Grade

VII

PRIME Optional
Mathematics
Pragya Books &
Distributors Pvt. Ltd.

Editors
LN Upadhyaya
Rajkumar Mathema
DN Chaudhary
Narayan Shrestha
Author Khem Timsina
Dirgha Raj Mishra J.N. Aryal
Kadambaba Pradhan
Dinesh Silwal
 Pragya Books & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
Lalitpur, Nepal
Tel : 5200575
email : [email protected]

© Author

Author Dirgha Raj Mishra

Editors LN Upadhyaya
Rajkumar Mathema
DN Chaudhary
Narayan Shrestha
Khem Timsina
J.N. Aryal
Kadambaba Pradhan
Dinesh Silwal

First Edition 2076 B.S. (2019 A.D.)

Revised Edition 2077 B.S. (2020 A.D.)

ISBN 978-9937-9170-4-9

Typist Sachin Maharjan

Sujan Thapa

Layout and Design Desktop Team

Printed in Nepal
 Preface

Prime Optional Mathematics series is a distinctly outstanding mathematics

series designed according to new curriculum in compliance with Curriculum
Development Centre (CDC) to meet international standard in the school level
additional mathematics. The innovative, lucid and logical arrangement of the
contents make each book in their series coherent. The representation of ideas in
each volume makes the series not only unique but also a pioneer in the evaluation
of activity based mathematics teaching.

The subject is set in an easy and child-friendly pattern so that students will
discover learning mathematics is a fun thing to do even for the harder problems.
A lot of research, experimentation and careful graduation have gone into the
making of the series to ensure that the selection and presentation is systematic,
innovative, and both horizontally and vertically integrated for the students of
different levels.

Prime Optional Mathematics series is based on child-centered teaching

and learning methodologies, so that the teachers can find teaching this series
equally enjoyable.

I am optimistic that, this series shall bridge the existing inconsistencies

between the cognitive capacity of children and the subject matter.

I owe an immense dept of gratitude to the publishers (Pragya Books team)

for their creative, thoughtful and inspirational support in bringing about the
series. Similarly, I would like to acknowledge the tremendous support of editors
team, teachers, educationists and well-wishers for their contribution, assistance
and encouragement in making this series a success. I would like to express my
special thanks to Sachin Maharjan (Wonjala Desktop) for his sincere support
of designing part of the book and also Mr. Gopal Krishna Bhattarai to their
memorable support to prepare this series.

I hope this series will be another milestone in the advancement of teaching

and learning Mathematics in Nepal. We solicit feedback and suggestions from
teachers, students and guardians alike so that I can refine and improvise the series
in the future editions.
– Author
 Contents
S.N. Units Page
Algebra 1
1.1 Order Pairs 2
1.2 Cartesian Product 9
1.3 Polynomial 17
1.4 Surds 22

Matrices 31
2.1 Matrices 32
2.2 Operation on matrices 39

Co-ordinate Geometry 47
3.1 Rectangular co-ordinate axis 48
3.2 Mid- point of a line segment 58

Trigonometry 65
4.1 Measurement of angles 66
4.2 Introduction of right angled triangle 72
4.3 Trigonometric ratios 81
4.4 Trigonometric identities 88
4.5 Conversion of Trigonometric ratios 93
4.6 Trigonometric Ratios of some standard angles 98
4.7 Solution of right angled triangle 106

Vector 113
5.1 Vector quantities using co-ordinate 115
5.2 Vector operations 121

Transformation 129
6.1 Reflection 131
6.2 Translation 137

Statistics 143
7.1 Measure of Central Tendency 145
7.2 Median, Mode and Range 151

Model question 160

 1 Algebra

1. Algebra
1.1 Ordered pairs
1.2 Cartesian Product
1.3 Polynomials
1.4 Surds
Specification Grid Table
K(1) U(2) A(4) HA(5) TQ TM Periods
No. of Questions 1 1 1 –
3 7 16
Weight 1 2 4 –
K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A = Application, HA = Higher ability,
TQ = Total Question, TM = Total Marks

Objectives :
At the end of the lesson
• Students are able to know the
ordered pairs and Cartesian
products.
• Students are able to represent
Cartesian product in arrow
diagram and graph. Materials Required:
• Students are able to know the • Chart paper
number system including surds. • Chart of number system.
• Students are able to operate • Chart of types of surds.
the surds. • Chart of types
• Students are able to know the polynomials & properties
polynomials, types and degree of addition and
of polynomials. multiplication.
The word ‘algebra’ is derived from the arabic word al-jabr and this
come from the treatise written in the year 830 by the medieval Persian
mathematician, Muhammad ibnmusa al-khwarizmi.

Algebra can essentially be considered as doing computations similar

to those of arithmetic but with non-numerical mathematical objects.
However, until the 19th century, algebra consisted essentially of the
theory of equations. For example; the fundamental theorem of algebra
belongs to the theory of equations and is not now a days, considered as
belonging to algebra.

Here we are going to discuss the variables involving in different situation

like to make ordered pairs, relations, functions, elements of set, elements
of matrices, components of vector etc.

1.1 Order Pairs

Let us discuss the following examples to visualize the concept of ordered
pairs.
Temple Hinduism
Musjid Muslim
Church Christian
Gumba Buddhism
Gurudwara Shikh
In the examples given above, the first informations are of the name of holly
places and second informations are of the religions. The informations
can be written in different forms like ( Temple, Hinduism),(Musjid,
Muslim), (Church, Christian), (Gumba, Buddhism), (Gurudwara, Shikh).
Here name of the temples are written as first component and location
are written as second component but there is the vital role of ordered
between the components. This kind of way of writing the components is
called ordered pairs.

The pair of the components x and y Which is written

according to an order in the form of (x, y) is called
ordered pairs.

2 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 • The First component is denoted by the variable ‘x’ which is
called antecedent.
• The Second Component is denoted by the variable ‘y’ which
is called consequence.
• Ordered pair of x and y is written as (x, y)

In a ordered pair (x, y)

• x is the first component (antecedent)
• y is the second component (consequence)

The first and second components are written in different sets A = {Temple,
Musjid, Church, Gumba, Gurudwara} which is called domain. It is the set
of temples. B = {Hinduism , Muslim, Christian, Buddhism, Shikh}. It is the
set of the locations which is called co-domain.

• Domain is the set of first components of

the ordered pairs.( set of antecedent)
• Co- domain is the set of second components
of the ordered pairs (set of consequence)

The domain and co-domain can be taken in balloon and the ordered pairs
can be shown using arrow which is called balloon diagram or arrow
diagram. Let us take ordered pairs of currency with respect to countries
in arrow diagram.
Japan Yen
USA $
UK £
Nepal Rs

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 3

Equal ordered pairs:
Let us discuss the ordered pairs given below.
First ordered pair = (2, 3)
Second ordered pair = (6 – 4, 5 – 2)
4 6
Third ordered pair = ( , )
2 2
The Final result of the ordered pairs mention above is (2,3) where all the
ordered pairs are (2,3) which are called equal ordered pairs.

The two or more ordered pairs having equal

antecedent of all and equal consequence of all
are called equal ordered pairs.

• If (x, y) and (a, b) are the equal ordered pairs,

Antecedent should be equal
i.e. x = a
Consequence should be equal,
i.e. y = b

• If (x, 3) and (2, y) are equal ordered pairs,

Then,
(x, 3) = (2, y)
i.e x = 2 and y = 3

• If (x – 2, 4) = (2, y + 1)
Then,
(x – 2, 4) = (2, y + 1)
or, x – 2 = 2 and y + 1 = 4
or, x = 2 + 2 and y = 4 – 1
x = 4 and y = 3

4 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

Worked out Examples
1. Write down any four ordered pairs of capitals with respect to
countries. Also show in arrow diagram.
Solution;
A = { Set of countries}
= {Nepal , India, UK, Bhutan}
B = {Set of capitals}
= {Kathmandu, New delhi, London, Thimpu}
Then,
Ordered pairs of capitals with respect to countries are (Nepal,
Kathmandu) (India, New Dhelhi),(UK , London), (Bhutan, Thimpu)

Arrow diagram:
Nepal Kathmandu
India New Delhi
UK London
Bhutan Thimpu

2. If domain represents the name of Nepali poet and co-domain

represents the title of poet, write down the ordered pairs taking
four elements.
Solution.
Domain = {Bhanubhakta, Motiram, Lekhnath, Sambhu Pd. Dhungel}
Co-domain = {Aadikabi, Anshukabi, Siromani, Yubakabi}

Then,
Ordered pair
= (Bhanubhakta, Aadikabi), (Motiram, Yubakabi),
(Lekhnath, Siromani), (Sambhu Pd. Dhungel, Anshukabi)

3. If (x + 2, y + 5) & (4, 8) equal ordered pairs, find the value of x and y.

Solution:
The equal ordered pairs are :
i.e (x + 2, y + 5) = (4, 8)
Equating the first components and second components respectively.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 5

 we get
or, x + 2 = 4 and y + 5 = 8
or, x = 4 – 2 and y = 8 – 5
or, x = 2 and y = 3
\ x = 2, y = 3

4. If (a – 2, a + b) and (1, 5) are equal ordered pairs, find the value of a

and b.
Solution:
The equal ordered pairs are:
(a – 2, a + b) = (1, 5)
Equating the corresponding components,
We get,
or, a – 2 = 1
or, a = 1 + 2
a=3
Also, a + b = 5
or b = 5 – a
or b = 5 – 3
\ b=2
\ a=3 b=2

5. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 3, 4, 5}, prepare the ordered pairs from

the set A to the set B where order is more than by one. Also shown
in arrow diagram
Solution:
The given sets are:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {2, 3, 4, 5}
The ordered pairs of the element of set A to B where the order is
more then by 1 are :
(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5) A B
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5

6 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Exercise : 1.1
1. Answer the following questions:
i. What is an ordered pair?
ii. Write down any three ordered pairs of capitals with respect to
countries.
iii. What do you mean by antecedent.
iv. What do you mean by consequence.
v. Define the term equal ordered pairs.

2. Write down the following ordered pairs. Also show in arrow

diagram.
i. Any four ordered pairs of district with respect to headquarters.
ii. Any four ordered pairs of holy places with respect to location.
iii. Any five ordered pairs of things with respect to location which
is famous for the things.
iv. Write down the ordered pairs of vowel alphabets with respect
to the first 5 odd natural numbers.
v. Write down any five ordered pairs of your teacher with respect
to subject related to them.

3. Find the value of x and y from the following equal ordered pairs
i. (x, y) and (3, 4) ii. (x, 2) and (1, y)
ii. (2, y) and (x, 3) iv. (x + 1, 4) and (3, y - 1)
v. (3, 2)and (x – 1, y + 1)

4. Find the value of the unknowns from the followings.

i. (a , 4) = (5, b - 2) ii. (a + 2, 5 + b) = (5, 8)
ii. (x – 3, 7) = (2 , y+10) iv. (m + n , 7) = (5, n + 4)
v. (p + q, q – 2) = (7 , 2)

5. Prime more creative questions.

i. If A = {2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {7, 8, 9, 10} find the ordered pairs from A
to B where element of B is more than the element of A by 5.
ii. If A = {Nepal, India, Bhutan, china}, B = {Beijing, New Delhi,

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 7

 Thimpu, Kathmandu}, find the ordered pairs from the set A to
B. Also show in arrow diagram.
iii. Find the set of antecedent and consequence from the given
arrow diagram. Also write down the ordered pairs.
a 3
c 5
e 7
g 1

iv. Find the value of x and y from the given equal ordered pairs
(2x + 2y , 3) = (2 , 6 + y)
v. If x = 2 and y = 4, prove that the ordered pairs (3x + y, 2) and
(x + 8, 3x – y) are equal.

Answer
1. Show to your teacher
2. Show to your teacher
3. i. x = 3, y = 4 ii. x = 1, y = 2
iii. x = 2 , y = 3 iv. x = 2, y = 5
v. x=4,y=1
4. i. a= 5,b=6 ii. a = 3, b = 3
iii. x = 5 ,y = –3 iv. m = 2, n = 3
v. p=3,q=4
5. i. (2, 7), (3, 8), (4, 9), (5, 10)
ii.
Nepal Kathmandu
India New Delhi
Bhutan Thimpu
China Beijing

iii. Set of antecedent ={a,c,e,g} set of consequence ={1, 3, 5, 7}

ordered pairs=(a, 1), (c, 3), (e, 5), (g, 7)
iv. x = 4 , y = –3
v. Both are (10, 2), Hence they are equal.

8 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

1.2 Cartesian Product
Let us consider the two non-empty sets A = {a, b} and B = {x, y, z}. The
collection of all possible ordered pairs from the set A to B can be taken as
{(a, x), (a, y), (a, z), (b, x), (b, y), (b, z)}. It is called the Cartesian product A
× B which is read as A cross B and is written as A × B = {(x, y) : x ∈ A and
y ∈ B} in set builder form.

The set of all possible ordered pairs from

the non- empty set A to the non-empty set
B is called Cartesian product A × B.
i.e. A × B = {(x, y): x ∈ A and y ∈ B}

• Cartesian Product A × B is from the set A to B

• Cartesian Product B × A is from the set B to A
• n (A × B) is the cardinality of the set A × B
i.e. [n(A × B) = n(A) × n(B)]
• n(B × A) is the cardinality of the set B × A.
i.e. [n(B × A) = n(B) × n(A)]
• A × B is not equal to B × A
i.e. [A × B ≠ B×A]
• Cardinality of the sets of A × B and B × A are always equal.
i.e. n(A × B) = n(B×A)

Representation of Cartesian product

i. Set of ordered pairs:
Let us consider the sets A = {2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}.
A × B = {2, 3} × {3, 4, 5}
= {(2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5)}

B × A = {3, 4, 5} × {2, 3}
= {(3, 2),(3, 3), (4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 2), (5, 3)}
PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 9
ii. Arrow Diagram:
A = {2, 3} B = {3, 4, 5}
A×B B×A

2 3 2 3
4 4
3 5 3 9

iii. Tree diagram:

A = {2, 3} B = {3, 4, 5}
Set A Set B Ordered pairs of A × B
3 (2, 3)

2 4 (2, 4)

5 (2, 5)

3 (3, 3)

3 4 (3, 4)

5 (3, 5)

Set B Set A Ordered pairs of B × A

2 (3, 2)
3
3 (3, 3)

2 (4, 2)
4
3 (4, 3)

2 (5, 2)
5
3 (5, 3)

10 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

set A
iv. Graphical from:
A = {2, 3} B = {3, 4, 5}
A×B B×A

5 5
4 4
Set B

3 3

Set A
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Set A Set B

In the above examples, the cardinality of the sets

A × B and B × A can be calculated as,
n(A × B) = n(A) × n(B) =2×3 =6
n(B × A) = n(B) × n(A) =3×2 =6
\ n(A × B) = n(B × A)

Worked out Examples

1. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5}, find the Cartesian product A × B and B × A.
Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {4, 5}
Then,
A × B = {(x, y) : x ∈ A and y ∈ B}
= {1, 2, 3} × {4, 5}
= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)}

B × A = {(x, y) : x ∈ B and y ∈ A}
= {4, 5} × {1, 2, 3}
= {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3)}

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 11

2. If A = {a, b}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5}, prove that A × B ≠ B × A and n (A × B) =
n(B × A)
Solution:
A = {a, b}
B = {2, 3, 4, 5}
Then,
A × B = {(x, y): x ∈ A & y ∈ B}
= {a, b} × {2, 3, 4, 5}
= {(a, 2), (a, 3), (a, 4), (a, 5), (b, 2), (b, 3), (b, 4), (b, 5)}
B × A = {(x, y) : x ∈ B and y ∈ A}
= {2, 3, 4, 5} × {a, b}
= {(2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b), (4, a), (4, b), (5, a), (5, b)}
Here,
A×B≠B×A
Again,
n(A × B) = n(A) × n(B) = 2 × 4 = 8
n(B × A) = n(B) × n(A) = 4 × 2 = 8
\ n(A × B) = n(B × A) = 8

3. If P = {3, 4, 5}, Q = {6, 7, 8}, show the sets P × Q and Q × P in arrow

diagram.
Solution:
P = {3, 4, 5}
Q = {6, 7, 8}
Then,
P×Q Q×P

3 6 6 3
4 7 7 4
5 8 8 5

12 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

4. From the given graph of A × B, find the sets A and B. Also find B × A.
5
4
Set B
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
Set A
Solution:
From the given graph of A × B the set of ordered pairs can be written as.
A × B = {(1,3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}
Here, A = {1, 2, 3} and
B = {3, 4}
Also,
B × A = {(x, y) : x ∈ B and y ∈ A}
= {3, 4} × {1, 2, 3}
= {(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}

Exercise : 1.2
1. Answer the following questions.
i. What is Cartesian product? Write down in set builder form.
ii. {(x, y): x ∈ B and x ∈ A} is the set builder form of Cartesian
product. Which Cartesian product is represented by it?
iii. {(x, y) : x ∈ P and x ∈ Q} is the set builder form of Cartesian
product. Which Cartesian product is represented by it?
iv. If A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {7, 8, 9}, find the value of n(A × B)
v. If M = {a, b}, find the cartesian product M × M.

2. Find the Cartesian product A × B from the followings

i. A = {1, 3}, B = {2, 4} ii. A = {x, y}, B = {a, b}
iii. A = {p, q, r}, B = {a, b} iv. A = {3, 4, 5}, B = {6, 7}
v. A = {2, 3}, B = {7, 8, 9}

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 13

3. If A = {4, 5, 6}, B = {2, 3}, find the followings.
i. A×B ii. B × A iii. A×A
iv. B × B v. n(A × B) and n(B × A).

4. Prove that the followings from the sets P = {3, 4, 5}, Q{1, 7} and R =
{2, 6, 8}
i. P×Q≠Q×P ii. n(P × Q) = n(Q × P)
iii. n(P × R) = n(R × P) iv. Q × R ≠ R × Q
v. n(Q × P) = n(Q × R)

5. Prime more creative questions:

i. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, find A × B and show in arrow
diagram.
ii. If M = {3, 4, 5} and N = {6, 7, 8}, find N × M and show in tree
diagram.
iii. If P = {2, 3, 4, 5} and Q = {3, 4, 5}, show P × Q and Q × P in graph.
iv. From the given arrow diagram, find the sets A and B. Also write
down B ×A in ordered pairs.
A×B

x a
y b
z c
d
v. Write down the sets P, Q, P × Q and Q × P from the given graph.
5
4
3
Q

2
1
1 2 3 4 5
P

14 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Answer
1. i. Show to your teacher.
ii. B × A iii. P × Q iv. 9 v. {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b)}

2. i. A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4)}

ii. A × B = {(x, a), (x, b), (y, a) (y, b)}
iii. A × B = {(p, a), (p, b), (q, a), (q, b), (r, a), (r, b)}
iv. A × B = {(3, 6), (3, 7), (4, 6), (4, 7), (5, 6), (5, 7)}
v. A × B = {(2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (3, 7), (3, 8), (3, 9)}

3. i. A × B = {(4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 2), (5, 3), (6, 2), (6, 3)}
ii. B × A = {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
iii. A × A = {(4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
iv. B × B = {(2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3)}
v. n(A × B) = 6, n(B × A) = 6

4. Do yourself.

5. i. A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5)}

A×B

1 3
2 4
3 5

ii.
Set N Set M Ordered pairs
3 (6, 3)

6 4 (6, 4)

5 (6, 5)

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 15

 3 (7, 3)

7 4 (7, 4)

5 (7, 5)

3 (8, 3)

8 4 (8, 4)

5 (8, 5)

iii. P×Q Q×P

5 5
4 4
3 3
Q

P
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
P Q

iv. A = {x, y, z}, B = {a, b, c, d}

B × A = {(a, x), (a, y), (a, z), (b, x), (b, y), (b, z), (c, x), (c, y),(c, z),
(d, x), (d, y), (d, z)}

v. P = {2, 3, 4, 5}, Q = {3, 4}

P × Q = {(2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 3), (4, 4), (5, 3), (5, 4)}.

16 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

1.3 Polynomial
The algebric expression is the combination of the algebraic terms by
using plus (+) or minus (–) sign. It can be defined as the polynomial
under the certain conditions only where power of the variables used in
the expression should be only positive integer.

Example
x3 + 2x2 – 3x + 2 " It is polynomial
5
x2 + 3x – x " It is not polynomial.
1
x2 – 5x + 2x 2 " It is not polynomial.
x3 + 2x2 – 3x – 5 – 2x–2 " It is not polynomial.

The algebraic expression which has positive

integers as the power (exponent) of the variables
is called polynomial.

Polynomial of variable ‘x’ : 2x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 1

Polynomial of variable ‘y’ : y2 – 3y + 2

The terms of the polynomial have to be written according to the

decreasing order of the power of the variables. The form of polynomial
which is written in such a way that mentioned above is called standard
form of polynomial.

Example
Polynomial : 2x2 – 3x2 + 5 – 4x + x4.
Standard form : x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 – 4x + 5.

