www.w3schools.com/
• https://developer.mozilla.org/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/

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