Lec 3 Kinmatics

Outcome Computer-Aided Kinematics
1 Friction Clutches
Dr. Mohamed Allam
Friction Clutches
 They are employed in devices which have two
rotating shafts. One shaft is attached to a motor
(driving member) while the other shaft (driven
member) provides output power for work to be done.
 The clutch connects the two shafts so that they may

be locked together and spin at the same speed
(engaged), locked together but spinning at different
speeds (slipping), or unlocked and spinning at
different speeds(disengaged).
Types of Friction Clutches
• The friction clutches of the following types are important from the
subject point of view :
1. Disc or plate clutches (single disc or multiple disc clutch).
2. Cone clutches.
3. Centrifugal clutches.
Coulomb’s Law of Friction
Consider a small block sliding over a surface. The force
pressing the two surfaces together is R (the normal force).
When the surfaces slip, the force F required to produce
movement is equal and opposite of the friction force
between the surfaces.
Friction force = µ R
where µ is the coefficient of friction.
1) Conical Clutches
 Conical clutches are used for larger power
transmission applications. There are two cones
covered in friction material (lined with some
material like wood, leather, or asbestos) and when
they are forced apart, they rub against the steel
outer casings and lock them together thus
engaging the two halves.
Geometry of Conical Clutches
 A conical clutch transmits rotation from one shaft to
another through friction forces on the conical face.
The cone has a half angle of () and the two halves are
forced together with a force (R).
 Consider an elementary ring on the face of the cone at

radius (r) and radial width (dr).
 The length of the ring along the sloping surface is

(dr/sinβ).
 The area of the ring (dA) is approximately the

circumference (2πr) times the width dr/sinβ. dr 𝐋

𝐝𝐫
sin =
𝐋
A) Uniform Pressure Theory
• The force pressing the surfaces together produces a uniform pressure between
them of P (N/m2). The force normal to the surface is R' and the force on the
element is dR'
The total force R’ acting on the conical are is given by integrating:
the friction force = µ dR'.
This force produces a small torque:

• The total torque is obtained by integrating between the inside and the outside:
Substituting for
In this derivation, R' is the total force acting normal to the surface. If this is resolved
to give the axial force:
R/
B) Uniform Wear Theory
• Uniform wear theory assumes that the wear is constant everywhere and it is
directly proportional to pressure x velocity (when slipping).
The wear is constant so it follows that:
& &
the friction force acting = µ dR'.
This force produces a small torque:
Substituting for dR’, we have:
While:
• In this derivation, R' is the total force acting normal to the surface. If this is
resolved to give the axial force
2) Flat Clutch Plates
• A basic flat plate clutch is a disc with
friction material pressed against a
second disc, thus engaging them by
friction and making them both rotate
together.
• A flat clutch is a special case of a
conical cluth with an included angle of
180°.
• A flat clutch is a special case of a conical cluth with an included angle
of 180°.
a) Uniform Pressure Theory
b) Uniform Wear Theory

2) Multiple Flat Clutch
• These are constructed with one set of
plates attached to the inner shaft and the
other plates attached to the outer case.
• There are five surfaces in contact and this
allows a greater torque to be transmitted
before slip occurs.
a) Uniform Pressure Theory
b) Uniform Wear Theory
n: Number of surface of contact

Example 1
• A conical clutch has an included angle of 120°. The outer and inner diameters are 80
and 20 mm, respectively. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3, calculate the force
required to press the two halves together if it is to transmit 200 Wat 600 rev/min,
using both the uniform pressure theory and uniform wear theory.
Given :
Req.: (R) by using both theories
1) Using Uniform Pressure Theory 2) Using Uniform Wear Theory

Example 2
• A multi-layer clutch with 5 contact surfaces having a friction coefficient of 0.25, runs
at a speed of 2000 rpm. The outside and inside diameters are 150 and 80 mm,
respectively. If the axial force is 600 N, calculate the maximum power the clutch can
transmit without slipping based on both constant pressure and constant wear
theories.
Given : n= 5 , = 0.25 , N= 2000 rpm , Do= 150 mm , Di= 80 mm , R= 600 N
Req.: (Power) by using both theories
1) Using Uniform Pressure Theory 2) Using Uniform Wear Theory

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Outcome Computer-Aided Kinematics

 The clutch connects the two shafts so that they may

 Consider an elementary ring on the face of the cone at

 The length of the ring along the sloping surface is

 The area of the ring (dA) is approximately the

The total force R’ acting on the conical are is given by integrating:

the friction force = µ dR'.

This force produces a small torque:

The wear is constant so it follows that:

Substituting for dR’, we have:

a) Uniform Pressure Theory

b) Uniform Wear Theory

b) Uniform Wear Theory

n: Number of surface of contact

Req.: (R) by using both theories

1) Using Uniform Pressure Theory 2) Using Uniform Wear Theory

1) Using Uniform Pressure Theory 2) Using Uniform Wear Theory

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