Degree of the polynomials:

The sum of the powers of the variable used in an algebraic term of the
polynomial is called degree of the term. The degree of the polynomial is
the maximum degree among the degree of the terms.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 17

Polynomial = x2y3 + x3y – 3x2 = 2.
Degree of 1st term = 2 = 3 = 5
Degree of 2nd term = 3 + 1 = 4
Degree of 3rd term = 2
Degree of 4th term = 0
Here, the maximum degree is 5.
∴ 5 is the degree of the polynomial.

Coefficient:
A constant real number used as the multiple of the variable in an algebric
term of the polynomial is called coefficient
• Coefficient of the variables may be in letters also which is called
literal coefficient.
• Coefficient in the form of real number is called numerial coefficient.
Example
In the algebric term 2ax3.
2 = numeral coefficient
a = literal coefficient

Types of Polynomial:
• According to number of terms :
i) Monomail It has only one term.
p(x) = 3x
ii) Binomial It has two terms.
p(x) = ax + b
iii) Trinomial It has three terms.
p(x) = ax + bx +c
2

iv) Polynomial It has more then three terms.

P(x) = ax + bx + cx2 + dx +e.
4 3

• According to degree :
i) Constant polynomial zero degree .
p(x) = 5
ii) Lines polynomial First degree.
p(x) = ax + b

18 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 iii) Quadratic polynomial Second degree.
p(x) = ax + bx + c
2

iv) Cubic polynomial third degree.

p(x) = ax + bx + cx + d
3 2

v) Biquadratic polynomial Fourth degree.

p(x) = ax + bx + cx + dx + e
4 3 2

Exercise : 1.3
1. Answer the following questions:
i. What do you mean by algebraic term ?
ii. What is algebraic expression ?
iii. Define the term polynomial ?
iv. Write short not on degree of the polynomial with an example.
v. Differentiate between numeral and literal coefficients with an
example.

2. Which of the followings are the polynomial ? Write down with

reason.
i. x4 +3x² + 2x – 5x + 2
x
ii. x³ + 2x² – 3x + 3 – 2
iii. x4 + 2x² + 3x² – 7x – 2 – 5x–2
2
iv. x² – 5x + 7 – 3x 3
v. x³ + 5x² –7x – 6

3. Write down the coefficients of the following algebraic terms.

i. 3x² ii. 2px³ iii. 5x4y
iv. –7ax5 v. 12xy³

4. Write down the degree of the following polynomials.

i. 3x² + 2x³ – 3x + 5 + x4
ii. 2x³y² + 3x²y² – xy² + y³

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 19

 iii. 3x²yz³ – 2xy²z² + 3xy²
iv. x4y² – 4x³y + 2xy²
v. x² – 5 + 3x³ – x4 + 2x + x5

5. Write down the polynomials in standard form. Also write down the
types of polynomials.
i. x² – x + 3x³ + 2x
ii. 12 – 5x² + 2x + 3x³ + x4
iii. 4x – 7 + 3x²
iv. 5 + 2x
v. 3x³ – 4x² + 3 – 2x4 + x5 – 7x

6. Add the following polynomials.

i. f(x) = x2 + 3x – 2, g(x) = x2 – x – 1
ii. p(x) = 3x – 2, q(x) = 4 – 2x + x2
iii. 2 + 3x2 – x and x2 – 5 + 3x
iv. p(x) = 2x3 – 2x2 + 3x – 2, q(x) = 2x3 – x2 + 2x – 5
v. f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 5x –1, g(x) = 2 – 5x + 2x2 –x3

7. Subtract the following polynomials.

i. f(x) = 2x2 + 2x – 3, g(x) = x2 – x – 1
ii. p(x) = 5 –2x + 3x2, q(x) = 3x – 2 – x2
iii. 3 + 2x – x2 + 2x3 and 5x – 3 – 2x2
iv. p(x) = 2x3 –2x + x2 – 1 and q(x) = x3 – 3 – x + 2x2
v. f(x) = 2x2 + 1 – 3x – x3 and g(x) = 3x2 –2x3 – 2x –1

8. Multiply the following polynomials:

i. p(x) = 2x + y, q(x) = 4x² – 2xy + y²
ii. f(x) = x – 3y, g(x) = x² + 3xy + 9y²
iii. p(x) = x² – 3x + 5, q(x) = 2x² + x – 3
iv. f(x) = x² + 2x + 4, g(x) = x² – 2x +4
v. f(x) = x³ + 2x² – 3x – 2, g(x) = x² + 4x – 3

9. Prime more creative questions:

i. Subtract x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 1 from the sum of 2x3 – x2 + 5x – 3 and
3x2 – 6x – 2

20 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 ii. What must be subtracted from the polynomial 5x³ – 3x² + 2x +
5 to get the polynomial 2x³ – x² + 3x – 2
iii. If p( x) = x² + 2x – 3 and q(x) = 2x² – x + 2, write down the types
of polynomial according to degree by calculating p(x).q(x).
iv. What must be subtracted from the sum of 2x³ – 3x² + 2x – 5
and x³ – x² – 3x + 2 to get x³ – 2x² + x + 3.
v. Subtract 2x³ – 2x² + 5x – 2 from the sum of 3x³ – x² – 2x + 5 and
2x³ – 3x² + 7x – 3.

Answer
1. Show to your teacher.
2. i. Polynomial ii. Polynomial v. Polynomial
3. Do yourself
4. i. 4 ii. 5 iii. 6 iv. 6 v. 5
5. Do yourself

6. i. 2x² + 2x – 3 ii. x² + x + 2
iii. 4x² + 2x – 3 iv. 4x³ – 3x² + 5x – 7
v. x³ – x² + 1

7. i. x² + 3x – 2 ii. 4x² – 5x + 7
iii. 2x³ + x² – 3x + 6 iv. x³ – x² – x + 2
v. x³ – x² – x + 2

8. i. 8x³ + y³ ii. x³ – 27y³

iii. 2x – 5x³ – 11x² – x + 6
4

iv. x4 + 4x² + 16 v. x5 + 8x4 + 2x³ – 11x² – x + 6

9. i. x³ – x² + 2x – 6 ii. 3x³ –2x² – x + 7

iii. 2x4 + 3x³ – 6x² + 7x – 6
iv. 2x³ – 2x² – 2x – 6
v. 3x³ – 2x² + 4

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 21

1.4 Surds
Number system
The set of natural numbers is the set of all counting numbers. We denote
the set of natural numbers by N. The least natural number is 1 and the
highest is not defined.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...........................}

The set of counting numbers including zero is called whole numbers.

The set of whole numbers is denoted by W The least whole number is
zero and the highest is not defined.
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ........................}

The set of all counting numbers including zero and their negatives is
called integers. The set of integers is denoted by Z.
Z = {..................., –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, .........................}

In the given examples set of natural numbers

is the sub–set of whole number and set of
whole number is the sub set of integers.

Rational numbers:
Let us consider the elements of integers taken in different mathematical
operations as follows,
4 – 6 = –2 (Integer) 4 + 6 = 10 (Integer)
4 × 6 = 24 (Integer) 4÷6= 3 2 (Not Integer)
But 4 ÷ 2 = 2 (Integer)

Thus, the division of any two integers may not be always an integer. To
define such numbers a new number system is introduced which is called
the rational number.

22 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 The set of numbers in the form of p/q where p & q
are the integers and q ≠ 0 is called the set of rational
numbers.
i.e. Q = {...., –2, –3/2, –1, 0, 1/2, 1, 3/2, 3, ............} is the
set of rational numbers.

Note :
i. The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q.
ii. All integers can be expressed as a rational number.
2=4 p
e.g. 2 = 1 2 etc which is in the form q , q ≠ 0 and p, q ∉ z.
So, all integers are rational numbers. But all rational numbers are not integers.
i.e., Z ⊂ Q.
Also N ⊂ W ⊂ Z ⊂ Q.
Let us consider the rational number 19 4 .
We have
4 19 4.75
16
30
28
20
20
×
Here, the process of division is terminated (finished) with the decimal
quotient 4.75. This shows that a rational number some time posses a
terminating decimal number.
Again consider the rational number 19 3
We have
3 19 6.33
18
10
9
10
9
1

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 23

Here, the process of division doesn’t terminate and a number is occurred
again and again after decimal point. Similarly, we can see sometimes a
block of numbers repeats after decimal point.

Thus a rational number posses an integer or a terminating decimal

number or a non terminating recurring decimal number.
Try to find the recurring decimal number for 22
7
Note : There are infinite number of rational numbers between any two
rational numbers.

Irrational numbers:
Some Examples :
2 = 1.414213562....................
3 = 1.732...............
5 = 2.236067977..
4=2
9=3
Here, 2, 3 , 5 have the non terminating and non recurring decimal
parts while 4 & 9 have the integer numbers as their roots 2, 3 , 5
are called the irrational numbers.

Note:
i. All the roots which are not rational are irrational
ii. The non terminating and non recurring decimal numbers are
irrational.
length of circumference of a circle
iii. p = is an irrational number.
diameter
iv. Length of a body is either a rational number or an irrational number.

Introduction of Surds:
• The numbers 2, 3, 3 2 etc are the roots of rational numbers
where the result is irrational are called surds.
• 2, 3 are unlike surds of same order (same orders but
different radicands)

24 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 • 2, 3 2 are unlike surds of different order (different orders
but same radicands)
• 3, 2 3 are the like surds (same orders and same radicands)
• 3
5 , 3 10 are unlike surds
• Any number in the from n a which can not be expressed in
p
the form of q , where q ≠ 0, p, q ∉ z, is called a surd. Here n
is called the order, ‘a’ is called the radicand and called the
sign of radical.

Like surds are the surds having

same orders and same radicands.

• 12 is the pure surd (having only irrational factors)

• 2 3 is the mixed surd (having both irrational factors and
rational factors rather than 1.)
• For the operation of the surds, pure surds should be changed
into mixed surds.
• Only like surds can be operated using plus and minus sign.

Worked out Examples

1. 2 and 3 .
Insert any three rational numbers between 3 4
Solution :
The given rational numbers are 3 2 and 3
4
2 and 3 are as follows.
The other three rational numbers between 3 4
2+3
1st rational no. = 324

= 1 ` 17 j 17
2 12 = 24

2 a 3 24 k
= 1 2 + 17
2nd rational no.

= 1 ` 33 j 11
2 24 = 16

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 25

 3rd rational no. = 1 ` 17 + 3 j
2 24 4
1 a 35 k 35
= 2 24 = 48
So, on any other can be found out.

2. Express the surd 50 into mixed surd and 2 3 5 into pure surd.
Solution :
50 = 52 × 2 = 5 2 (mixed surd)
2 3 5 = 3 23 × 5 = 3 40 (pure surd)

3. Express the surds 2 , 3 5 , 4 6 into the surds of same order and

arranged in ascending order.
Solution :
The given surds are 2 , 3 5 , 4 6
L.C.M. of 2, 3, & 4 is 12.
Where,
2 = 2 × 6 26 = 12 26 = 12 64
3
5 = 3 × 4 54 = 12 54 = 12 625
4
6 = 4 × 3 63 = 12 63 = 12 216

The surds in ascending order

12
64 , 12 216 , 12 625
i.e. 2, 4 6 , 3 5

Note : If n
a and n
b are two surds and a > b then n
a > n
b

4. Simplify : 5 18 + 72 – 3 32
Solution :
5 18 + 72 – 3 32
= 5 32 × 2 + 62 × 2 – 3 42 × 2
= 15 2 + 6 2 – 12 2
= (15 + 6 – 12) 2
=9 2

26 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

5. Multiply the surds 3 and 3
2.
Solution
3 ×3 4
LCM of 2 and 3 is 6.
= 6 33 × 6 4 2
= 6 27 × 16
= 6 432

1
6. Rationalise the denominate of .
3+ 2
Solution :
1 1 3– 2
= ×
3+ 2 3+ 2 3– 2

= [ a Multiply both numerator

and denominator by conjugate
3– 2 of 3 + 2 which is 3 – 2 ]
= 3–2
3– 2
= 1
= 3– 2

4 3 1
7. Simplify : – –
6– 2 6+ 3 3+ 2
Solution :
4 3 1
= – –
6– 2 6+ 3 3+ 2
4 6+ 2 3 6+ 3 1 3+ 2
= × – × – ×
6– 2 6+ 2 6+ 3 6+ 3 3+ 2 3+ 2

= – –

4 ( 6 + 2) 3 ( 6 – 3) 3+ 2
= 4 – 3 – 1
= 6+ 2 – 6+ 3 – 3– 2
=0

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 27

 Exercise : 1.4
1. i) What is natural number? Write down the set of natural
numbers.
ii) How can you say that set of natural numbers is the sub–set of
whole number?
iii) What do you mean by irrational numbers?
iv) What is the set of rational numbers?
v) Differentiate between like surds and unlike surds with
examples.

2. Pick out the like surds from the following with reason.
i) 3 2, 2, 5 2 ii) 2 3 5 , 5 3 2 , 3 3
iii) 3 24 , 3 3 3 , 3 81 iv) 210 , 75 , 4 144
v) 20 , 2 45 , 3 250

3. Find the followings:

1 7
i. Insert 2 rational numbers between 2 and 8 .
2 5
ii. Insert 3 rational numbers between 3 and 6 .
iii. Convert 32 into mixed surd.
iv. Covert 3 54 into mixed surd.
v. Covert 2 5 into purse surd.

4. Express the followings as indicated in brackets.

i) 3 and 3 2 (into same order)
ii) 3 3 , 4 4 (which is greater)
iii) 3 , 3 4 , 6 20 (in ascending order)
iv) 3 3 , 2 , 4 5 (in descending order)
v) 3 4 , 4 5 , 12 50 (in ascending order)

5. Simplify:
i) 18 + 50 – 3 8 ii) 2 108 – 6 75 + 5 48
iii) 3
40 + 2 320 – 3 135 iv) 3 700 – 2800 – 2 63
3 3

v) 4 432 – 5 3 128 + 7 3 2000

3

28 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

6. Multiply the surds.
i) 2 ×3 3 ii) 3 4 × 6 8
iii) 3× 35 × 6 4 iv) 2 5 × 3 3 4
v) 3 2 × 2 4 8 × 5 6 4

7. Rationalise the denominator.

1 1 4
i. ii. iii.
5 3– 2 6– 2
1– 3 2+ 3
iv. v.
3+1 2– 3
8. Simplify the following.
2 1
i) +
5+ 3 3– 2
1 3 4
ii) – +
3+ 2 6– 3 6– 2
3 2 5
iii) + +
5+ 2 7+ 5 2– 7
x+ a x– a x+ 2 x– 2
iv) + v) –
x– a x+ a x– 2 x+ 2

Answer
1. Show to your teacher. 2. Show to your teacher.

4. i) 6
27 and 6 4 ii) 3
3 is greater.
iii) 3
4 < 6 20 < 3 iv) 4
5 >33> 2
v) 12
50 < 4 5 < 3 4

5. i) 2 2 ii) 2 3 iii) 3
5 iv) 4 7 v) 74 3 2

6. i) 6
72 ii) 26 2 iii) 6
4050
iv) 6 2000
6
v) 20 12 32
2 ^x + ah 4 2x
8. i) 5 + 2 ii) 0 iii) –2 2 iv) x–a v) x–2

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 29

Alzebra
Unit Test - 1
Time : 30 minutes
[1 × 1 + 3 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 1 × 5 = 20]

Attempt all the questions:

1. What do you mean by ordered pair ?
2. a. Which is greater between 2 and 3 3 ?
b. If f(x) = x³ + 2x² – 3x – 2 and g(x) = x³ – 3x² + x – 1, find f(x) + g(x).
c. If A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4}, find A × B and n(A × B).

4 3 1
3. a. Simplify : – –
6– 2 6+ 3 3– 2
b. Subtract the polynomials p(x) = (x² – 2x + 1) and q(x) = (2x²–x +
2 + x³). Also write down the type of polynomials so farmed ?
4. Multiply p(x) = x³ – 2x² + 3x – 2 by the polynomials q(x) = x³ – 2x + 3.

Unit Test - 2
Time : 30 minutes
[1 × 1 + 3 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 1 × 5 = 20]

Attempt all the questions:

1. Convert 12 into mixed surd.
2. a. Write down any four ordered pairs of countries with respect to
capitals.
b. If Cartesian product A × B = {(3, 0), (4, 1), (5, 2)}, Find the sets
A and B.
c. Write down the polynomial 5 – x² + 2x³ – 3x in standard form.
Also write down its degree.
3. a. Write down in ascending order of 3 4 , 3 and 6 15 in ascending
order by converting into like surds.
b. If A = {a, b, c} B = {2, 3}, find A × B. Also show in arrow diagram.
4. If p(x) = x² – 3x + 4 and q(x) = x² + x – 2, find p(x).q(x). Also write
down its types according to degree.

30 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 2 Matrices

Specification Grid Table

K(1) U(2) A(4) HA(5) TQ TM Periods

No. of Questions – 1 1 –
2 6 10
Weight – 2 4 –
K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A = Application, HA = Higher ability,
TQ = Total Question, TM = Total Marks

Objectives :
At the end of the lesson
• Students are able to
represents the numbers in
matrix form.
• Students are able to know the
concept of order of matrix
and types of matrices.
• Students are able to
operate the matrix addition,
subtraction, transpose and
multiplication by scalar.
Materials Required:
• Students are able to know
• Chart paper.
the properties of addition
• List of price chart of
matrices.
goods of a market.
• List of properties of
matrix addition
• List of types of matrices

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 31

2.1 Matrices
The arrangement of the elements in different rows and columns can be
taken as follows by defining the rows and columns as given in example.
This type of arrangement of elements is called matrix. The cost per kg of
vegetables in Kalimati vegetables market in a particular day is as follows.
Potato Cauliflower Cabbage
Shop A 15 25 20
Shop B 20 30 15
Shop C 18 24 12

Above cost of the vegetables can be represented using square bracket as,

Here, Rows represents the shops and column represents the type of
vegetables. This type of presentation of numbers is called a matrix.

The rectangular array of the numbers in

different rows and columns which are taken
into a square bracket or round bracket is called
a matrix.

• A matrix is denoted by capital letters A, B, C, ................

• The members used in a matrix are called elements which are
denoted by small letters a, b, c, d, e, f, ........................
• The horizontal arrangement of the number in a matrix are
called rows.
• The vertical arrangement of the number in a matrix are called
columns.
• The no. of rows (m) and no. of columns (n) can be written as
m × n which is called the order of the matrix. We read m × n
or m by n.
• An element of a matrix is represented by the no. of row and
no. of columns. It lies as lower subscript e.g. the element lies

32 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 in 2nd row and 3rd column is denoted by a23. The elements of a
matrix according to their position can be shown as,

A=

Here, a11 = element in first row and first column.

a23 = element in second row and third column.
• Order of the matrix A = 3 by 3 written as 3 × 3.
• The matrix A can be written as A3×3

Types of matrices
1. Row matrix
The matrix having only one row is called row matrix.
Ex : A = [a11 a12 a13]1 × 3 B = [2 4]1 × 2

2. Column matrix:
The matrix having only one column is called column matrix.
RS VW
RS VW SS5WW
SSa11WW S3W
Ex : A = SSa21WW B = SSS WWW
SS WW SS2WW
Sa31W3×1 SS1WW
T X 4×1
T X
3. Null matrix:
The matrix having all the elements zero is called null matrix. It is
denoted by ‘O’.
Ex : O = < F
0 0 0
0 0 0 2×3
4. Rectangular matrix:
The matrix having unequal number of rows and columns is called
rectangular matrix.
Ex : A =

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 33

5. Square matrix:
The matrix having equal number of rows and columns is called
square matrix.
RS V
SS1 2 3WWW
B= < F
1 2
Ex : A = [2]1×1 C = SS4 5 6WW
3 4 2×2 SS W
S7 8 9WW3×3
6. Equality of the matrices T X
Any two matrices having same order and same corresponding
elements are called equal matrices.
Ex : A = < F, B= < F
2 3 2 3
4 1 4 1
Here, A = B

7. General element of a matrix:

The element of the matrix is denoted by aij as the general element
where i is no. of rows and j is no of columns.
Ex : If aij = 2i – j
Then, a11 = 2 × 1 – 1 = 1
a12 = 2 × 1 – 2 = 0
a21 = 2 × 2 – 1 = 3
a22 = 2 × 2 – 2 = 2
\ 2 × 2 matrix is, A = < F=< F
a11 a12 1 0
a21 a22 3 2

Worked out Examples

1. Represent the cost of articles given below in a matrix.
pen pencil
Shop A 15 10
Shop B 12 8
Solution:
The cost of pen and pencil of shop A and B respectively are as
follows where,
Rows " Represents the shops.
Columns " Represents the articles.
A =< F
15 10
12 8
34 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII
 If a matrix A = < F , find the order of the matrix. Also write
2 3 1
2.
4 –2 0
down the elements a21 and a13.
Solution:
The given matrix is,
A =< F
2 3 1
4 –2 0
No. of rows = 2
No. of columns =3
` Order of the matrix = 2×3
a21 = element in second row and 1st column = 4
a13 = element in 1st row and 3rd column = 1

If < F and < F are equal matrices, find the value of x and y.
x 2 2 2
3.
3 y+2 3 5
Solution:
The equal matrices are: < F= < F
x 2 2 2
3 y+2 3 5
By equating the corresponding element,
x = 2 and y + 2 = 5
x = 2 and y = 5 – 2
` x = 2 and y = 3
` x =2
y =3

4. If aij = 3i + j, find a11, a12, a21 and a22. Also write down 2 × 2 matrix.
Solution:
a11 = 3 × 1 + 1 = 4
a12 = 3 × 1 + 2 = 5
a21 = 3 × 2 + 1 = 7
a22 = 3 × 2 + 2 = 8
` 2 × 2 matrix = < F
4 5
7 8

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 35

 Exercise : 2.1
1. Write down the following informations in matrix form. Also write
down the order of the matrices.
i. The cost of fruits in different shops.
Orange Apple
Shop - 1 Rs. 6 Rs. 8
Shop - 2 Rs. 5 Rs. 9

ii. The numbers of boys and girls of different schools.

