Scribd
Upload
23 views3 pages

Chemistry Notes

Uploaded by

suju.miracle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views3 pages

Chemistry Notes

Uploaded by

suju.miracle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

1.

Basic Concepts

 Atoms and Molecules: Atoms are the smallest units of elements, consisting of protons,
neutrons, and electrons. Molecules are combinations of atoms bonded together.
 Elements and Compounds: Elements consist of a single type of atom, while compounds
are formed when two or more elements combine chemically.
 Atomic Number and Mass Number: The atomic number is the number of protons in an
atom’s nucleus, while the mass number is the total of protons and neutrons.
 Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, giving them
different atomic masses.

2. Chemical Bonds

 Ionic Bonds: Formed when one atom donates an electron to another, creating positive
and negative ions that attract each other (e.g., NaCl).
 Covalent Bonds: Formed when atoms share electrons to achieve stability (e.g., H₂O).
 Metallic Bonds: Found in metals, where electrons are shared and flow freely among a
lattice of positive ions.
 Hydrogen Bonds: Weak bonds between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
like oxygen or nitrogen, common in water and DNA.

3. States of Matter

 Solid: Particles are tightly packed in a fixed shape and volume.


 Liquid: Particles are close but can flow freely, taking the shape of their container.
 Gas: Particles are widely spaced and move independently, filling the volume of their
container.
 Plasma: High-energy state where electrons are free from atoms, found in stars and
lightning.

4. The Periodic Table

 Organization: Elements are arranged by increasing atomic number in rows (periods) and
columns (groups) based on similar chemical properties.
 Groups: Columns represent elements with similar properties. Key groups include alkali
metals (Group 1), alkaline earth metals (Group 2), halogens (Group 17), and noble gases
(Group 18).
 Periods: Rows represent elements with the same number of electron shells.

5. Chemical Reactions

 Types of Reactions:
o Synthesis: Two or more substances combine to form one compound (A + B →
AB).
o Decomposition: A compound breaks down into simpler substances (AB → A +
B).
o Single Replacement: An element replaces another in a compound (A + BC →
AC + B).
o Double Replacement: Ions in two compounds exchange partners (AB + CD →
AD + CB).
o Combustion: A substance reacts with oxygen, often producing CO₂ and H₂O.
 Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is conserved in a chemical reaction; reactant mass
equals product mass.

6. Acids, Bases, and pH

 Acids: Substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution, with a pH less than 7 (e.g.,
HCl).
 Bases: Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution, with a pH greater than 7
(e.g., NaOH).
 pH Scale: Measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 (strong acid) to
14 (strong base), with 7 being neutral (e.g., pure water).

7. Stoichiometry

 Moles: A mole is a unit of quantity in chemistry representing 6.022 × 10²³ particles


(Avogadro’s number).
 Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance, used in stoichiometric calculations to
relate mass to moles in reactions.
 Balancing Equations: Ensuring equal numbers of each atom on both sides of a chemical
equation to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.

8. Thermochemistry

 Endothermic Reactions: Absorb energy from the surroundings (e.g., melting ice).
 Exothermic Reactions: Release energy to the surroundings (e.g., combustion).
 Enthalpy (ΔH): The heat content of a reaction, indicating whether it is endothermic or
exothermic.
 Activation Energy: The minimum energy required for a reaction to proceed.

9. Organic Chemistry

 Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. They include alkanes
(single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), and alkynes (triple bonds).
 Functional Groups: Groups of atoms that define the chemical properties of organic
molecules, such as hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and amino (-NH₂).
 Polymers: Large molecules made from repeating units (monomers), such as plastics and
DNA.

10. Electrochemistry
 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox): Reactions involving the transfer of electrons, with
oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons).
 Electrochemical Cells: Devices like batteries that convert chemical energy into electrical
energy through redox reactions.
 Electrolysis: Using electricity to drive a non-spontaneous reaction, such as splitting
water into hydrogen and oxygen.

You might also like