Boys Girls
School - A 260 320
School - B 420 300
School - C 510 420

iii. The expenditure of three students in different days of school

tiffin.
student - A student - B student - C
Day - 1 Rs. 40 Rs. 60 Rs. 50
Day - 2 Rs. 45 Rs. 40 Rs. 35

2. Write down the types of matrices for the followings.

RS VW
SS3WW
< F
1 2 4 0 0
i. ii. iii. SS2WW
–3 1 2 0 0 SS WW
S1W
RTS X V
SS 2 3 1WW
iv. < F v. 63 2 1@
2 3 W
vi. SS 4 0 5WW
–1 2 SS W
S–2 –3 1WW
3. Write down the order of the matrices given in below.T X
RS V
SS 2 3 1WWW
ii. 63 2 1@ iii. < F
SS 4 0 5WW 2 3
i.
SS W –1 2
S–2 –3 1WW
TR V X
SS3WW
vi. < F
S W 0 0 1 2 4
iv. SS2WW v.
SS WW 0 0 –3 1 2
S1W
T X
36 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII
 RS V
SS3 –2 0 WWW
4. If a matrix A = SS4 1 –5WW , find the followings.
SS W
S6 2 –3WW
i. Write down T order ofX matrix A.
ii. Write down the element in second row and third column.
iii. Write down the element a32.
iv. Find the sum of a11 + a21 + a32.
v. Find the element aij where i = 3, j = 1.

5. Find 2 × 2 matrix for the followings.

i. aij = 2i + j ii. aij = 2i + 3j iii. aij = 3i – 2j

6. Find x and y from the following equal matrices.

< F and < F
2 x 2 1
i.
y 4 3 4

ii. A = = G and B = < F

3 x+1 3 3
1 y+2 1 5

iii. P = = G and Q = < F

2 x-2 2 1
1 y+3 1 4

iv. < F and = G

3 5 3 y-2
x-1 2 2 2

A= < F and B = = G
3 1 x-2 y+4
v.
0 2 0 2

7. Prime more creative questions.

i. What do you mean by matrix.
ii. Define the term square matrix with an example.
If = G=< F , find the value of x, y and z.
x+y 7 5 7
iii.
x–y 2 1 z+2
iv. Find 3 × 3 matrix where the general element is aij = i + 2j.
v. Collects the marks obtained by your four best friends in two
unit tests and represent the informations in matrix form.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 37

 Answer
RS V
SS260 320WWW
< F < F
6 8 SS420 300WW 40 60 50
1. i. ii. iii.
5 9 2×2 SS W 45 40 35 2×3
S510 420WW3×2
T X
2. i. Rectangular ii. Null iii. Column
iv. Square v. Row vi. Square

3. i. 3×3 ii. 1×3 iii. 2×2

iv. 3×1 v. 2×2 vi. 2×3

4. i. 3×3 ii. –5 iii. 2

iv. 9 v. 6

< F < F
3 4 5 8
< F
1 –1
5. i. ii. iii.
5 6 7 10 4 2

6. i. 1, 3 ii. 2, 3 iii. 3, 1
iv. 3, 7 v. 5, –3
RS V
SS3 5 7WWW
7. iii. 3, 2, 0 iv. SS4 6 8WW
SS W
S5 7 9WW
T X

38 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

2.2 Operation on matrices
The simplification of two or more matrices in a single matrix by using
any kind of mathematical operations indicates the operation on matrices.
Which are addition, subtraction, multiplication with scalar, transpose
etc. Here we are discussing some of them in grade VII.

Addition of matrices
Marks obtained by three students Sita, Pranav and Pranisha in two
monthly test examinations in optional maths are as follows of two
months.
Ashadh 1st 2nd Shrawan 1st 2nd
Madhab 60 75 Madhab 70 75
Pralika 85 90 Pralika 95 80
Pranisha 95 85 Pranisha 80 95

Total marks obtained by them in two tests in two months as,

1st 2nd
Madhab 60 + 70 = 130 75 + 75 = 150
Pralika 85 + 95 = 180 90 + 80 + 170
Pranisha 95 + 80 = 175 85 + 95 = 180

This information can be expressed in matrix form as,

RS V R V RS V
SS60 75WWW SSS70 75WWW SS130 150WWW
SS85 90WW + SS95 80WW = = SS180 170WW
SS WW SS WW SS W
S95 85W S80 95W S175 180WW
T X T X T X

The sum of any two matrices having same order

is called a new single matrix obtained by adding
the corresponding elements of the matrices.
The single matrix so formed has the order same
as the given matrices.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 39

 2 3 3 2
eg. If A = < F, B = < F
–1 5 –4 –1
Then,
A+B = < F+< F
2 3 3 2
–1 5 –4 –1

== G
2+3 3+2
–1–4 5 – 1

=< F
5 5
–5 4

Difference of the matrices

The difference of any two matrices having same order is called a new
single matrix obtained by subtracting the corresponding elements of the
matrices. The single matrix so formed has the order same as the given
matrices.
2 3 1 –1 1 5
eg. If P = < F, Q = < F
5 –3 2 2 1 3
Then,
=< F–< F
2 3 1 –1 1 5
P–Q
5 –3 2 2 1 3

=< F
3 2 –4
3 –4 –1

Transpose of the matrix.

Let us taking an example where cost of apple of a shop of three days are
given.
1st shop 2nd shop
Sunday 150 140
Monday 160 145
Tuesday 170 150

40 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

It can be written in such a way by changing the information of rows and
column as,
Sunday Monday Tuesday
1 Shop
st
150 160 170
2 Shop
nd
140 145 150
Such examples can be written in matrix form as,
RS V
SS150 140WWW
A = SS160 145WW
SS W
S170 150WW
T X
After changing row and columns =

It is called transpose of the matrix A and denoted by AT.

The new matrix obtained by interchanging the

rows and columns of a matrix is called transpose
of the matrix.
• Transpose of A is denoted by AT or A` or � .

Note : Order of the transpose matrix is different than matrix A for the
rectangular matrix but same for the square matrix.
3 4 5
eg. If A = < F then.
2 6 9
RS V
SS3 2WWW
AT = SS4 6WW
SS W
S5 9WW
T X
Multiplication of a matrix with a scalar.
Let us consider the cost of apple given above becomes double in the next
week which can be written as
(old cost) (new cost)

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 41

 The new matrix formed by multiplying each element
of a given matrix by a given scalar quantity is called
the multiplication of a matrix with the scalar.
i.e. If A = < F ; then, KA = < F
a b ka kb
c d kc kd

1 –2
Eg. If A = < F , �ind 3A.
3 –1

Solution : A = < F
1 –2
3 –1
3A = 3 < F=< F
1 –2 3 –6
3 –1 9 –3

Worked out Examples

If A = : 3 0 D and B = : 1 3 D , �ind A + B.
1 2 2 1
1.
Solution:
= :3 0 D
1 2
A
= :1 3 D
2 1
B
then,
A + B = : 3 0 D + :1 3 D
1 2 2 1

= :3 + 1 0 + 3 D
1+2 2+1

= :4 3 D
3 3

If P = 8 1 2 B and Q = : 1 –3 D , �ind 2P – Q.
3 4 2 –1
2.
Solution:
P = 81 2 B
3 4

Q = : 1 –3 D
2 –1
then,
= 2 8 1 2 B – : 1 –3 D
3 4 2 –1
2P – Q

42 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 =: -
6 - 2 8 +1D
2 1 4+3
= 81 7 B
4 9

If A = : 3 1 D and B = 8 –2 4 B , �ind (A + B)T

2 –1 3 1
3.
Solution:
= : 3 1 D , B = 8 –2 4 B
2 –1 3 1
A
then,
(A + B)T = : 3 1 D – 8 –2 4 B
2 –1 3 1

=: -
4 + 3 - 1 + 1D
3 2 1+4
=< F
T
7 0
1 5
=< F
7 1
0 5

F, B = = G , �ind the matrix A.

1 -2
If A + B = <
3 2
4.
2 1 0 3
Solution:
F, B = = G
1 -2
A+B = <
3 2
2 1 0 3
now,
A+B = < F –B
3 2
2 1

F–= G
1 -2
A=<
3 2
2 1 0 3

== G
3-1 2+2
2-0 1-3

=< F
2 4
2 -2

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 43

 Exercise : 2.2
1. Add the following matrices.
A= < F and B = < F
2 1 –1 3
i.
1 0 2 1
ii. P = < F and Q = < F
3 –2 1 –4
–1 4 –2 –1
iii. M = < F and N = < F
3 –2 4 3
1 1 2 4
iv. A = < F and B = < F
1 3 –2 2 1 2
1 2 4 3 1 –3
P= < F and Q = < F
3 2 –1 3
v.
1 –4 2 1

2. Subtract the pair of matrices given below.

P= < F and Q = < F
3 2 –1 3
i.
1 –4 2 1
ii. A = < F and B = < F
1 3 –2 2 1 2
1 2 4 3 1 –3
iii. M = < F and N = < F
3 –2 4 3
1 1 2 4
iv. P = < F and Q = < F
3 –2 1 –4
–1 4 –2 –1
A= < F and B = < F
2 1 –1 3
v.
1 0 2 1

If A = < F, B = < F , find the following matrices.

3 1 2 –2
3.
2 4 1 –3
i. 2A + B ii. 3A + 2B
iii. A + B
T T
iv. (A + B)T
v. (2A + B)T

4. Prime more creative questions:

If A + B = < F and A = < F , find the matrices B.
1 4 2 1
i.
3 1 1 0
ii. If B = < F and A –B = < F , find the matrices A.
3 2 1 1
1 –1 1 5
44 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII
 If P = < F and Q = < F , prove that 2P + Q is null matrix.
1 2 –2 –4
iii.
–3 –2 6 4
If A = < F and B = < F , prove that A – 2B is a null
–4 2 –2 1
iv.
4 –2 2 –1
matrix.

If A + B = < F and A – B = < F , find the matrices A and B.

2 5 4 1
v.
3 5 –1 3
If P + Q = < F and P – Q = < F , find the matrices P and Q.
2 5 4 –1
vi.
3 –3 –1 –5

Answer
< F < F < F
1 4 4 –6 7 1
1. i. ii. iii.
3 1 –3 3 3 5
< F < F
3 4 0 2 5
iv. v.
4 3 1 3 –3
< F < F < F
4 –1 –1 2 –4 –1 –5
2. i. ii. iii.
–1 –5 –2 1 7 –1 –3
< F < F
2 2 3 –2
iv. v.
1 5 –1 –1
< F < F < F
8 0 13 –1 5 3
3. i. ii. iii.
5 5 8 6 –1 1
< F < F
5 3 8 5
iv. v.
–1 1 0 5
< F < F < F, < F
–1 3 4 3 3 3 –1 2
4. i. ii. v.
2 1 2 4 1 4 2 1
< F and < F
3 2 –1 3
vi.
1 –4 2 1

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 45

Matrix
Unit Test - 1
Time : 30 minutes
[1 × 1 + 3 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 1 × 5 = 20]

Attempt all the questions:

1. What is the transpose matrix of A = < F?
1 2
3 4
2. a. If A = < F, B = < F , find A + B.
2 –1 2 3
3 1 1 –1
b. What do you mean by square matrix ? Write down with an
example.
c. If = G = < F , find the value of ‘x’ and ‘y’.
x –1 y + 2 2 5
3 1 3 1
3. a. If aij = 2i + j, find 2 × 2 matrix.
b. If A + B = < F and B = < F , find the matrix A.
3 2 1 –1
1 –2 2 4

4. If A = < F and B = < F , prove that (A + B)T = BT + AT.

2 1 3 1
3 –2 –1 1

46 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 3 Co-ordinate Geometry

Specification Grid Table

K(1) U(2) A(4) HA(5) TQ TM Periods

No. of Questions – 1 1 –
2 6 10
Weight – 2 4 –

K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A = Application, HA = Higher ability,

TQ = Total Question, TM = Total Marks

Objectives :
At the end of the lesson
• Students are able to know
concept of co-ordinate
system.
• Students can plot the points in
graph.
• Students can find distance
between any two points.
• Students can use section
formula and mid-point
formula to find the section
Materials Required:
point.
• Graph board
• Students can find the centroid
• Graph paper
of a triangle.
• Geo-board
• Sheet of paper
• Scissors
• Chart of sign used in
quadrents

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 47

3.1 Rectangular co-ordinate axis
The number line XX` drawn horizontally is taken as x-axis and the number
line YY` drawn vertically is taken as y-axis. The number line XX` and YY`
are intersected at right angle at the point ‘O’ called the origin point.

.............
4
3
2
1
0
–1
–2
–3
–4
.............

Y’

X’ –4 –3 –2 –1
............. 1 2 3 X
4 .............
0
The plane surface is divided by the lines XX` and YY` into four parts called
quadrants. They can be observed as shown in diagram.
Y

4
3
2nd Quadrent 1st Quadrent
2
1
0
X’ –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 X
–1
3rd Quadrent –2 4th Quadrent
–3
–4

Y’

48 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

Here, XX` and YY` are perpendicular to each other.
O is the origin point.
First quadrent → Region XOY
Second quadrent → Region X`OY
Third quadrent → Region X`OY`
Fourth quadrent → Region XOY`

Run and Rise

Y
P(3, 4)
4
3
2 4 units
1
0 Q
X’ –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 X
–1 3 units
–2
–3
–4

Y’
As shown in diagram, the position a point P is expressed as 3 units
distant from the point O horizontally and 4 units distant from the point
Q Vertically. It is written as P(3, 4) where horizontal distance is called
run and vertical distance is called rise.

i.e. Run = OQ = 3 units.

Rise = QP = 4 units.
Position of the point P is (3, 4)

For a point of reference Run is defined as the

horizontal displacement and Rise is defined as the
vertical displacement.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 49

Sign rule in the quadrant:
The two straight lines intersected at a point which are perpendicular to
each other are called axes. The sign of x-componet and y-component can
be observed as the given diagram where,
• Horizontal line is called x - axis.
• Vertical line is called y - axis.
• The intersecting point of x - axis and y - axis is called the
origin point (O).
Y

y-axis
Second First
quadrent quadrent
(– , +) (+ , +)

X` X
O (Orgin) x-axis
Third Fourth
quadrent quadrent
(– , –) (+ , –)

Y`
• In first quadrant:
X - component = positive (+ve)
Y - Component = Positive(+ve)
• In second quadrant:
X - component = negative(-ve)
Y - Component = Positive(+ve)
• In third quadrant:
X - Component = negative(-ve)
y - Component = negative(-ve)
• In fourth quadrant:
X - Component = Positive (+ve)
Y - Component = negative(-ve)
50 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII
 The pair of the X- component and Y-component of
a point written in the form of (x, y) is called the Co-
ordinate of the point.

Let us Consider a point P(3, 5)

X - Component = 3 (OM)
Y - Component = 5(PM)
Y
P(3, 5)

X` O X
M

Y`

Run and Rise for any two points (x1 , y1) and (x2 , y2).
Y
B(x2, y2)
)
, y1
x1
A( C

X` O M X
N

Y`
Here.
Run = MN = ON – OM = x2 – x1
Rise = BC = BN – CN = BN – AM = y2 – y1

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 51

Distance between any two points (x1 , y1) and (x2 , y2)
Y
B(x2, y2)
)
y
x 1,
1

A (
C

X` O M X
N

Y`
If ‘d’ be the distance between any two points A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2)
Draw the perpendiculars.
AM ⊥ OX, BN ⊥ OX and AC ⊥ BN.

Then,
Run = AC = MN = ON – OM = x2 – x1
Rise = BC = BN – CN = BN – AM = y2 – y1

Distance between any two points A(x1, y1) and

B(x2, y2) is,
d = ^x2 – x1h2 + ^y2 – y1h2
d = ^Runh2 + ^Riseh2

In right angled ∆ABC,

h2 = p2 + b2
2 2 2
or, AB = AC + BC
or, d2 = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
` d = ^x2 – x1h2 + ^y2 – y1h2
It is the distance between any two points.
Also,
d = ^Runh2 + ^Riseh2

52 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

Worked out Examples
1. Find the distance between any two points having run = 6 units and
rise = 8 units.
Solution:
Here,
Run = 6 units
Rise = 8 units
Using distance formula,
d = ^Runh2 + ^Riseh2
= 62 + 82
= 36 + 64
= 100
= 10 units

2. Find the distance between the two point A(1, 2) and B(4, 6).
Solution:
The given points are:
A(1, 2) = (x1 , y1)
B(4, 6) = (x2 , y2)
Then,
Distance formula,
d = ^x2 – x1h2 + ^y2 – y1h2
d(AB) = (4 – 1) 2 + (6 – 2) 2
= 32 + 42
= 9 + 16
= 25
= 5 units.

3. Find the distance of the points A(3, 4) and B(4, 3) from the origin.
Also write down the result.
Solution:
For the points A(3, 4) & origin (0, 0),
(x1 , y1) = (0, 0)
(x2 , y2) = (3, 4)
Using distance formula,

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 53

 d(OB)= ^x2 – x1h2 + ^y2 – y1h2
= ^3 – 0h2 + ^4 – 0h2
= 25
= 5 units
For the points B(4, 3) and origin (0, 0)
(x1 , y1) = (0, 0)
(x2 , y2) = (4, 3)
Using distance formula,
d(OB)= ^x2 – x1h2 + ^y2 – y1h2
= ^4 – 0h2 + ^3 – 0h2
= 16 + 9
= 25
= 5 units.
Here, OA = OB [They are equal].

4. Prove that the points A(1, 2), B(4, 6) and C(8, 9) are the vertices of
an isosceles triangle.
Solution:
The given points are
A(1, 2), B(4, 6) & C(8, 9)
Taking AB
(x1 , y1) = (1, 2)
(x2 , y2) = (4, 6)
d(AB) = ^x2 – x1h2 + ^y2 – y2h2
= ^4 – 1h2 + ^6 – 2h2
= 32 + 42
= 5 units.
For BC
(x1 , y1) = (4, 6)
(x2 , y2) = (8, 9)
d(BC) = ^x2 – x1h2 + ^y2 – y1h2
= ^8 – 4h2 + ^9 – 6h2
= 16 + 9
= 25
= 5 units
54 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII
 For AC
(x1, y1) = (1, 2)
(x2, y2) = (8, 9)
d(AC) = ^x2 – x1h2 + ^y2 – y1h2
= ^8– 1h2 + ^9 – 2h2
= 72 + 72
= 98
= 7 2 units.
Here, AB = BC,
So, ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle.

5. Proved that the pionts A (2, 1), (–1, 5) and (–4, 9) are collinear
points.
Solution:
The points A & B.
A (2, 1) = (x1, y1)
B (–1, 5) = (x2, y2)
then,
d = (x2 – x1) 2 + (y2 – y1) 2
d = (–1 – 2) 2 + (5 – 1) 2
d = (–3) 2 + (4) 2
d = (9 + 16)
d = 25
d = 5 unites

For the points B and C

B (–1, 5) = (x1, y1)
C (–4, 9) = (x2, y2)
then,
d = (x2 – x1) 2 + (y2 – y1) 2
d = (–4 + 1) 2 + (9 –5) 2
d = 9 + 16
d = 25
d = 5 unites

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 55

 For the points AC,
A (2, 1) = (x1, y1)
C (–4, 9) = (x2, y2)
then,
d = (x2 – x1) 2 + (y2 – y1) 2
d = (–4 – 2) 2 + (9 – 1) 2
d = 36 + 64
d = 100
d = 10 units.

Here,
AB + BC = AC
or, 5 + 5 = 10
10 = 10
Hence, A,B & C are collinear points.

Exercise : 3.1
1. Plot the following points in graph and join one after another. Also
name the diagrams so formed.
i. (–2, 3) and (5,7)
ii. (3, 6), (1, 0) and (5, 3)
iii. (4, 3), (–3, 4), (–2, –4) and (5, –3)
iv. (4, 7), (2, 1), (2, –4), (6, –3) and (7, 2)
v. (5, 1), 6, 2), (4, 5), (–4, 5), (–5, 2), (–7, 4), (–6, 0), (–7, –3),
(–5, –2), (–4, –4), (4, –4), (6, –1) and (5, 1)

2. Find the distance between the points under the followings.

i. Run = 4 units, Rise = 3 units
ii. Run = 8 units, Rise = 6 units
iii. Run = 5 units Rise = 12 units
iv. Run = 8 units, Rise = 15 units
v. Run = 7 units, Rise = 3 units.

56 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

3. Find the distance between the following pairs of points.
i. A(2, 5) and B(6, 8)
ii. P(3, 7 ) and Q(9, 15)
iii. C(1, 2) and D(6, 14)
iv. Q(4, 5) and R(–11 , –3)
v. B(0, 0) and C ^ 11 , 14 h

4. Prove that the followings:

i. AB = BC where the points are A(3, 2), B(9, 10) and C(1, 4).
ii. Points P(3, 7), Q(–4, 3) and R(–3, –4) are equidistant from the
origin.
iii. Prove that points A (3, 2), B(6, 6) and C(7, 5) are the vertices of
an isosceles triangle.
iv. Prove that PQ = 2RS where the points are P (2, 1), Q= (6, 9),
R =(2, 1) and S (10, 7).
v. Prove that the points P(1, 2), Q (–3, 5) and R (–2, –2) are the
vertices of an isosceles triangle.

5. Prime more creative questions:

i. Prove that K (–3, 2), L(–2, 6), M (2, 7) and N(1, 3)are the
vertices of an equilateral triangle.
ii. Prove that P (0, 1), Q (2, 3) and R (3, –2) are the vertices of a
right angled triangle.
iii. Prove that A (–3, 3), B (3, –7) and C (7, 9) are the vertices of an
isosceles right angled triangle.
iv. Prove that the points (3, 4), (7, 7) and (11, 10) are collinear
points.
v. Prove that the points (0, 4), (3, –2) and (5, –6) are collinear.

Answer
1. i. Show to your teacher.
2. i. 5 units ii. 10 units iii. 13 units iv. 17 units v. 4 units
3. i. 5 units ii. 10 units iii. 13 units iv. 17 units v. 5 units
4. Show to your teacher.
5. Show to your teacher.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 57

3.2 Mid- point of a line segment B(x2, y2)
Let us consider a point P(x, y) be a
P(x, y)
point which divides the line joining
the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) in two A(x , y )
equal parts. The point P is called mid- 1 1

point of the line segment AB. It’s co-ordinate can be calculated by using
the concept of average value of each components of the points A and B.
x +x y1 + y 2
x = 1 2 2 and y = 2

` P(x, y) = a 1 2 2 , 2 k
x + x y1 + y 2

Examples: Mid- point of a line joining the points A(1, 2) and B(5, 6)
is calculated as,
x +x y1 + y 2
x = 12 2 , y = 2
1+5 2+6
= 2 , = 2
6 8
= 2 = 2
=3 =4
` Mid-point of AB is (3, 4) .
Centroid of a triangle:
(x1, y1)
Let us consider a triangle having vertices A
A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) P, Q and R are
the mid-point of sides of the ∆ABC where
AP, BQ and CR are the medians. The medians R Q
G
are intersected at point G. Where G is taken
as the centroid of ∆ABC. It’s co-ordinate can
be calculated by taking the average value of B
P
C
the components of the points A and P. (x 2
, y 2
) x1 + x 2 , y1 + y 2 (x3, y3)
( )
x +x +x y1 + y 2 + y 3 2 2
x = 1 32 3 , y = 3
i.e. (x, y) = a x1 + x2 + x3 , 1 2 3 k
y + y +y
3 3

58 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Examples: The centroid of ∆ABC having vertices A(3, 1), B (5, 7) and
C (4, –2) is,
x +x +x y1 + y 2 + y 3
x = 1 32 3 and y = 3
3+5+4 1 + 7–2
or, = 3 = 3
12 6
or, = 3 = 3
or, = 4 =2
` The centroid of ∆ABC is G (4, 2).
Worked out Examples
1. Find the mid- point of a line segment joining the points (3, –1) and
(5, 3).
Solution:
The givens points are,
A (3, –1) = (x1, y1)
B (5, 3) = (x2, y2)
Now, mid- point of line segment AB is,
x +x y1 + y 2
x = 12 2 , y = 2
3+5 –1 + 3
= 2 = 2
8 2
= 2 =
2
=4 =1
` Mid-point of AB is (4, 1)
2. If (2, 4) is the mid point of a line segment joining the points A (1, 3)
and B (a, b), find the co-ordinate of B.
Solutions:
The given points are:
A (1, 3) = (x1, y1)
B (a, b) = (x2, y2)
mid-point (2, 4) = (x, y)

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 59

 We have,
x +x y1 + y 2
x = 12 2 , y= 2
1+a 3+b
or, 2 = 2 , 4= 2
or, 1+ a = 4, 3+b=8
or, a = 4 – 1, b=8–3
or, a = 3, b=5
` Co-ordinate of point B is (3, 5).

3. Find the centroid of a triangle having vertices P(2, 1), Q (4, 5) and
R (6, 0).
Solution:
The given vertices of ∆PQR are,
P (2, 1) = (x1, y1)
Q (4, 5) = (x2, y2)
R (6, 0) = (x3, y3)
Now, Co-ordinate of centroid,
x +x +x y1 + y 2 + y 3
x = 1 32 3 , y = 3
2+4+6 1+5+0
= 3 , = 3
12 6
= 3 , = 3
= 4, =2
` The centroid is (4, 2).

4. If (1, 3) is the centroid of ∆ABC having vertices A (m, 2), B (–1, 4)

and C (2, n). find the value of ‘m’ and ‘n’.
Solution:
The given vertices of ∆ABC are:
A (m, 2) = (x1, y1)
B (–1, 4) = (x2, y2)
C (2, n) = (x3, y3)
We know,
x +x +x y1 + y 2 + y 3
x = 1 32 3 , y= 3
m–1 + 2 2+4+n
or, = 3 , 3= 3

60 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 or, m + 1 = 3, 6+n=9
or, m = 3 – 1, n=9–6
or, m = 2, n=3
` m=2
n =3

5. Find the length of the median drawn from (–3, –4)

A
�irst vertex of a triangle having vertices A
(–3, –4), B (4, 5), and C (6, –1).
Solution:
Let, AD be the median drawn from �irst
vertex of ∆ABC,where D is mid- point of
BC. B C
(4, 5) D (6, –1)
Now,
For the mid-point of BC,
B (4, 5) = (x1, y1),
C (6, –1) = (x2, y2)
We have,
x +x y1 + y 2
x = 12 2 , y = 2
4+6 5–1
= 2 , = 2
10 4
= 2 , = 2
= 5, =2
Again, for the length of AD,
A (–3, –4)= (x1, y1)
D (5, 2) = (x2, y2)
then,
d = ^x2 –x1h2 + ^y2 –y1h2
= ^5 + 3h2 + ^2 + 4h2
= ^8h2 + ^6h2
= 64 + 36
= 100
= 10 units.
` Length of median AD is 10 units.
PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 61
 Exercise : 3.2
1. Find the Co-ordinate of mid-point of the line segments from the
following points.
i. (3, 5) and (7, 3)
ii. (1, –3) and (5, 9)
iii. (–3, 4) and (1, 6)
iv. (–1, –3) and (5, –5)
v. (a + b, b – a) and (a –b, a + b)

2. Find the Co-ordinate of centroid of triangle gives below.

i. A (1, 1), B (2, 5), and C (3, 3)
ii. P (3, 2), Q (–1, 5) and R (1, 5)
iii. K (–2, 0), L (0, 6) and M (5, –3)
iv. A (5, 6), B (1, 1) and C (–3, 5)
v. D (–3, –4) E (2, –5) and C (1, 0)

3. Find the followings.

i. If (1, 2) is the mid-point of line joining the points A (a, 4) and
B (1, b), find the value of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
ii. If (2, 3) is the mid- point of line joining the points P (2, 5) and
Q (a, b), find the co-ordinate of the point Q.
iii. If the centroid of a triangle having vertices A (a, 2) B (0, b) and
C (3, –2) is (2, –1), find the value of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
iv. If (–2, 1) is the centroid of ∆PQR having vertices P(2, 1), Q(–3, 5)
and R (p, q),find the co-ordinate of R.
v. Find the mid-point of sides of ∆ABC having vertices A (3, 1),
B (–1, 5) and C (5, –3).

4. Prime more creative questions:

i. Find the mid- point of diagonals of a parallelogram having
vertices P (1, 2), Q (3, 6), R (7, 8) and S (5, 4).
ii. If B(m, n) lines in the line joining the points A(2, 5) and C(4, 7),
find the co-ordinate of B where AB = BC.
iii. If P (a, b), Q (2, 5) and R (6, 7) lines in a same straight lines,

62 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 find the co-ordinate of P where PQ = QR.
iv. Find the length of the median drawn from first vertex of a
triangle having vertices A (1, 2), B (5, 3) and C (3, 9).
v. Find the length of the median drawn from first vertex of
triangle having vertices (0, 4), (5, –2) and (7, –6).

Answer
1. i. (5, 4) ii. (3, 2) iii. (–1, 5)
iv. (2, –4) v. (a, b)

2. i. (2, 3) ii. (1, 4) iii. (1, 1)

iv. (1, 4) v. (0, –3)

3. i. a = 1, b = 0 ii. (2, 1) iii. a = 3, b = –3

iv. (–5, –3) v. (1, 3), (2, 1) and (4, –1)

4. i. (4, 5) ii. (3, 6) iii. (–2, 3)

iv. 5 units v. 10 units

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 63

Co-ordinate Geometry
Unit Test - 1
Time : 30 minutes
[1 × 1 + 3 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 1 × 5 = 20]

Attempt all the questions:

1. Write down the formula to find distance between any two points
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
2. a. Find the distance of a point A(4, –3) from the origin point ‘O’.
b. Find the mid-point of line joining the points A(1, 2) and B(5, 4).
c. If (1, 3) is the mid-point of line joining the points P(a, 2) and
Q (3, b), find the value of a and b.
3. a. Find the co-ordinate of centroid of a triangle having vertices
A(3, 1), B(2, 5) and C(–2, 6).
b. Prove that AB = BC where the points are A(–2, 1), B(1, 5) and
C(5, 8).
4. Prove that the vertices A(5, 3), B(5, –2) and C(10, –2) are the
vertices of an isosceles triangle.

64 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 4 Trigonometry

Specification Grid Table

K(1) U(2) A(4) HA(5) TQ TM Periods

No. of Questions 1 1 2 –
4 11 20
Weight 1 2 8 –

K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A = Application, HA = Higher ability,

TQ = Total Question, TM = Total Marks

Objectives :
At the end of the lesson
• Students can solve the right
angled triangle.
• Students are able to know
the types of measurement of
angles.
• Students can find the
trigonometric ratios.
• Students can prove the
trigonometric identities. Materials Required:
• Students can find the value • Chart paper.
of the ratio of the standard • Graph paper.
angles. • Chart of list of formulae
• Students can find height and
used in trigonometry.
distance.
• Chart of values of
standard angles.
• Model of right angled
triangle.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 65

Trigonometry
The word trigonometry is defined using three words; tri → three, gones
→ angles, metron → measurement. Tri + gones + metron = trigonometry
(Measurement of three angles of a triangle.) It is said that the origin of
the trigonometry is taken from the ancient Hindu Civilization as,
Tri – lq
gono – sf]0f
metry – dfk0f

The measurement of three angles

of a triangle is called trigonometry.

It is useful to find the angles of a right angled triangle and to find the
length of the sides of it. It is used by engineers to find the heights and
distance during constraction of structures which is useful to estimate
the constructing materials and cost. It is also useful for various purposes
in physics, mathematics, statistics as well as other scientific purposes.

4.1 Measurement of angles

The angles are measured according to English system, french system and
Radian System where English system is called sexagesinal and french
system is called centesimal system. The two way of measurement of
angles sexagesinal and centesimal systems are discussing here in grade
VII.

i. Sexagesimal (English system)

1 right angle = 90° (degrees)

1° = 60’ (minutes)
1’ = 60’’ (seconds)

66 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

ii. Centesimal (french system)

1 right angle = 100g (grades)

1g= 100’ (minutes)
1’ = 100’’ (seconds)

iii. Relation between Sexagesimal and Centesimal

We have,
One right angle can be defined as 90° in sexagesimal and 100g in
centesimal measurement.
So,

90° = 100g = 1 right angle

1° = a 10 k
g

9
1g = a 10 k
9 c

iv. Sum of the angles of a triangle.

Sum of the interior angles of a triangle is defined as two right angle.

In DABC
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 2 right angle.
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 200g

Worked out Examples

1. Convert 15° 24’ 32’’ into seconds.
Solution:
15° 24’ 32’’ = (15 × 60 × 60 + 24 × 60 + 32)’’
= (54000 +1440 + 32)’’
= (55472)’’

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 67

2. 40g 25’ 60’’ convert into minutes.
Solution:
6
40g 25’ 60’’ = (40 ×100 + 25 + 100 )’
= (4000 + 25 + 0.6)’
= (4025.6)’

3. Convert 54° 24’ 45’’ into degrees.

Solution:
54° 24’ 45’’ = a54 + 60 + 60×60 k
24 45 0

= (54 + 0.4 + 0.0125)°

= (54.4125)°

4. Convert 42° 75’ 84’’ into grades.

Solution:
42° 75’ 84’’ = a42 + 100 + 100×100 k
Demo
75 84 g

= (42 + 0.75 + 0.0084)g

= (42.7584)g

5. One angle of a triangle is 80g, second angle is 38°. Find the third
angle in degrees. A
Solution: 80g
Let, ABC be a triangle.
Where the angles are, 38° ?
B C
∡A = 80 , ∡B = 38° and ∡C = ?
g

we have,
∡A = + ∡B + ∡C = 180°
or, 72° + 38° – ∡c = 180°
or, ∡C = 72° + 38° – 180°
or, ∡C = 110° – 180°
or, ∡c = 70°
i.e. The third angle is 70°

68 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

6. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:5, �ind the angles in
grades.
Solution: P
Let, PQR be a triangle where the angles are in the
2x
ratio 2:3:5.
i.e. ∡P = 2x 3x 5x
∡Q = 3x Q R
∡R = 5x
Where,
∡P + ∡Q + ∡R =200g
or, 2x + 3x + 5x = 200g
or, 10x = 200g
200
or, x = 10 g
or, x = 20g
Then,
The angles of the triangle are :
∡P = 2 × 20g = 40g
∡P = 3 × 20g = 60g
∡R = 5 × 20g = 100g

7. Find the ratio of the angles 80g and 108°.

Solution:
First angle = 80g
Second angle =108°
= a180× 9 k
10 g
= (120)g
Then,
�irst angle
Ratio = sec ond ange
80 g
= 120 g
= 2:3

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 69

 Exercise : 4.1
1. Convert the followings into seconds.
i. 12° 15’ 40” ii. 50° 25’
iii. 70° 20’ 25” iv. 42g 32’ 22”
v. 15g 35’

2. Convert the following into minutes.

i. 20° 30’ 45” ii. 80° 15”
iii. 25 20’ 44”
g
iv. 42g 50”
v. 72g 42’ 25”

3. Convert the followings into degrees.

i. 40g ii. 20° 18’ 54”
iii. 42° 24’ iv. 54° 30’ 36”
v. 75 72’ 81”
g

4. Convert the followings into grades.

i. 72° ii. 42g 45’ 48”
iii. 80g 40’ iv. 64g 42’ 25”
v. 45° 15’ 27”

5. Find the followings:

i. Find the ratio of the angles 72° and 200g.
ii. Find the sum of the angles 80g and 27° in grades.
iii. Find the difference of the angles 90g and 54° in degrees.
iv. Find the angles of a triangle in degrees where the angles are in
the ratio 1:2:3.
v. Find the ratio of the angles 48° and 80g by converting into
grades.

6. Find the angles from the followings:

i. The two angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3:5 and the third
angle is 60°, find the angles in degrees.
ii. One angle of a triangle is 40g and second angle is 74°. Find the
third angle is degrees.

70 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 iii. One angle of a triangle is 50g and second angle is 72°. Find the
third angle in grades.
iv. The two angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3 and the third
angle is 45°. Find the angles in grades.
v. The two angles of a triangle are 40° and 68° respectively. Find
the third angle in grades.

7. Prime more creative questions:

i. Convert 72° 36’ 45” into centesimal measurement.
ii. Convert 84g 15’ 54” into centesimal measurement.
iii. One angle of a triangle is more than the second angle by 20g.
Find the angles of the triangle in degrees. Where the third
angle is 62°.
iv. One angle of a triangle is less than the second angle by 36°.
Find the angles in grades. Where the third angle is 54°
v. If 63° is taken out from an angle of 160g what will be the
remaining part in degrees?

Answer
1. i. 44140” ii. 181500” iii. 253225”
iv. 423222” v. 153500”
2. i. 1230.75’ ii. 4800.25’ iii. 2520.44’
iv. 4200.5’ v. 7242.25’
3. i. 36° ii. 20.315° iii. 424°
iv. 54.51° v. 68.1553°
4. i. 80g ii. 42.4548g iii. 80.4g
iv. 64.4225g v. 50.2861g
5. i. 2:5 ii. 110g iii. 27°
iv. 30°, 60°, 90° v. 2:9
6. i. 45°, 75°, 60° ii. 70° iii. 70g
iv. 52g, 78g, 50g v. 80g
7. i. 80g, 68’ 5” ii. 75° 44’ 23.5” iii. 50°, 68°, 62°
iv. 50g, 90g, 60g v. 81°

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 71

4.2 Introduction of right angled triangle

Right angled triangle:

The triangle having one of the angle is a right angle
(90°) is called right angled triangle.

• Side opposite to right angle is called hypotenuses. It is longest side of

the triangle.
• Other two perpendiculars can be taken as perpendicular and base.

Let us consider a DABC is a right angled triangle where one of the angle
∠B = 90°.
A

B C
Here,
∠B = 90° [right angle]
AC= Side opposite to right angle is hypotenuses.
AB and AC = Perpendicular to each other and can be taken as perpendicular
and base.

Relation of sides and angles in a right angled triangle:

Activity for the relation of sides:
Draw a triangle having an angle 90° and sides taking 3cm, 4cm and 5cm
respectively as shown in diagram.
A

5c
m
3cm

B 4cm C

72 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

Construct the squares in each sides as shown in diagram.

A 3

5c
m

3cm
1

B 4cm C

Find the area of the squares so formed in each sides of right angled
triangle as shown below.
Area of square 1 =(AB)2 = (3 cm)2 = 9 cm2
Area of square 2 = (BC)2 =(4 cm)2 = 16 cm2
Area of square 3 = (AC)2 = (5 cm)2 = 25 cm2
Conclusion upon the area of squares as discussed above.
25 = 9 + 16
or, Square 3 = square 1 + square 2
or, AC2 = AB2 +BC2
i.e h2 = p2 + b2

The relation of sides:

• h2 = p 2 + b 2
w h = p2 + b 2
w p = h2 – b2
w b = h2 – p2

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 73

Activity for the relation of angles.
Let us consider a right angled triangle having an angle 20°as shown in
diagram.
A

20°
B C
Here, In right angled ∆ABC,
∠B =90°
∠C =20°
∠A =?
We have,
Sum of the angle of a triangle is 180° so,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C =180°
or, ∠A + 90° + 20° =180°
or, ∠A + 110° = 180°
or, ∠ A =180°-110°
\ ∠ A = 70°
Conclusion for the angles.
∠B =90°
∠A= 70°
∠C=20°
Here, 90° =70°+20°
i.e ∠B = ∠A + ∠C
i.e. ∠B = 90° – ∠C

• Angles other than right angle are always acute

angles.
• Sum of the acute angles is always a right angle.
• The acute angles are called complementary angles.
• One acute angle = 90° - other.

74 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

Reference angle:
In a right angled triangle one of the angle is always a right angle (90°)
angle and other reaming two angles are always acute angles. One of the
acute is taken as the reference angle.

Reference angle is used to define perpendicular side and base of a right

angled triangle.

Lets us consider a right angled DABC Where ∠C is taken as the reference

angle.
A

B C
Here,
In right angled DABC
∠B =90°
∠C = reference angle.

Then
The side can be defined as,
AC = hypotenuses (h)
AB = perpendicular (p)
BC = base (b)

In a right angled triangle,

• Side opposite to right angle is hypotenuse.
• Side opposite to reference angle is perpendicular.
• Side Remaining from the others is base.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 75

Worked out Examples
1. Is the triangle having sides 8 cm,15cm and 17 cm as right angled?
Solution: A
Let, ABC be a triangle
Where AC is taken as the longer side. 17
cm

8 cm
Where,
AB = 8 cm
BC = 15 cm B C
15cm
AC = 17 cm
Let us examine,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
or, (17)2 = 82 +(15)2
or, 289 = 64 + 225
or, 289 = 289
Hence, It is right angled at B.

2. Find the unknown side from the given triangle.

Solution P
In the given triangle DPQR.
∠Q = 90°
6 cm

PQ = 6 cm = P
QR = 8 cm = b
Q R
PR = ? = h 8 cm
We have,
h = p2 + b 2
= 62 + 82
= 36 + 64
= 100
= 102
= 10cm
\ h = PR = 10cm

76 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

3. Find the unknown angle from the given right angled triangle.
Solution: A
In the given right angled triangle ∆ABC,
50°
∠B =90°
∠A = 50°
∠C =?
We have, B C
Reaming angles of right angled triangle are complementary, so
∠A + ∠C = 90°
or, 50° + ∠C = 90°
or, ∠C = 90° – 50°
\ ∠C = 40°

4. Write down the sides base, perpendicular and hypotenuses of the

right angled triangle by taking ∠A is a reference angle in a right
angled triangle DABC from the given diagram
Solution: B
In a right angled ∆ABC
∠B = 90°(right angle)
∠A = Reference angle. A C
Then,
Side AC = hypotenuse(h)
(It is opposite to right angle)

Side BC= Perpendicular (p)

(It is opposite to reference angle)

Side AB = base (b)

(It is remaining side)

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 77

 Exercise : 4.2
1. Examine the triangle where sides given below are right angle or
not.
i) 3 cm, 4cm, 5cm; DABC. ii) 8cm, 10cm, 6cm; DPQR
iii) 17cm, 10cm, 8cm; DKLM iv) 7cm, 25cm, 24cm; DABC
V) 10cm, 15cm, 20cm; DPQR

2. Find the length of the unknown side from the given diagrams.
i) A ii) P

10cm
3cm

B C Q R
4cm 6cm

iii) A iv) R
m P
5c
cm
8c 15
m
B 13cm C
Q

v) K R
24cm

25
cm

Q
3. Find the unknown angle from the given triangles.
i) P ii) A C
°
70

30°
Q R B

78 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 P R
iii) K 40° L iv)

M
Q
v) A

C B

4. Write down the name of sides of right angled triangle according to

given reference angle from the given diagrams.
i) A B ii) P

Q R
C
iii) K M iv) C A

L B

v) P Q

R
5. Prime more creative questions.
i) Is a side of length 4 5 a hypotenuses of right angled triangle
having other two sides 4cm and 8cm?
ii) Find the length of the perpendicular of a right angled triangle
having other two sides 5 5 cm and 10cm respectively.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 79

 iii) Is an isosceles triangle having an acute angle 45° right angled
or not ? Explain with calculation?
iv) Prove that the triangle having sides 3 cm, 2 3 cm and 15
cm is a right angled triangle.
v) An electric pole of height 8 2 m is tied with a rope from 4m
away from the foot as shown in diagram. Find the length of the
rope.

pe
ro 8 2m

4m

Answer
1. i. Right angled ii. Right angled iii. No right angled
iv. Right angled v. No right angled

2. i. 5cm ii. 8 cm iii. 12cm iv. 17cm v. 7 cm

3. i. 60° ii. 20° iii. 50° iv. 45° v. 45°

4. Do yourself.

5. i. yes ii. 5 cm iii. Yes v. 12 m

80 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

4.3 Trigonometric ratios
Let us consider DABC is a right angled triangle at ∠B and ∠A is taken as
the reference angle.
C

B A
Then,
AC= Hypotenuses(h)
BC= Perpendicular(p)
AB= base(b)
Out of the three sides of a right angled triangle, ratio of any two sides can
be taken to define the trigonometric ratios.

The ration of any two sides of a right angled triangle

on the basis of reference angle is called trigonometric
ratio.

Where,
p
Ratio of perpendicular and hypotenuses = Sin A =
h
b
Ratio of base and hypotenuse = Cos A =
h
p
Ratio of perpendicular and base = Tan A =
b
The receprocal ratios are:
h h b
Cosec A = Sec A = Cot A =
p b p

Note : Some person has curly brown hair to produce beauty.

Symbols used for reference angle

Different Greek letters can be used to denote the reference angles in a
right angled triangle. Some of them are as follows.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 81

a – Alpha b – Beta g – Gamma d – delta
k – Kappa p – Pai q – Theta l – Lyamda
ψ – Sai

Algebraic operations can be used for trigonometry as discussing below.

a + a = 2a [SinA + SinA = 2SinA]
3a – a = 2a [3SinA – SinA = 2SinA]
a×a=a 2
[SinA × SinA = Sin2A ≠ SinA2]
a3 ÷ a = a 2 [Sin3A ÷ SinA = Sin2A ≠ SinA2]
a2 + a = a(a + 1) [Sin2A + SinA = SinA(SinA +1)]
a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b) [Sin2A – cos2A = (SinA + CosA) (SinA -CosA)]

Worked out Examples

1. Find the trigonometric ratios of Tan A and cosec A from the given
right angled triangle. A
Solution:
In a right angled DABC
∠B = 90° (right angle)
∠A = Reference angle.
Then, B C
p BC
Tan A = =
b AB
h AC
Cocec A = = BC
p
2. Find Cotθ and Secθ from the given right angled triangle.
Solution : P
In a right angled ∆PQR
∠Q = 90° = right angled
6cm

∠R = θ = reference angle.
PQ = 6 cm = P θ
R Q
8cm
QR =8 cm = b
Then,
h = p2 + b 2
PR = PQ2 + QR2

82 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 = 62 + 82
= 36 + 64
= 100
= 10 cm
Then,
b QR 8cm 4
Cotθ = = = =
P PQ 6cm 3
h PR 10cm 5
Secθ = = = =
b QR 8cm 4
3. Add: Sin²A + SinA.CosA + Cos²A and 2sin²A – 2sinA.CosA – 3Cos²A
Solution:
= (sin²A + SinA.CosA + Cos²A) + (2sin²A – 2sinA.CosA – 3Cos²A)
= 2sin²A + Sin²A + SinA.CosA – 2sinA.CosA + Cos²A – 3cos²A
= 3Sin²A – SinA.CosA – 2Cos²A

4. Multiply: (Sin A - Tan A) (Sin² A +Sin A Tan A + Tan2A)

Solution:
(SinA – TanA) (Sin²A + SinA TanA+ Tan²A)
= SinA(Sin²A + SinA TanA + Tan²A) – TanA(Sin²A + SinA TanA + Tan²A)
= Sin³A + Sin2 A.TanA + SinA.Tan2 A – Sin2 A.TanA – SinA.Tan2 A – Tan³A
= Sin³A – Tan³A.

5. Factorise: Tan²A – Cos²A + TanA + CosA

Solution:
Tan²A – Cos²A + TanA + CosA
= (TanA + CosA) (TanA – CosA) + 1(TanA + CosA)
= (TanA + CosA) (TanA – CosA + 1)

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 83

 Exercise : 4.3
1. Find the given trigonometric ratios from the given right angled
triangles:
C

i) Find SinA and CosA.

B A

ii) Find TanA and secA.

C B

P Q

iii) Find Cosθ and Cosecθ.

θ
R

P R
a
iv) Find Cosa and Sina.

A B

v) Find Cosb and Tanb.

b

84 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

2. Find the length of the unknown sides and write down the ratios
from the followings.
4 cm R
P a
i) Find Sina and Tana. 3 cm

A
q
ii) Find Cosecq and Cotq. 10cm

B 8cm C

A B

iii) Find SecA and SinA. 5cm

13cm

17cm
P b R
iv) Find Cosb and Cotb.
8cm
Q

K M
θ
v) Find Cosecθ and Tanθ. 4cm
L
3. Add the followings:
i) 2Sin2θ +2Sinθ – Cos2θ and 3Sinθ + Sin2θ – Cos2θ
ii) 3Tan²θ + Sinθ – Cos²θ and Tan²θ – 2Sinθ + 2Cos²θ
iii) Cot2 θ – 3Cotθ + Cos2θ and 2Cos2θ – Cot θ + 3Cot2θ
iv) 3Tan2θ + 2CosθTanθ – Cos2θ and CosθTanθ – 2Tan2θ – Cos2θ.
v) 5Sec2θ – Secθ.Coseθ + 2Cosec2θ and 3Sec2θ – SecθCosecθ – 2Cosec2θ

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 85

4) Subtract the trigonometric expressions given below.
i) 5Sec2θ – Secθ.Cosecθ + 2Cosec2θ and 3Sec2θ -Secθ.Cosecθ – 2Cosec2θ
ii) Cot2 θ – 3Cotθ + Cos2θ and 2Cos2θ – Cot θ + 3Cot2θ
iii) 2Sin2θ +2Sinθ – Cos2θ and 3Sinθ + Sin2θ – Cos2θ
iv) 3Tanθ + Sinθ – Cosθ and Tanθ – 2Sinθ + 3Cosθ
v) 3Tan2θ + 2Cosθ.Tanθ – 2Cos2θ and Cosθ.Tanθ – 2Tan2θ – Cos2θ.

5) Multiply the followings.

i. (Sin A + Cos A) ( Sin A – Cos A)
ii. ( Tan A + SecA) (Tan2A – TanA.SecA + Sec2A)
iii. SinA(Cos A + Cot A) – CosA(SinA + Cot A)
iv. (Sin A – CosA) (Sin2A + SinACosA + Cos2A)
v. (2TanA – 3) (3TanA + 2)

6. Factories the following:

i. Tan²A – Cot²A
ii. Sin³A – Cos³A
iii. Sin²A + Sin²A.Cot²A
iv. Sinθ (Cosθ – Sinθ) + Cosθ (Cosθ – Sinθ)
v. Sin²θ + Sinθ.Cosθ + Cos²θ + Sinθ.Cosθ

7. Prime more creative questions.

Cos²A – Sin²A
a. i. Simplify : CosA + SinA
ii. Factorise : Sin4A – Sin²A.Tan²A
iii. Expand : (CotA + SecA)²
iv. Factories : Sin4A – Tan4A
Tan³A – Cot³A
v. Simplify :
Tan²A + TanA.CotA + Cot²A
b. i. Factorise :Tanα(Sinα – Cosα) + Cotα(Cosα – Sinα)
ii. Factorise : Sin8θ – Cos8θ
iii. Multiply : (Sin²θ + Cos²θ)(Sin4θ – Sin²θCos²θ + Cos4θ)
1 1
iv. Simplify : +
1 Sin – Sin – 1
v. Expand : (SinA + CosA)3

86 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Answer
1. Show to your teacher.
3 3 5 3 13 5
2. i. 5cm, 5 , 4 ii. 6cm, 4 , 4 iii. 12cm, 12 , 13
15 15 1
iv. 15cm, 17 , 8 v. 4 2 cm, ,1
2
3. i. 3Sin²q + 5Sinq – 2Cos²q
ii. 4Tan²q – Sinq + Cos²q
iii. 4 Cot²q – 4Cotq + 3Cos²q
iv. Tan²q + 3Cosq.Tanq – 2Cos²q
v. 8Sec²q – 2Secq.Cosecq

4. i. 2Sec²q + 4Cosec²q ii. –2Cot²q – 2Cotq – Cos²q

iii. Sin²q – Sinq iv. 2Tanq + 3Sinq – 4Cosq
v. 5Tan²q + Cosq.Tanq – Cos²q

5. i. Sin²A – Cos²A ii. Tan³A + Sec³A

iii. SinA.CotA – CosA.CotA
iv. Sin³A – Cos³A v. 6Tan²A – 5TanA – 6

6. i. (TanA + CotA)(TanA – CotA)

ii. (SinA – CosA)(Sin²A + SinA.CosA + Cos²A)
iii. Sin²A(1 + Cot²A)
iv. (Cosq – Sinq) (Sinq + Cosq) v. (Sinq + Cosq)²

7. a. i. CosA – SinA ii. Sin²A(SinA + TanA)(SinA – TanA)

iii. Cot²A + 2CotA.SecA + Sec²A
iv. (Sin²A + Tan²A)(SinA + TanA)(SinA – TanA)
v. TanA – CotA
b. i. (Sina – Cosa)(Tana – Cota)
ii. (Sin4q + Cos4q)(Sin²q + Cos²q)(Sinq + Cosq)(Sinq – Cosq)
2
iii. Sin6q + Cos6q iv.
1 – Sin2 
v. Sin³A + 3Sin²ACosA + 3sinACos²A + Cos³A

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 87

4.4 Trigonometric identities
1. Reciprocal relations:
p h
i. SinA × Cosec A = × = 1.
h p
\ Sin A.CosecA = 1
1
SinA =
CosecA
1
CosecA =
SinA
b h
ii. CosA × SecA = × =1
h b SinA.CosecA = 1
\ CosA.SecA = 1
1 CosA.SecA = 1
CosA =
SecA TanA.CotA = 1
1 SinA
Sec A = TanA = CosA
CosA
CosA
p b CotA = SinA
iii. TanA × CotA = × =1
b p
\ TanA.CotA = 1
1
Tan A =
CotA
1
Cot A =
TanA
iv Also,
SinA
Tan A =
CosA
CosA
Cot A =
SinA
2. Pythagoras Relations:
p 2 b 2
i. Sin A+ Cos A
2 2
= h + h
P2 b2
= + h2
h2
h2 – p2
=
b2
88 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII
 b2
=
b2
= 1

\ Sin2A + Cos2A =1
Sin2A = 1 – Cos2A
SinA = 1– Cos2A

Cos2A = 1– Sin2A
Cos A = 1– Sin2A
ii. Sec2A – Tan2A = a h k – ` b j
b 2 p 2
2 Sin²A + Cos²A = 1
h2 p
= 2– 2 Sec²A – Tan²A = 1
b b
h2 + p2 Cosec²A – Cot²A =1
=
b2
b2
= 2
b
=1
\ Sec A – Tan A = 1
2 2

Sec2A = 1+ Tan2A
Sec A = 1+ Tan2A
Tan2A = Sec2A – 1
Tan A = Sec2A – 1
iii. Cosec2A – Cot2A = a p k – a p k
h 2 b 2
2
h2 p
= 2– 2
b b
h2 – b2
=
p2
b 2
= 2
b
=1
\ Cosec A – Cot A = 1
2 2

Cosec2A = 1 + Cot2A
CosecA = 1 + Cot2A
Cot2A = Cosec²A - 1
CotA = Cosec²A – 1

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 89

Worked out Examples
1. Prove that : TanA.SinA . CotA. CosecA =1
Solution :
L.H.S = Tan A. Sin A. Cot A. Cosec A
SinA CosA 1
= CosA . SinA . SinA . SinA
=1
= R.H.S proved.

2. Prove that : Sec 2 A – 1 .CosA = Sin A

Solution :
L.H.S = Sec2A – 1 .CosA
= TanA .CosA
SinA
= CosA .CosA
= SinA
= R.H.S Proved.

1
3. Prove that : Co sec A + CotA = Cosec A- Cot A
Solution:
1
L.H.S = Co sec A + CotA
Co sec2 A – Cot2 A
= Co sec A + CotA
^Co sec A + CotAh^Co sec A - CotAh
^Co sec A + CotAh
=
= CosecA - Cot A
= R.H.S Proved

1 + CosA
5. Prove that : 1 – CosA =( Cosec A + Cot A)2
Solution:
1 + CosA
L.H.S = 1 – CosA
1 + CosA 1 + CosA
= 1 – CosA × 1 + CosA [ consugate of 1 – Cos A is 1 + CosA]

90 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 ^1 + CosAh2
=
12 –Cos2 A
^1 + CosAh2
=
Sin2 A
1 CosA
= ( SinA + SinA )²
= (CosecA + Cot A)²
= R.H.S Proved

1 – Cos 4 A
6. Prove that : = 1 + 2 Cot²A
Sin 4 A
Solution :
1 – Cos 4 A
L.H.S =
Sin 4 A
1 Cos 4 A
= –
Sin A
4
Sin 4 A
= Cosec4 A – Cot4 A
= ( Cosec²A + Cot² A) ( Cosec² A – Cot² A)
= ( 1+ Cot² A + Cot² A) × 1
= 1 + 2Cot²A
= R.H.S Proved.

Exercise : 4.4
1. Prove that the followings:
i. CotA. CosecA. Sin²A = Cos A
ii. CosA. TanA. Cosec A=1
iii. Co sec2 A – 1 . Sin A = Cos A
iv. CosA. Sec2 A – 1 . Cosec A= 1
v. 1 + Tan2 A . 1 – Sin2 A . 1 + Cot2 A = Cosec A

2. Prove that the followings:

i. Tan A+ Cot A = Sec A. Cosec A
1 + TanA CosA + SinA
ii. 1 – TanA = CosA – SinA
SecA – 1 1 – CosA
iii. SecA + 1 = 1 + CosA

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 91

 iv. Tan2A – Sin2A = Tan2A.Sin2A
v. Cot2A – Cos2A = Cot2A.Cos2A

3. Prove that the followings:

1
i. Co sec A + CotA = CosecA – CotA
1
ii. SecA – TanA = SecA + TanA
iii. 1 + 2SinACosA = (SinA + Cos A)2
1 – CosA
iv. 1 + CosA = (CosecA – CotA)2
1 + SinA
v. 1 – SinA = (SecA + TanA)
2

4. Prove that the followings:

i. Tan2A.Sec2B – Tan2B.Sec2A = Tan2A – Tan2B
ii. Sin2A.Cos2B – Cos2A.Sin2B = Sin2A – Sin2B
1 – Sin 4 A
iii. = 1+ 2Tan²A
Cos 4 A
1 – Cos 4 A
iv. = 2Cosec2A – 1
Sin 4 A
v. Cosec4 A – Cot4 A = 1 + 2Cot2A

5. Prime more creative questions.

a. Prove that the followings.
i. Sin2A.Cot2A + Cos2A.Tan2A = 1.
ii. (SinA + CosA)2 = 1 + 2SinA.CosA.
iii. Sin4A + 2Sin2A.Cos2A + Cos4A = 1
iv. Cosec2A + Sec2A = (TanA + CotA)2
v. Sin4A + Cos4A = 1 – 2Sin2A.Cos2A

b. Prove that the followings.

i. (1 + SinA)² – (1 – SinA)² = 4SinA
ii. (CosA + SinA)² + (CosA – SinA)² = 2
iii. (xCosθ + ySinθ)² + (xSinθ – yCosθ)² = x² + y²
iv. (1 + Sinθ + Cosθ) = 2(1 + Sinθ)(1 + Cosθ)
Tanα Sinα
v. Secα – 1 – 1 + Cosα = 2Cotα

92 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

4.5 Conversion of Trigonometric ratios
• Let us consider a trigonometric ratio Sinq= k in Right angled DABC
A

1
K

θ
B C
Here,
Sin θ = K
p K
or, =
h 1
\ p=K
h=1
Then,
b = h2 – p2
= 12 – K2
= 1 – K2
Now,
b 1 – K2
Cosθ = = = 1 – Sin2 A
h 1
p K Sinq
Tanθ = = =
b 1–K 2
1 – Sin2 q
h 1 1
Secθ = = =
b 1–K 2
1 – Sin2 
b 1 – K2 1 – Sin2 q
Cotθ = = = Sinq
p K
h 1 1
Cosecθ = = = Sin
p K
In Such a way all the trigonometric ratios can be expressed in terms of a
specific ratio.

• Let s consider a trigonometric ratio nTanq = m

m
i.e. Tanq = n
p m
or, b = n

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 93

 \ p=m
b=n
And, h = p2 + b2
= m2 + n2
Then,
p m
Sinq = h =
m2 + n2
b n
Cosq = h =
m + n2
2

b n
Cotq = p = m

h m2 + n2
Cosecq = p = m
h m2 + n2
Secq = b = n

Worked out Examples

3
1. If Sin A = 5 , Find the value of Cos A & Tan A
Solution:
3
SinA = 5
p 3
h =5
Here,
p =3
h =5
\ b = h2 – p2
= 52 – 32
= 25 – 9
= 16
=4
Then,
b 4 p 3
Cos A = h = 5 Tan A = b = 4

94 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

2. If n Cos A = m, Find Cosec2A – Cot2A
Solution:
Here,
m
or, CosA = n
b m
or, h = n
Here,
b=m
h=n
p = h2 + b2
= n2 – m 2
Then,
= apk –apk
h 2 b 2
Cosec2A – Cot2A

=a 2 k a k
n 2 m 2
–
n – m2 n2 – m2
2 2
n m
= 2 2 –
n –m n – m2
2

n2 – m2 1
= 2
n – m2
= 1

3. Express all the trigonemetrical ratios in terms of TanA.

Solution
Let, Tan A = K
p K
or, b = 1
p=K
b=1
h = p2 + b2 = 1 + K2
Then,
p K TanA
SinA = h = 2
=
1+ K 1 + Tan2 A
b 1 1
CosA = h = 2
=
1+K 1 + Tan2 A
h 1 + K2 1 + Tan2 A
CosecA = p = K = TanA

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 95

 Exercise : 4.5
1. Find the followings.
i. Express all the trigonometric ratios in terms of CosA.
ii. Express all the trigonometric ratios in terms of SinA.
4
iii. If SinA = 5 , �ind all the trigonometric ratios.
5
iv. If CosA = 13 , �ind all the trigonometric ratios.
v. If 3TanA = 4, �ind all the trigonometric ratios.

2. Answer the followings.

3
i. If SinA = 5 , prove that Cosec²A – Cot²A = 1
m
ii. If Cosθ = n , prove that Sec²θ – Tan²θ = 1
iii. If 4CotA = 3, �ind the value of 3SinA + CosA.
iv. If 3 TanA = 1, �ind the value of Sin²A + Cos²A.
3
v. If Cosecθ = 2 , �ind the value of Tanθ + Secθ.

3. Prime more creative questions.

i. SinA = CosA, �ind the value of CosecA.
ii. If xCosθ = y, �ind the value of Cos²θ – Cosec²θ.
3CosA – SinA
iii. If 3TanA = 4, �ind the value of CosA + 3SinA
iv. If SecA – CosecA = 0, �ind the value of SecA.
v. Find Sinα and Tanθ from the given diagram.
A

θ
cm

12cm

P
13

3c
m

α
C B

96 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Answer
1. Show to your teacher.
2. iii. 3 iv. 1 v. 5

2 1
3. i. ii. 1 iii. 3
1 4 5
iv. v. 5 , 12
2

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 97

4.6 Trigonometric Ratios of some standard angles
The trigonometric ratios of some standard angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° &
90° are going to be discussed and geometrical interpretations are also
discussing in this chapter. The values of the trigonometric ratios are
calculated as follows.

i) Trigonometric ratios of 0°.

A
In the right angled DABC,
\ B = 90°
\ C = q (reference angle)
If A approaches to B, the value of q will be zero. q
As q → 0, AC → BC and AB → 0 C B
Then,
0
\ Sinq = AB
AC ( Sin0° = BC =0
BC
\ Cosq = AC ( Cos0° = BC
BC =1
\ Tanq = AB
BC ( Tan0°
0
= BC =0
\ Cotq BC
= AB ( Cot0° = BC
0 =∞
AC BC
\ Secq = BC ( Sec0° = BC =1
AC
\ Cosecq = AB ( Cosec0° = BC
0 =∞

ii) Trigonometric ratios of 30° & 60°. A

Let, ABC is an equilateral triangle
Where, 30°
2a 2a
AD⊥BC
AB = BC = AC = 2a (Say)
60°
BD = DC = a B a D a C
\ A = \ B = \ C = 60°
Then,
AD = AB2 – BD2
= ^2ah2 – ^a h2
= 3 a2
=a 3

98 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Trigonometric ratios of 30˚
Then, In right angled DADB,
\ BAD = 90° – 60° = 30°
AB = 2a = h
BD = a = p
AD = a 3 = b

Sin30° = BD a
AB = 2a =
1
2
a 3 3
Cos30° = AD
AB = 2a = 2

Tan30° = BD
AD = a 3
a
= 1
3
Also,
Cosec30° = 2
Sec30° = 2
3
Cot30° = 3

Trigonometric ratios of 60˚

Again, In right angle DABD,
\ ABD = 60°
AD = a 3 = p
BD = a = b
AB = 2a = h
a 3 3
Sin60° = AD
AB = 2a = 2
Cos60° = BD a
AB = 2a = 2
1

AD a 3
Tan60° = BD = a = 3
Also,
Cosec60° = 2
3
Sec60° = 2
Cot60° = 1
3

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 99

iii) Trigonometric ratios of 45°. A
Let DABC is an isosceles right angled triangle
where,
\ B = 90°
AB = BC = a (say) 45°
B C
\ \ A = \ C = 45°
Then
\ AC = AB2 + BC2
= a2 + a2
=a 2

Also, Taking reference angle A.

p
Sin45° = h = BC a
AC = a 2 = 2
1

b
Cos45° = h = AB a
AC = a 2 = 2
1

p BC a
Tan45° = b = AB = =1
a
AC a 2
Cosec45° = BC = a = 2
AC a 2
Sec45° = AB = a = 2
a
Cot45° = AB
BC = a = 1
A
iv) Trigonometric ratios of 90°.
Let,
ABC is a right angled triangle.
Where, \ B = 90°
\ C = Reference angle B C
When C approaches to B, the reference angle will be 90°.
As C apporaches to B,
BC → 0 and AB → AC
Now,
SinC = AB AB
AC & Sin90° = AB = 1
CosC = BC 0
AC & Cos90° = AC = 0

100 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 TanC = AB AB
BC & Tan90° = 0 = ∞
Also,
Cosec90° = 1
Sec90° = ∞
Cot90° = 0

Table for the values with respect to angles.

Write down = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

Dividing by 4 = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3, 4
4 4 4 4 4
0, 1, 2, 3 4
Taking square root = 4 4 4 4, 4
3
Result = 0, 1 1
2, 2 , 2 ,1

Tabulation the above values respectively.

Angles
0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
Ratios

Sin 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2

Cos 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2

Tan 0 1 1 3 ∞
3
Cosec ∞ 2 2 2 1
3

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 101

 Sec 1 2 2 2 ∞
3
Cot ∞ 3 1 1 0
3

To remember

Sin0° = Cos90° = Tan0° = Cot90° = 0

Sin90° = Cos0° = Tan45° = Cosec90°
= Sec0° = Cot45° = 1
Sin30° = Cos60° = 1
2
3
Sin60° = Cos30° = 2

Tan30° = Cot60° = 1
3
Tan60° = Cot30° = 3
Cosec30° = Sec60° =2
Cosec60° = Sec30° = 2
3

Worked out Examples

1
1. Find the value of Sin30° + Cos60° + 2 Tan45°,
Solution:
1
Sin30° + Cos60° + 2 Tan45°
1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 ×1
1+1+1
= 2
3
= 2
1
= 12

102 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

2. Find the value of Sin²60° + Cos²30° + Tan²45°.
Solution:
Sin²60° + Cos²30° + Tan²45°
= c 2 m + c 2 m + ^1 h2
2 2
3 3

3 3
= 4 +4 +1
3+3+4
= 4
10
= 4
5
= 2
= 212

3. If A = 0°, B = 30°, C = 60° and D = 90° find the value of SinA + CosB –
SinC + CosD.
Solution:
Here, A = 0°, B = 30°, C = 60° and D = 90°
then,
= SinA + CosB – SinC + CosD
= Sin0° + Cos30° – Sin60° + Cos90°
3 3
=0+ 2 – 2 +0
=0

1– tan 30°
4. Prove that: 1 + Cot 60° = 2– 3
1
1–
L.H.S. = 3
1
1+
3
3 –1
3
=
3+1
3

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 103

 3 –1 3-1
= ×
3+1 3 –1
^ 3 - 1h
2

=
^ 3 h - ^1 h2
2

^ 3 h –2. 3 .1 + ^1 h2
2

= 3–1
3–2 3 + 1
= 2
4–2 3
= 2
2 ^2– 3 h
= 2
= 2– 3 R.H.S proved.

Exercise : 4.6
1. Find the value of the followings:
i. Sin0° + Cos0° + Cos60° + Sin30°
ii. Tan45° + Cos0° + Sin90°
iii. Sin60° + Cot45° – Cos30°
iv. Tan60° +Tan45° – Cot30°
v. 2Sin30° + 2Cos30° – Tan60°

2. Find the value of the followings:

i. 2Sin²45° + 4Cos²45° – 3Tan²45°
4 3
ii. 3 Tan²60° + 2 Sec²30° – 4Sin²90°
iii. Cos²0° + Cos²30° – Sin²45°
iv. Sin60°.Cos30° – Cos60°.Sin30°
v. Cos30°.Cos60° – Sin30°.Sin60°

3. Prove that the followings :

i. Tan²30°.Tan²60°.Sin²30°.Sec²60° = 1
ii. 2Sin²45° + 4Sin²60° – Tan²45° = 3

104 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Cot30° + 1 = +
iii. Tan60°–1 2 3
1–Sin60° =
iv. 1 + Cos30° 7–4 3
Tan45°–Tan30° =
v. 1 + Tan45°.Tan30° 2– 3

4. Find the value of the followings where A = 0°, B = 30°, C = 60°,

D = 90°
i. Sin²B + Cos²D
ii. 3(TanB + CotC) – 2
iii. Sin²A + Sin²B + Cos²C
iv. Cos(A + B) + Sin(C – A)
v. Tan²B + Cot²C – Cot²D

5. Prime more creative questions:

1 – Tan30° 1 – Cos30°
i. Prove that : 1 + Cot60° = Sin30°
ii. Prove that : 3Tan²30° + 4Sin²60° – 2Cos²45° = 3
iii. Simplify : Sin²30° + Cos²60° – Sin²45° + 2Cot²45°.
1
iv. In right angled isosceles ∆ABC, prove that Cos45° =
2
3
v. In an equilateral ∆ABC, prove that Sin60° = 2

Answer
1. i. 2 ii. 3 iii. 1 iv. 1 v. 1
1 1
2. i. 0 ii. 2 iii. 1 2 iv. 2 v. 0
3. Show to your teacher.
1 1 3 2
4. i. 4 ii. 0 iii. 2 iv. v. 3
1
5. iii. 12

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 105

4.7 Solution of right angled triangle
Calculation of all three angles and all three sides of a right angled triangle
can be done by using trigonometry and using their values for standard
angles.
Such type of problems are given to be discussed in this chapter.
In right angled ∆ABC, A
∡B = 90°
∡C = q h
∡A = 90° – q p
also, q
h² = p² + b² B C
b
p AB
Sinq = h = AC
b BC
Cosq = h = AC
p AB
Tanq = b = BC

Also, If q = 30° and p = 20cm

Then,
p
Sin30° = h
1 20
or, 2 = h
or h = 2 × 20
\ h = 40cm

Worked out Examples

1. If ∡B = 90°, ∡C =30° and BC = 3 , find the other parts of ∆ABC.
Solution: A
In∆ABC,
∡B = 90°
BC = 3
C 30°
∡C = 30° B
3
then,
∡A = 90°– ∡C

106 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 = 90°–30°
= 60°
again,
BC = 3 cm = b
we have,
b
Cos30° = h
3 BC
or, 2 = AC
3 3
or, 2 = AC
2× 3
or, AC =
3
` AC = 2 cm.
Again,
d = h 2 –b 2
d = AC2 –BC2
= ^2 h2 – ^ 3 h
2
d
d = 4–3
d =1
` AB = 1 cm.

2. In right angled ∆PQR, ∡Q = 90°, ∡R = 60° and PR = 20cm, find the

length of QR. P
Solution:
In rt. ∡ed ∆PQR,
∡Q = 90°
∡R = 60° 60°
PR = 20 cm. = h Q R
QR = ? =b
We know,
b
Cos60° = h
1 QR
or, 2 = PR

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 107

 1 QR
or, 2 = 20
20 10
or, QR = 2
` QR = 10cm

3. In the given diagram AB is a house and AC is a ladder where ∡B = 90°,

∡C = 30° and AC = 20m, find the height of the house.
Solution: A
In rt. ∡ed ∆ABC,
20m
∡B = 90°
∡C = 30°
AC = 20m B 30° C
AB = ?
We have,
p
Sin30° = h
1 AB
or, 2 = AC
1 AB
or, 2 = 20
or, 2AB = 20
20 10
or, AB = 2
` AB = 10m.
\ Height of the house is 10m.

4. A boy is flying a kite where the kite is at a height of 50m from the
ground and the string makes and angle of 30° with the ground
find the length of the string.
Solution : A
Let,
AC be the length of the string
50m

AB be the height from the ground.

Given B 30° C
∠C = 30°
∠B = 90°

108 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 AB = 50m
AC = ?
Now, In right angle DABC,
p
Sin30° = h
1 AB
or, 2 = AC
1 50
or, 2 = AC
or, AC = 2 × 50
\ AC = 100m
\ Length of the string is 100m

Exercise : 4.7
1. Find the remaining parts of triangles given below.
30° i) ∡B = 90°, ∡C = 30°, AB = 4 cm, in ∆ABC.
ii) ∡A = 90°, ∡B = 45°, AC = 6 cm in ∆ABC.
iii) ∡P = 90°, ∡R = 60°, QR = 10 cm, in ∆PQR.
iv) ∡Q = 90°, ∡P = 45°, PQ = 8 cm, in ∆PQR.
P
45°
8cm

Q R

v) ∠X = 90°, ∠Y = 30°, XZ = 20cm, In DXYZ.

X Z

30°

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 109

2. Answer the followings from a right angled triangle.
i) Find the height AB from the given diagram.
A

B 45° C
20 m
ii) Find the length of AC from the given diagram.
A

10 m
30°
C B
iii) Find the length of side PQ from the given triangle.
R
60°
20m
Q 60° P

iv) A ladder of length 20 3 m is taken against the wall as shown

in diagram. Find the height of the wall.
D

3m
20

F 60°
E
v) A boy is flying a kite as shown in diagram where the kite is at a
height of 60m from the ground and the string makes 30° with
the ground. Find the length of the string.
A
60m

30°
B C

110 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

3. Prime more creative questions.
i. A ladder of length 20 m is taken against a wall where angle
made by ladder with the ground is 30°. Find the height of the
wall.
ii. An electric pole of height 10m is tied with a rope where the
rope makes an angle of 45° with the ground. Find the distance
between the rope and foot of the pole on the ground.
iii. A boy is flying a kite where 200m long string makes an angle
of 30° with the ground. Find the height of the kite from the
ground.
iv. Find the distance on the ground in the given diagram where
height of the pole is 20 3 m.
A

C 60° B
Distance

v. A tree is broken by the wind and the top

8m
touches the ground making an angle
of 30° as shown in diagram. Length of
the broken part is 8m, find the original 8m
height of the tree. 30°

Answer
1. i. ∠A = 60°, AC = 8cm, BC = 4 3 cm
ii. ∠C = 45°, AB = 6cm, BC = 6 2 cm
iii. ∠Q = 30°, PQ = 5cm, PQ = 5 3 cm
iv. ∠R = 45°, QR = 8cm, PR = 8 2 cm
v. ∠Z = 60°, YZ = 40cm, XY = 20 3 cm
2. i. 20m ii. 20m iii. 20 3 m iv. 30m v. 120m
3. i. 10m ii. 10m iii. 100m iv. 20m v. 12m

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 111

Trigonometry
Unit Test - 1
Time : 30 minutes
[1 × 1 + 3 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 1 × 5 = 20]

Attempt all the questions:

1. Write down the relation of 1g in degree measurement. A
2. a. Find the trigonometry ratio of Sinθ and
Cotθ from the given right angled ∆ABC.
b. Prove that : Tanθ.Cosθ.Cosecθ = 1.
c. Find the value of Sin²60° + Cos²30° – q
B C
2Sin²30°.
3. a. One angle of a triangle is 40g and the other angler is 60°, Find the
third angle is degree.
1 – Sin 4 A
b. Prove that : = 1 + 2Tan²A
Cos 4 A
5
4. If SinA = 13 , find the value of Sec²A– Tan²A.

Unit Test - 2
Time : 30 minutes
[1 × 1 + 3 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 1 × 5 = 20]

Attempt all the questions:

1. Convert 45° into grades.
3
2. a. If CosA = 5 , find the value of SinA.
1 – CosA SinA
b. Prove that : SinA = 1 + CosA

c. Find the value of : Tan²30° + Cot²60° + Cosec²60°.

3. a. One angle of a right angled triangle is 36°, find the third angle in
grades.
b. Prove that : Tan²A – Sin²A = Tan²A.Sin²A.
3
4. Prove geometrically that Sin60° = 2 by using an equilateral
triangle.

112 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 5 Vector

Specification Grid Table

K(1) U(2) A(4) HA(5) TQ TM Periods

No. of Questions 1 – 1 –
2 5 4
Weight 1 – 4 –

K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A = Application, HA = Higher ability,

TQ = Total Question, TM = Total Marks

Objectives :
At the end of the lesson
• Students can identify the
vector and scalar quantity.
• Students can find magnitude,
direction and unit vectors.
• Students can operate
vector addition and scalar
multiplication.
• Students can use the vector in
our daily life. Materials Required:
• Students can find the position • Chart paper.
vector in different situation. • Graph paper.
• Chart of list of types and
application of vectors.
• List of the examples of
vector and scalar.
• Geo-board.
• Graph board.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 113

Introduction
Some of the quantities can be measured but some can not be measured
out of different quantities in our surroundings. The quantities which can
be measured are called Physical quantities. The Physical quantities are
classified into two groups scalar and vector.

The Physical quantities which can be measured and has magnitude as

well as direction is called vector and that which has only magnitude is
taken as scalar quantities.

The Physical quantities which has only magnitude

is called scalar.
Examples: Distance, time, mass, area, speed,
density etc.

The Physical quantities which has magnitude as well

as direction is called vector.
Examples: Displacement, velocity, acceleration, work,
power etc.

Scalar quantities is represented by using a line segment only where

vector is represented by using a directed line segment.

B B
A A

Scalar – AB Vector – AB

• Vector is represented by AB , a , PQ , b etc.

• A line segment with arrow is called directed line segment.
• Directed line segment is used to denote the vector quantity.

114 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

5.1 Vector quantities using co-ordinate
Let us consider any two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) which are taken as
initial and �inal points respectively to de�ine a vector AB .
Y
(x2, y2)
B
(x1, y1)
A C

X
O M N
Here,
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are any two points where,
AC = MN
= ON – OM
= x2 –x1

BC = BN – CN
= BN –AM
= y2 –y1
Then,
Vector AB is de�ined by using two component for the directed line
segment AB . where,
x - component = AC = x2 – x1
y- component = BC = y2 – y1

AB = e o=d
x - component
n
x 2 –x 1
`
y - component y2 –y1

Component of vector in graph:

The x- component and y- component can be expressed taking horizontal
and vertical displacement of the given vector respectively. The sign of the
components can be taken as the quadrents rule to take the components
in graph.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 115

 P
B
M
D
A
Q

N
C

Here,
The directed line segment which represent the vector with their
components can be expressed as follows.
AB = ` 2 j , CD = ` 4 j
3 –3

PQ = ` –4 j , MN = ` –4 j
3 –2

Note:
Horizontal displacement $ Right side = +ve
Left side = –ve

Vertical displacement $ Upward = +ve

Downward = –ve

Types of Vector:
Column Vector:
The Vector quantity where the components are taken in a column is
called column Vector.
i.e. AB = c - m
x - component
y component
Row Vector :
The Vector quantity where the components are taken in a row is called
row vector.

116 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 i.e. AB = (x- component y- component)

Null Vector :
The Vector having both the components zero is called null Vector.
i.e. a = a 0 k
0

Equal vectors:
Any two vectors are said to be equal if both the components of the
vectors are same. i.e. The vectors having same direction as well as equal
magnitude are called equal vectors.
Examples:
i. 4 units
A B
4 units
P Q
Here, AB = PQ

AB = ` 4 j and PQ = ` 4 j
3 3
ii.
Here, AB = PQ

Worked out Examples

Show the vector a = d n and b = d n with directed line segment
3 –2
1.
–4 5
in graph paper.
Solution:
The given vectors are:
a = d n and b = d n
3 –2
–4 5

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 117

2. If A(1, 2) and C(–3, 5) are any two points, find the vector AB .
Solution:
The given points are:
A(1, 2) = (x1 , y1)
B(7, 5) = (x2 , y2)
Then,
AB = d n
x 2 – x1
y 2 – y1

=d n
7–1
5–2

=d n
6
3
` AB = d n
6
3
3. If P(3, 1), Q(5. 4), R(4, 3) & S(6, 6) are the four points, prove that
PQ = RS .
Solution:
The points for PQ are,
P(3, 1) = (x1 , y1)
Q(5, 4) = (x2 , y2)
Then,
PQ = d n
x 2 – x1
y 2 – y1

=d n
5–3
4–1

=d n
2
3
Again, the points for RS . are,
R(4, 3) = (x1 , y1)
S(6, 6) = (x2 , y2)
=d n
x 2 – x1
Then, RS
y 2 – y1

=d n
6–4
6–3

118 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 =d n
2
3
` PQ = RS proved.

Exercise : 5.1
1. i. What is vector quantity? Write down four examples of it.
ii. What is scales quantity? Write down four examples of it.
iii. Write down the difference between the following straight lines.
B B

A A
iv. What do you mean by column vector?
v. What do you mean by null vector?

2. Find the vectors represented by the following directed line segments.

B M

C
A Q N
P
D
R S
i. AB ii. CD iii. PQ iv. MN v. RS

3. Show the following vectors in graph paper using directed line

segment.
AB = d n ii. CD = d n iii. PQ = d n
2 –3 2
i.
4 4 –5

RS = d n MN = d n
–4 3
iv. v.
–3 0
PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 119
4. Find vectors AB and CD from the followings.
i. A(1, 5) and B(4, 10) ii. A(–3, 2) and B(–5, 6)
iii. C(4, 2) and D(6, 0) iv. C(1, 4) and D(4, 2)
v. A(–2, –1) and B(–4, –5)

5. Prime more creative questions:

i. If A(1, 3), B(4, 4), C(3, 2) and D(6, 3), find the vectors AB and
CD .
ii. Write down the relation of vectors AB and CD of Q. No. 1
iii. If P(1, 5), Q(3, 8), R(2, 6) and S(4, 9) are any four points, prove
that PQ = RS .

iv. Find AB where A(1, –3) and B(4, 1) are the any two points.
Also find the vector BA .
v. Find OA from the adjoining diagram.
Y`

A(3, 4)

X` O X

Y`

Answer
1. Show to your teacher.
d n ii. d n iii. d n iv. d n d n
3 –4 –3 5 5
2. i. v.
4 –4 2 –3 0
3. Show to your teacher.
d n ii. d n iii. d n iv. d n d n
3 –2 2 3 –2
4. i. v.
5 4 –2 –2 –4

d n, d n ii. d n, d n d n
3 3 3 –3 3
5. i. AB = CD iv. v.
1 1 4 –4 4

120 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

5.2 Vector operations
Magnitude of a vector:
The length of the directed line segment used in the vector is called
magnitude of the vector. It is also called the modulus of the vector.
For the vector AB = c - m
x - component
y component
Magnitude of AB ,
AB = ^x - componenth + ^y - componenth
2 2

For the vector a = ` y j

x
a = x2 + y2
for the vector of a = ` 4 j
3
Magnitude of a is
|a | = x2 + y2
= 32 + 42
= 25
= 5 units.

The modulus of a vector which represents the length

of the directed line segment is called magnitude of the
vector.
i.e. |a | = x2 + y2

Unit vector:
The vector having magnitude one is called unit vector.
i.e. If AB = 1 unit, then the vector AB is called unit vector.

The vector having magnitude one is called unit vector.

1
Unit vector of a = (a ).
a

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 121

 Examples:
If a = ` 4 j , find the unit vector of a .
3

Solution:
= `4j
3
a
|a | = x2 + y2
= ^3 h2 + ^4h
2

= 25
= 5 units.
Then, unit vector of a
1 ^ h
= a
a
= 5`4j
1 3
JK 3 NO
KK OO
5
= KK 4 OO
KK OO
5
L P
Addition of vectors:
The addition of any two vectors having same direction is the combination
of the vectors which is obtained by adding their corresponding
components.
i.e. a = a y11 k and b = a y22 k
x x
Then,
a + b = a y11 k + a y22 k = a y1 + y2 k
x x x +x
1 2

Examples:
If a = ` 2 j and b = ` 4 j
1 3
Then,
a + b = `2 j+`4 j = e o = `6
1 3 1+3 4j
2+ 4
` a + b = `6 j
4

122 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

Note : Subtraction of any two vectors also can be done as the rule of
addition.
i.e. a = d n and b = d n
x1 x2
y1 y2
∴ a –b = d n–d n
x1 x2
y1 y2
=d n
x1 – x 2
y1 – y 2

Worked out Examples

If a = e o , Find the magnitude of a .
7
1.
3
Solution:
a =e o
7
3
We have,
Magnitude of a is
|a | = x2 + y2
= ^ 7 h + ^3 h2
2

= 7+9
= 16
= 4 units

2. If A(7, 1) and B(–1, 7), �ind the magnitude of AB .

Solution:
The two points are:
A(7, 1) = (x1 , y1)
B(–1, 7) = (x2 , y2)
Then,
AB = d n
x 2 – x1
y 2 – y1

=d n
–1 –7
7 –1

=d n
–8
6

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 123

 Magnitude of AB is,
; AB ; = x2 + y2
= (–8) 2 + 62
= 64 + 36
= 100
= 10 units.

If magnitude of a = ` m j is 5 units find the value of ‘m’.

4
3.
Solution:
a = `mj
4
|a | = 5 units
We have,
|a | = x2 + y2
or, 5 = 42 + m2
squaring on both sides,
or, (5)2 = ^ 16 + m2 h
2

or, 25 = 6 + m2
or, 25 – 16 = m2
or, 9 = m2
\ m=3

Find the unit vector of a = ` 3 j .

4
4.
Solution : a = ` 3 j
4
Then,
|a | = x2 + y2 = 42 + 32 = 5 units.
Also,
unit vector of a is,
1 ^ h
a = a
a
= 5 `3 j
1 4

= c 3/5 m
4/5

124 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 If a = ` 2 j and b = a 4 k , find the value of a + b . Also find the
3 5
5.
magnitude of a + b .
Solution :
Here, a = ` 2 j
3

b =a4k
5

Then
a + b = `2 j+a4 k
3 5

= a2+ 4 k
3+5

= a6 k
8

Again, magnitude a + b is,

| a + b | = x2 + y2
= 82 + 62
= 100
= 10 units

Exercise : 5.2
1. Find the magnitude of the vectors form the followings:
a = d n, ii. b = d n iii. p = d n
3 6 5
i.
4 8 12

q =e o q =d n
3 2
iv. v.
1 5
2. Find the unit vector of the followings.
a =d n ii. b = d n c =d n
1 4 8
i. iii.
3 3 6

p =d n q =e o
12 5
iv. v.
5 2

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 125

3. Add the following vectors:
a = d n and b = d n c = d n and d = d n
1 3 4 1
i. ii.
2 4 3 –1

p = d n and q = d n a =d n and b = d n
2 1 –2 1
iii. iv.
3 2 3 –2

b = d n and c = d n
3 1
v.
4 –3
4. Subtract the following vectos.

b = d n and c = d n a =d n and b = d n
3 1 –2 1
i. ii.
4 –3 3 –2

iii. p = d n and q = d n c = d n and d = d n

2 1 4 1
iv.
3 2 3 –1

a = d n and b = d n
1 3
v.
2 4
5. Prime more creative questions:
i. Find the magnitude of AB where A(1, 3) and B(4, 7) are any
two points.
ii. If a = d n and b = d n , find the magnitude of a + b .
1 5
2 6

If magnitude of a = d n is 5 units, find the value of x.

x
iii.
4
Prove that a = d n is the unit vector of a .
1
iv.
0
JK 3 NO
KK 5 OO
v. Prove that a KK 4 OO is the unit vector of a .
=
KK OO
5
L P

126 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Answer
1. i. 5 units ii. 10 units iii. 13 units
iv. 2 units v. 3 units
JK 1 NO JK 4 NO JK 4 NO
KK 2 OO KK 5 OO KK 5 OO
2. i. KK O ii. KK 3 OO iii. KK 3 OO
KK 3 OOO KK OO KK OO
2 5 5
L P L P L P
JK12 NO JK 5 NO
KK 13OO KK O
iv. KK 5 OO v. KK 3 OOO
KK O KK 2 OO
13 O 3
L P L P
d n d n iii. d n iv. d n d n
4 5 3 –1 4
3. i. ii. v.
6 2 5 1 1

d n d n 1
iv. d n d n
–2 3 –3 2
4. i. ii. iii. v.
–2 4 1 5 7
5. i. 5 units ii. 10 units iii. 3

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 127

Vector
Unit Test - 1
Time : 30 minutes
[1 × 1 + 3 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 1 × 5 = 20]

Attempt all the questions:

If vector a = d n , find the vector 2a .
2
1.
3
2. a. Define vector quantity with examples.
b. If a = d n and b = d n , find the vector a + b .
–1 4
3 1
c. If A (3, –2) and B (5, 2) are any two points, find the vector AB .
3. a. If magnitude of a vector a = d n is 10 units, find the value of m.
m
6
b. Prove that AB = CD where the four points are A(3, –1), B (1, 5),
C (1, –3) and D (–1, 3).

If a = d n and b = d n , find the magnitude of vector 3a – b .

2 –2
4.
1 –3

128 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 6 Transformation

Specification Grid Table

K(1) U(2) A(4) HA(5) TQ TM Periods

No. of Questions – 1 – 1
2 7 10
Weight – 2 – 5

K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A = Application, HA = Higher ability,

TQ = Total Question, TM = Total Marks

Objectives :
At the end of the lesson
• Students can define the
transformation.
• Students can identify the
isometric transformations.
• Students can find the image
of a point under isometric
transformations geometrically.
• Students can find the image Materials Required:
using co-ordinate. • Chart paper.
• Students can plot the object • Graph board.
and image in graph. • Sample of
transformations.
• List of the formula of
transformations.
• Geo-board
• Chart paper.
• Shape of objects

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 129

Introduction of transformation
Let us see,
i)

Here, the image of a girl is seen into a mirror, where

• A girl in front of mirror is the object and
• The girl into the mirror is called the image.

ii)

1st 2nd

4th 3rd

Here,
• 1st star is taken as the object.
• Second star is taken as the image.
• Others also can be drawn as other images.

130 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

Above examples show that one object can be transferred from one place
to another place with same shape & size or different size which is called
transformation.

The process of changing the position or

size of an object under any geometrical
conditions is called transformation.

By using transformation patterns of objects can be drawn which is useful

to fill the pictures in clothes walls and in any kind of objects to make
them very attractive.

Here in grade VII we discuss only two types of transformations

i) Reflection iii) Translation

6.1 Reflection A P
A‘
The image of a line segment AB is A‘B‘ which is
formed at equal distance from the mirror line
m as the distance of object where AP = PA‘ or
BQ = QB‘. The image A‘B‘ so formed is laterally B
inverted as the image formed in the looking Q B‘
glass but size is same as the object. m

Here, AB is called the object

m is called reflection axis (mirror line)
A‘B‘ is called the image.

The transformation of an object from one place to

another place by a mirror line is called reflection.
• Object and image so formed are always
congruent in reflection.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 131

Reflection using co-ordinate
i) Reflection about x-axis (y = 0).
Y
4
3 M(2, 3)
2
1
P
X‘ X
-4 -3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3 M’(2, –3)
-4
Y‘
Draw MP⊥OX and produce MP to M‘ such that MP = PM‘
Here, M(2, 3) is an object.
x-axis (XX‘) is the reflection axis.
M‘(2, –3) is the image.
It shows that: P(x, y) → P‘(x, –y)

ii) Reflection about y-axis (x = 0)

Y

M 4
P‘(–3, 4) P(3, 4)
3
2
1
X’ X
-4 -3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4

Y’

132 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Draw PM⊥OY & produce PM to MP‘ to make PM = MP‘.
Here, P(3, 4) is an object.
Y -axis (YY‘) is the reflection axis.
P‘(–3, 4) is the image.
It shows that : P(x, y) → P‘(–x, y)

Worked out Examples

1. Draw the image of ∆ABC by under the given mirror line.
A

B
C

Solution:
A M

B
C P A`

C`

N
B`
Here.
AM, BN and CP are the perpendicular drawn on the mirror line.
Also, AM = MA`
BN = NB`
CP = PC`
Then, the ∆A`B`C` is the image of ∆ABC after reflection.

2. Find the image of a point P (3, 2) under reflection about y-axis.

Solution:
Under reflection about y -axis,
P (x, y) → P` (–x, y)
P (3, 2) → P` (–3, 2)

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 133

3. Find the image of ∆ABC having vertices A(–1, 3), B( 2, 5) and C(4, 0)
under reflection on x-axis. Also plot the object and image in graph.
Solution:
under reflection about x - axis,
P (x, y) → P` (x, –y)
A (–1, 3) → A` (–1, –3)
B (2, 5) → B` (2, –5)
C (4, 0) → C` (4, 0)
Y

B(2, 5)

A(–1, 3)

C(4, 0)
X’ X
O C`(4, 0)

A`(–1, –3)

B`(2, –5)

Y’

134 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Exercise : 6.1
1. Draw the image of given triangles under reflection on mirror line M.
i. A ii. R
M

B S
C Q

M
T

iii. iv. L
P J
K
Q
R I
M M

v.
O

S
R Q
M

2. Find the image of following points under the given reflection axis.
i. A (2, 3) ; under x - axis
ii. P (–3, 5) ; under y - axis
iii. B (–4, –5) ; under y = 0
iv. Q (–5, 2) ; under y - axis
v. P (0, 5) ; under x = 0

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 135

3. Find the image of the triangles under the given reflection axis. Also
plot the object and image in graph.
i. Having vertices A (2, 3), B (4, 6) and C (7, 1) under x- axis.
ii. Having vertices P (4, 2), Q (1, 5) and R (3, –3) under y- axis.
iii. Having vertices A (–3, 0), B (–6, 4) and C (0, 3) under reflection
about y = 0.
iv. Having vertices P (–6, 1), Q (–3, 5) and R (–5, –4) under x=0.
v. Having vertices K(–3, 0), L(0, 5), L(0, 5) & M(3, 2) under x-axis.

Answer
1. Show to your teacher.

2. i. A`(2, –3) ii. P`(3, 5) iii. Q`(–4, 5)

iv. Q`(5, 2) v. P`(0, 5)

3. i. A`(2, –3), B`(4, –6) and C`(7, –1); graph

ii. P`(–4, 2), Q`(–1, 5) and R`(–3, –3); graph
iii. A`(–3, 0), B`(–6, –4) and C`(0, –3); graph
iv. P`(6, 1), Q`(3, 5) and R`(5, –4); graph
v. K`(–3, 0), L`(0, –5) and M`(3, –2); graph

136 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

6.2 Translation
The transformation of an object under the magnitude and direction of a
vector from one place to another place is called translation. The object
and image are always congruent in translation.
P’

Q’ R’
B

Q A
R
Here, vector AB is the magnitude & direction of translation.
DPQR is an object.
PP‘ = QQ‘ = RR‘ = AB
Then,
PP‘ || QQ‘ || RR‘ || AB are drawn
where, after translation.
DP‘Q‘R‘ is the image of DPQR

The transformation of an object from one place

to another place according to the magnitude and
direction of the given vector is called translation.

i) Translation using co-ordinate:

Y

A’(7, 5)

A(4, 3)

C’(9, 1)
B’(6, 1)
X’ X
O
C(6, -1)
B(3, -1)

Y’

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 137

Here, A(4, 3) is translated to A’(7, 5)
B(3, –1) is translated to B’(6, 1)
C(6, –1) is translated to C’(9, 1)

i.e. All the points are translated with constant number 3 for
x-component and 2 for y - component.

i.e. A (4, 3) → A‘(4 + 3, 3 + 2) = A‘(7, 5)

i.e. Translation vector is T = < F
3
2

i.e. under translation T = < F

a
•
b
P(x, y) → P‘(x + a, y + b)

iii) Translation using vector:

Let us consider a translation vector is AB where A(1, 2) and B(3, 5)
are any two points.
Then, according to the concept of column vector AB
AB = d n=d n=d n
x 2 – x1 3–1 2
y2 – y 1 5–2 3

\ Translation vector T = AB = d n
2
3

Worked out Examples

1. Draw the image of ∆PQR under translation on given vector.
P

v
Q

R
Solution:

138 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 P P`

v
Q
Q`

R R`
Here,PP`, QQ` and RR` are drawn parallel to the vector line V where,
PP` = QQ` = RR` = V
\ ∆PQR is the image of ∆PQR.

Find the image of a point P (2, 3) under a vector T = : 3 D

2
2.
Solution:
under translation about T = : 3 D
2
then,
P (x, y) → P` (x + a, y + b)
→ P` (x + 2, y + 3)
P (2, –3) → P` (2 + 2, –3 + 3)
→ P` (4, 0)

3. Find the image of ∆ABC having vertices A (1, 2), B (3, 5) and C (6, 1)
under in the translation about T = < F . Also plot the object and
2
4
image in graph.
Solution:
Under translation about T = < F
2
4
P (x, y) → P` (x + a, y + b)
→ P` (x + 2, y + 4)
A (1, 2) → A` (1 + 2, 2 + 4) = A` (3, 6)
B (3, 5) → B` (3 + 2, 5 + 4) = B` (5, 9)
C (6, 1) → C` (6 + 2, 1 + 4) = C` (8, 5)

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 139

 Y

B`

A`
B
C`

A
C
X’ X
O

Y’

Exercise : 6.2
1. Draw the image of the triangles given below under translation on
given vector ‘v’.
i. A ii. P
V
Q
B
C R
V
P
S
iii. D iv.
A
Q
R
V
V
B
C

140 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 v. R

S P
V
Q T

2. Find the image of the points given below under the given translation
vector ‘T’.
A (3, –2) ; T = 8 2 B
1
i.
ii. P (–3, 2) ; T = 8 2 B
3

iii. M (3, –4) ; T = 8 4 B

–1

iv. B (–1, –2) ; T = : 6 D

2

N (2, 3) ; T = : –3 D
–2
v.

3. Find the image of the triangles given below under the translation
‘T’. Also plot the object and image in graph.
Having vertices A (1, 2), B (3, –2) and C (4, 5) under T = : 3 D
2
i.

ii. Having vertices P (0, 1), Q (3, 5) and R (1, –4) under T = 8 4 B
3

iii. Having vertices A (–1, 2), B (3, 6) and C (4, –3) under T = : 3 D
–2

iv. Having vertices A (5, 2), B (3, 5) and C (7, –4) under T = 8 –2 B
–4

Having vertices P(–3, 1), Q(0, 5) and R(3, –4) under T = : 5 D

3
v.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 141

 Answer
1. Show to your teacher.

2. i. A`(4, 0) ii. P`(0, 4) iii. Q`(2, 0)

iv. Q`(1, 4) v. P`(0, 0)

3. i. A`(3, 5), B`(5, 1) and C`(6, 8); graph

ii. P`(3, 5), Q`(6, 9) and R`(4, 0); graph
iii. A`(–3, 6), B`(1, 9) and C`(2, 0); graph
iv. P`(1, 0), Q`(–1, 3) and R`(3, –6); graph
v. K`(0, 6), L`(3, 10) and M`(6, 1); graph

Transformation
Unit Test - 1
Time : 30 minutes
[1 × 1 + 3 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 1 × 5 = 20]

Attempt all the questions:

1. What do you mean by transformation of an object ?
2. a. Find the image of an object A (2, –3) under reflection about x-axis.
b. Find the image of an object P(0, 6) under transformation about
of T = < F .
2
3
c. Find the image of a point A (a, –b) under reflection about y-axis.
3. a. Find the image of a triangle having vertices A(3, 2), B(6, 5) and
C(8, 0) under reflection about x = 0. Also plot the object and
image in graph.
b. If a translation T = < F given image of an object A(2, 3) to A`(4, 6),
a
b
find the translation vector T.
4. Find the image of ∆PQR having vertices P(–1, 2), Q(2, 4) and
R(4, 0) under a translation vectorPQ . Also plot the object and
image in graph.

142 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 7 Statistics

Specification Grid Table

K(1) U(2) A(4) HA(5) TQ TM Periods

No. of Questions – 1 – 1
2 7 6
Weight – 2 – 5

K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A = Application, HA = Higher ability,

TQ = Total Question, TM = Total Marks

Objectives :
At the end of the lesson
• Students can find the values
of central tendency mean,
median & mode.
• Students can find the partition
values like quartiles and
deciles.
• Students can find the
measures of dispersion range
and quartile deviation. Materials Required:
• Students can tabulate the • Chart paper.
collected data. • Sample of data
• Students can present the dat collection.
in diagrams. • Sample of tabulation of
data.
• List of formula used in
statistics.
• Graph paper.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 143

Introduction of statistics
Data Collection
The set of numerals collected for any fact for the purpose of investigation
or analysis during study is called statistical data. It can be collected by the
individuals directly for personal investigation by travelling to the related
area, through interviews and questionnaires etc, is called primary data. It
can be collected by taking the informations from related offices like Village
Municipality, Municipality, sub metropolitan city, metropolitan city, district
office, province office, central office etc is called secondary data.

In statistics, the collected raw data should be tabulated, represented

diagrammatically and processed for different analysis. Among them
here we discuss about central values mean, median and mode as well as
simple measure of dispersion range.

Tabulation of data
The collected data which is written roughly is called raw data. The
categorical presentation of data in a table using frequency is called
the frequency distribution table. There are three types of frequency
distribution table viz. individual, discrete and continuous frequency
distribution tables.

i) Discrete frequency distribution (ungrouped) :

The raw data collected for the investigation is tabulated individually
with respect to their repeated numbers with tally marks in it. The number
of repeatation of any variable is called the frequency of the variable.
Example : The number of family members collected in a village is as
3, 2, 4, 4, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 4, 3, 2, 5, 6, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 5, 2, 5
No. of members Tally Marks Frequency
2 |||| 4
3 |||| || 7
4 |||| |||| 10
5 |||| | 6
6 ||| 3
Total 30

144 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

7.1 Measure of Central Tendency
The calculation of a central numerical value of the given statistical data
which suppose to represent the entire data is called the measure of
central tendency. They are mean, median and mode.

Arithmetic Mean
The average value of the statistical data which is the ratio of sum of
observations to the total number of observations is called the arithmetic
mean or simply mean.
Sum of the observation
i.e. Arithmetic Mean =
Total no. of observation

The average value of the observations of the collected

data is called arithmetic mean.
Sum of the observation
i.e. Mean (x) =
Total no. of observation

i) For individual observations: Mean (x) = Rnx

Where, x = observation (value of variable)
∑x = sum of the observations
n = no. of observations

ii) For discrete observation

Mean (x) = RNfx
Where,
x = observations (value of variable)
f = No of observations (No. of repeatation of particular variable)
fx = product of observations and respective no. of observations
R fx = sum of (f × x)
N = R f = sum of number of observations

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 145

iii) For continuous class interval
Mean (x) = RN fm or Rfx
N
Where,
m = Mid value (mean) of each classes. (Also can be taken x)
f = No. of observations
fm = Product of mid-value and number of observation (fx)
R fm = sum of (fm) or (fx)
N = R f = sum of number of observations.

Worked out Examples

1. Construct a frequency distribution table for the marks obtained by
the students as 20, 18, 14, 20, 16, 16, 14, 14, 16, 18, 12, 14, 12, 16,
18, 18, 20, 14, 16, 16.
Solution:
The marks obtained by the students are :
Marks tally marks frequency
12 || 2
14 |||| 5
16 |||| | 6
18 |||| 4
20 ||| 3
N = 20

2. Find the arithmetic mean of the marks obtained by the 8 students

of grade VII in optional mathematics 12, 16, 18, 20, 15, 17, 13, 11.
Solution:
The marks obtained in ascending order are: 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17,
18, 20.
No. of observations (N) = 8
Arithmetic mean (x) = ?
We know,
Rx
x = N
10 + 12 + 13 + 15 + 16 + 17 + 18 + 20
= 8

146 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 112
=8
= 14
` x = 14

3. Find the arithmetic mean of the cost of vegetables in different

shops.
Cost (Rs.) 10 14 18 25 30
No. of shops 4 5 10 4 2
Solution:
Cost (X) No. of Shops (f) f×x
10 4 40
14 5 70
18 10 180
25 4 100
30 2 60
N = 25 ∑fx = 450
Here,
Arithmetic mean (x) =
/ fx
N
450
= 25
= 18

4. Find arithmetic mean from the followings:

Class 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50
f 6 8 12 10 4
Solution:
Class f mid-value (x) f×x

0–10 6 0 + 10 = 30
2 5

10–20 8 10 + 20 120
2 = 15

20–30 12 20 + 30 300
2 = 25

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 147

 30–40 10 30 + 40 350
2 = 35

40–50 4 40 + 50 180
2 = 45

N = 40 ∑fx = 980
We have,
Arithmetic mean (x) =
/ fx
N
980
= 40
= 24.5

5. If mean of the observations is 20, �ind the value of m from the

observations 12, 18, 20, m, and 26.
Solution:
The given observation are:
12, 18, 20, m, and 26.
No. of observations (N) = 5
We have,
Rfx
Mean(x) = N
12 + 18 + 20 + m + 26
or, 20 = 5
76 m+
or, 20 = 5
or, 76 + m = 100
or, m = 100–76
or, m = 24

148 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Exercise : 7.1
1. Answer the followings.
i. What do you men by primary data?
ii. What is arithmetic mean? Write down its formula for discrete
observations.
iii. What do you mean by secondary data.
iv. Tabulate the observations in frequency distribution table.
20, 24, 24, 20, 32, 26, 32, 26, 36, 40, 36, 40, 20, 26, 26, 24, 32,
32,
v. Tabulate the data in frequency distribution table.
14, 18, 16, 20, 20,24, 24, 22, 22, 20, 16, 14, 18, 18, 20, 22, 22,
18, 22, 24, 24, 20, 22, 20, 20

2. Find arithmetic mean from the followings:

i. ∑X = 200, No. of observations is 10.
ii. ∑fx = 252, ∑f = 18.
iii. 14, 20, 26, 32, 38
iv. 12, 20, 28, 36, 44, 50, 56, 64
v. ∑fx = 400 + 50a, N = 16 +2a

3. Find the arithmetic mean from the followings.

i.
x 10 20 30 40 50
f 2 6 8 3 1
ii.
Marks 24 15 14 13 10
f 5 8 15 10 2
iii.
Age 15 25 35 45 55
f 4 6 8 10 2
iv.
Class 0–8 8–16 16–24 24–32 32–40
f 3 4 8 3 2

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 149

 v.
Marks 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100
f 7 9 14 12 8
4. Prime more creative questions.
i. If ∑x = 180 + m, N = 10 and x= 20, find the value of m.
ii. If ∑fx = 200 + 6P, N = 25 and x= 20, find the value of P.
iii. If mean of the observations 14, P, 26, 32 and 38 is 26, find the
value of P.
iv. If mean of the observations is 15, find the value of a.
x 10 13 14 15 24
f 2 10 a 8 5
v. If arithmetic mean of the observations is 35, find the value of
m.
Marks 15 25 35 45 55
f 4 6 8 m 2

Answer
1. Show to your teacher.

2. i. 20 ii. 14 iii. 26 iv. 38.75 v. 25

3. i. 27.5 ii. 15 iii. 35 iv. 18.8 v. 52

4. i. 20 ii. 50 iii. 20 iv. 15 v. 10

150 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

7.2 Median, Mode and Range
1. Median
The numerical value of a statistical data which divides the data into two
equal halves is called median.
Y

50% 50%
O X
Median
The median value divides the data 50% in left side and 50% in right side
as shown in the given diagram.

The value which divides the observation into two qual

halves is called median.

For the calculation of median for individual data.

Observation should be written in ascending or in descending order.
Size of ` 2 j item should be calculated.
N + 1 th
Median (Md) = corresponding observation of ` 2 j item. (for odd
N + 1 th
Number of observation.)
For even no. of observations:
sum of two con sec utive observations of size ` 2 j item.
N+1
Md = 2
Calculation of median for discrete data:
Finding cumulative frequency column in the table.
Finding ` 2 j item.
N + 1 th
Finding just greater or equal to ` 2 j size in c.f. column.
N + 1 th
Median (Md) = corresponding observation
Where ` 2 j lies in c.f.
N + 1 th

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 151

2. Mode:
The most repeated observation from a collected data is taken as the
model value of the observations. It gives an idea about the importance of
the observation as compared to the other observations. The model value
is the most valuable as compared with the other values.

The most repeated observations of the data is called

mode.
i.e.
Mode = The most repeated observation
= The observation having highest frequency

Examples: 5 is the model of the collected observations 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4,

5, 6, 7, 5, 3.

3. Range:
The highest and lowest observations of the collected data can be taken
from the observations during analyzing the data. The differences of such
observations defines the goodness or badness of the distribution of the
observations in the data. This type of differences gives an idea about the
nature of the collected data called range.

The difference of highest and lowest observations of

the statistical data is called range.
i.e. Range = H – L
H–L
and coefficient of range = H + L

The measurement of difference between highest and lowest observations

of the collected data is called range.

152 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Where, Range = Highest observation – lowest observation.
i.e. R = H – L
Also,
Coefficient of range is calculated from such values as,
H–L
Coefficient of Range = H + L .

Note : Range measures the measurement of closeness of the observations

from highest and lowest observations. [R = H – L]
• All the observations are not included in it.

Example: Find range and its coefficient of the observations taken in

order of 20, 24, 30, 36, 44, 50, 60.
Here,
Highest observation (H) = 60
Lowest observation (L) = 20
Range (R) = H – L
= 60 – 20
= 40
Again,
H–L
Coefficient of Range = H + L
60 – 20
= 60 + 20
40
= 80
= 0.5

Q 3 – Q1
Coefficient of Q.D. = Q + Q
3 1

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 153

Worked out Examples
1. Find the median from the following observations.
i. 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30.
ii. 40, 36, 32, 20, 24, 28.
iii. marks 10 15 20 25 30
f 5 8 12 9 6
Solution:
i. The give observations in ascending order are:
12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30
No. of observations (N) = 7
Then,
Median (Md) = Size of ` 2 j item.
N + 1 th

= Size of ` 2 j item.
6 + 1 th

= Size of 4th item.

= 4th observation
= 21.
` Md= 21

ii. The given observations in ascending order are:

20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40.
No. of observations (N) = 40
then,
Median (Md) = Size of ` 2 j item.
N + 1 th

= Size of ` 2 j item.
6 + 1 th

= Size of 3.5th item.

^3 rd + 4 thh
= 2 observations
28 + 32
= 2
= 30

154 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

iii. marks f c.f
10 5 5=5
15 8 5 + 8 = 13
20 12 13 + 12 = 25
25 9 25 + 9 = 34
30 6 34 + 6 = 40
N = 40
Here,
Median (Md) = ` 2 j item.
N + 1 th

= Size of ` 2 j item.
40 + 1 th

= Size of 20.5th item.

= 25 is c.f. just greater then 20.5
= 20 is the corresponding marks.
= 20
` Md = 20

2. Find mode from the observations 15, 12, 14, 15, 14, 15, 15, 16, 17,
15, 16, 18.
Solution:
The given observations taken in order are :12, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15,
15, 15, 16, 16, 17, 18.
Here,
15 is the most repeated obsertion (5 times).
` Mode = the most repeated observation.
= 15
` Mode = 15

3. Find the range and its coefficient of the observations 8, 12, 16, 18,
24, 28, 32.
Solution:
The given observations are: 8, 12, 16, 18, 24, 28, 32.
Here,
Highest observation (H) = 32
lowest observation (L) = 8

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 155

 ` Range = H– L
= 32 – 8
= 24

4. If median of the observations taken in order 12, 16, 20+m, 30, 36

and 40 is 27, find the value of m.
Solution:
The observations taken in order are: 12, 16, 20+m, 30, 36, 40.
No. of observations (N) = 6
Median (Md) = 27
We have,
Median (Md) = Size of ` 2 j item.
N + 1 th

or, 27 = Size of ` 2 j item.

6 + 1 th
or, 27 = Size of 3.5th item.
^3 + 4hth
or, 27 = 2 observations.
20 + m + 30
or, 27 = 2
or, 54 = 50 + m
or 54–50 = m
or, 4 = m
` m=4

5. If 12 is the lowest observation of a data whose range is 16, find the

highest observation. Also find the coefficient of range.
Solution:
In a data,
Lowest observation (L) = 12
Range = 16
Highest observation (H) = ?
We have,
Range = H – L
or, = H – 12
or, 16 –12= H
or, 28 = H
` H = 28

156 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Also,
H–L
Coefficient of Rang = H + L
28–12
= 28 + 12
16
= 40
` = 0.4

Exercise : 7.2
1. Find the median from the followings:
i. 14, 18, 22, 26, 30.
ii. 20, 28, 36, 42, 48, 56.
iii. 8, 14, 20, 26, 50, 44, 38, 32.
iv. x 16 20 24 28 32
f 5 8 12 9 6
v.
Marks 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
f 4 6 9 14 10 5 2

2. Find mode from the followings.

i. 8, 10, 8, 12, 12, 14,16, 12, 14, 8, 16, 14, 12, 12
ii. 20, 20, 24, 24, 24, 26, 24, 26, 28, 30, 26, 24.
iii. 50, 52, 54, 52, 54, 50, 60, 58, 56, 54, 56, 54.
iv.
x 12 18 24 30 40
f 7 8 12 5 4
v.
Marks 20 30 40 50 60
f 9 11 15 8 7

3. Find range and its coefficient from the followings.

i. 14, 18, 20, 24, 26.
ii. 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60.
iii. 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40.

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 157

 iv.
x 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
f 4 6 8 12 5 3 2
v.
Marks 8 14 20 26 32
f 5 9 10 7 4
4. Prime more creative questions.
i. If median of the observations taken in order 12, 16, 20, 20 + P,
28, 32, and 36 is 24, find the value of P.
ii. If median of the observations taken in order. 32, 38, 44, 45 +m,
51 + m, 62, 68 and 74 is 53, find the value of m.
iii. If lowest observation and range of a data are 10 and 15
respectively. Find the highest observation. Also find the
coefficient of range.
iv. If highest observation and range of a data are 60 and 24
respectively, find the lowest observation. Also find the
coefficient of range.
v. If median of the observations taken in order 20, 30, 6P – 15,
60, and 70 is 45, find the value of P.

Answer
1. i. 22 ii. 39 iii. 29 iv. 24 v. 40

2. i. 12 ii. 24 iii. 54 iv. 24 v. 40

3. i. 12, 0.3 ii. 40, 0.5 iii. 30, 0.6 iv. 60, 0.75 v. 24, 0.6

4. i. 4 ii. 5 iii. 25, 0.25 iv. 36, 0.25 v. 10

158 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

Statistics
Unit Test - 1
Time : 30 minutes
[1 × 1 + 3 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 1 × 5 = 20]

Attempt all the questions:

1. Write down the calculating formula of coefficient of range.
2. a. Find the mean of the observations 10, 14, 18, 22 and 26.
b. If median of the observations taken in order 20, 24, 20 + m, 32
and 36 is 28, find the value of m.
c. Find the range of the observations 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28.
3. a. Find the median value of the observations.
x 10 15 20 25 30 35
f 3 4 6 12 9 5
b. If range of observations having lowest term 20 is 30, find the
highest observation.
4. Find arithmetic mean of the data.
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
f 8 12 15 9 6

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 159

 Proposed Syllabus with Grid for
First Terminal Examination
S.N. Contains Topics K-1 U-2 A-4 HA-5 TQ TM Periods
1 Algebra i. Order Pairs 1 1 1 – 3 7 5
ii. Cartesian Product
2 Matrices All 1 1 1 – 3 7 5
3 Co-ordinate i. Distance Formula 1 1 1 1 4 12 4
Geometry
4 Trigonometry Exercise 4.1 1 3 3 1 8 24 12
Exercise 4.2
Exercise 4.3
Exercise 4.4
Total Questions 4 6 6 2 18
Total Marks 4 12 24 10 50 26
K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A = Application, HA = Higher ability
Model Question Set for First Terminal Examination
Group ‘A’ [4 × 1 = 4]
1. a. Write down antecedent and consequence from the ordered pair
(2, 4).
b. If A = < F , find the matrix AT.
2 –1
3 –2
2. a. Convert 90° into grades.
b. Write down the co-ordinate of a point an x-axis and on y-axis.

Group ‘B’ [6 × 2 = 12]

3. a. If A = {3, 2}, B = {6, 7, 8}, find Cartesian product A × B.
b. Find the distance between the points A(2, –3) and B(8, 5).
4. a. If A = < F and B = < F , find the value of 2A – B.
2 3 1 2
1 4 3 –1
b. Find the ratio of the angles 80g and 108°.
5. a. Factories : Sin4A – Cos4A.
b. Find the trigonometric ratio Sinq from the adjoining diagram.
A

8cm

q
C B
6cm

160 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Group ‘C’ [6 × 4 = 24]
6. If P = {a, b, c}, Q = {x, y}, find P × Q and show in arrow diagram.
7. If A + B = < F and B = < F , find the matrix A.
2 4 1 2
6 3 3 –1
8. Prove that the points A(4, –3) and B(–3, –4) are equidistant from the origin.
9. Prove that: Sin²A.Cos²B – Cos²A.Sin²B = Sin²A – Sin²B.
10. If 3TanA = 4, find the value of Sin²A + Cos²A.
11. Prove that : Sec4A – Tan4A = 2Sec²A – 1.
Group ‘D’ [2 × 5 = 10]
12. The one angle of right angled triangle is 40g, find the third angle in degrees.
13. Prove that the points A(3, 2), B(3, –3) and C(8, –3) are the vertices of
an isosceles triangle.
Proposed Syllabus with Grid for
Second Terminal Examination
S.N. Contains Topics K-1 U-2 A-4 HA-5 TQ TM Periods
1 Algebra i. Polynomial 1 1 1 – 3 7 6
ii. Surd
2 Matrices – 1 1 1 – 3 7 –
3 Co-ordinate Remaining All – 1 1 – 2 6 4
Geometry
4 Trigonometry Remaining All 1 2 3 – 6 17 12
6 Transformation Reflection 1 – – 1 2 6 6
7 Statistics Arithmetic Mean – 1 – 1 2 7 6
First Term Review 6
Total Questions 4 6 6 2 18
Total Marks 4 12 24 10 50 40
K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A = Application, HA = Higher ability

Model Question Set for Second Terminal Examination

Group ‘A’ [4 × 1 = 4]
1. a. What types of polynomial is x² – 3x + 4 ?
b. What do you mean by square matrix ?
2. a. Write down the relation of SinA in terms of CosA.
b. Write down the image of a point A (3, –2) under reflection about x-axis.
Group ‘B’ [6 × 2 = 12]
3. a. If A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5)}, find the sets A
and B. Also find n(A × B).

PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 161

 b. If A = < F , find the transpose of the matrix 2A.
3 –2
1 4
4. a. Find the mid-point of line joining the points A(3, –2) and B(5, –4).
b. Find the median of the observations 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32.
5. a. Convert 20° 25' 28'' into seconds.
b. Find the value of : Sin²30° + Cos²60° + Tan²45°.
Group ‘C’ [6 × 4 = 24]
6. If A = {3, 4, 5}, B ={1, 2}, find A × B and B × A. Show A × B in arrow
diagram.

If = G = < F are equal matrices, find the value of x and y.

x+2 3 3 3
7.
1 y –3 1 2
8. Find the co-ordinate of centroid of a triangle having vertices
A(1, –2), B(3, –4) and C(2, 3), find in the diagram.
1 – Cos 4 i
9. Prove that : = 1 + 2Cot²q
Sin 4 i
10. One angle of a triangle is 40° and the second angle is 60g, find the
third angle in degrees.
11. Length of a ladder as shown in diagram taken against a wall is
20m. Find the height of the wall where the ladder makes 30°
angle with the ground.
m
20

30°

Group ‘D’ [2 × 5 = 10]

12. Find the co-ordinate of image a triangle having vertices A (3, 2),
B (7, 5) and C (5, 7) under reflection about y = 0. Also plot the
object and image in graph.
13. Find the arithmetic mean of :
Class 0-8 8 - 16 16 - 24 24 - 32 32 - 40
f 3 4 7 5 1

162 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII

 Specification Grid for
Final Examination referred by CDC Nepal
S.N. Contains Topics K-1 U-2 A-4 HA-5 TQ TM Periods
1 Algebra i. Order Pairs 1 1 1 – 3 7 16
ii. Cartesian Product
iii. Surd
iv. Polynomial
2 Matrices i. Introduction 1 1 1 – 3 7 10
ii. Addition
iii. Transpose
3 Co-ordinate i. Distance Formula – 1 1 – 2 6 12
Geometry ii. Mid-Point Formula
4 Trigonometry i. Measurement of 1 1 2 – 4 11 22
Angles
ii. Trigonometric
Ratios
iii. Conversion of TR
iv. Standard Angles
5 Vector i. Introduction 1 – 1 – 2 5 6
ii. Addition
6 Transformation i. Reflection – 1 – 1 2 7 8
ii. Translation
7 Statistics i. Central Tendency – 1 – 1 2 7 6
ii. Range
First Term Review 4
Second Term Review 4
Total Questions 4 6 6 2 16
Total Marks 4 12 24 10 50 80
K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A = Application, HA = Higher ability

Model Question Set for Final Terminal Examination

Group ‘A’ [4 × 1 = 4]
1. a. Convert the surd 2 3 3 into pure surd.
b. What do you mean by rectangular matrix ?
2. a. Find the value of Sin30° + Cos60°.
b. If A(2, 4) and B(3, 7) are any two points, Find the vector AB .

Group ‘B’ [6 × 2 = 12]

3. a. If (x + 2, 4) and (5, y – 1) are equal ordered pairs, Find the value
of x and y.
PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII 163
 A
b. If A = < F and B= < F , find the value of
2 –1 1 –3

cm
3 –2 2 4
2A + B.

2
a
4. a. Find the trigonometric ratio Sinθ from the q
C B
adjoining diagram. acm
b. Prove that : (Sinθ + Cosθ)² = 1 + 2Sinθ.Cosθ.
5. a. Find the co-ordinate of a point A(3, –2) under a translation
T = < F.
2
3
b. If highest observation and range of a data are 60 and 40
respectively, find the lowest observation of the data.

Group ‘C’ [6 × 4 = 24]

3 1 4
6. Simplify : – –
6– 3 3+ 2 6– 2
If A + B = < F and A – B = < F , find the matrix A and B.
3 –4 1 2
7.
5 2 1 –6
Cosi Cosi
8. Prove that : + + = 2Secq.
1 – Sini 1 Sini
9. A boy is flying a kite where the kite is at a
? 100m
height of 100m and the string makes an angle
of 30° with the ground as shown in diagram.
30°
Find the length of the string.
If 5 is the magnitude of a vector a = d n , find the value of m.
4
10.
m
11. If (2, 3) is the mid- point of line joining the points (a, –3) and
(4, b), find the value of a and b.
Group ‘D’ [2 × 5 = 10]
12. Find the image of a triangle having vertices P(3, –2), Q(–4, 3) and
R(0, 5) under translation about T = < F . Also plot the object and
4
3
image in graph.
13. If mean of the observations given below is 17, find the value of
'P'.
x 5 10 15 20 25 30
f 2 5 P 7 4 2

164 PRIME Opt. Maths Book - VII