1. Explain the concept of combining and merging datasets in data wrangling.

How is it
implemented in Python using pandas? Provide examples to illustrate inner join, outer join, left
join, and right join.

Data wrangling is the process of cleaning and transforming raw data into a format suitable for
analysis. One of the key tasks in data wrangling is combining or merging datasets. Often, in real-
world scenarios, data is stored across multiple tables or datasets, and it becomes essential to merge
or combine them for meaningful analysis. The merging of datasets allows users to bring together
related information from different sources based on a common key or index.

Combining datasets involves merging multiple datasets either by appending data (stacking rows) or
by aligning datasets horizontally (stacking columns) based on some keys or indices. Pandas, the most
widely used Python library for data manipulation, offers a powerful set of functions to merge,
combine, concatenate, and join datasets.

Merging Datasets in Pandas

Pandas provides the `merge()` function, which is very similar to SQL-style joins, allowing us to
combine datasets based on common columns or indices. The most common types of joins used in
data merging are:

1. Inner Join

2. Outer Join

3. Left Join

4. Right Join

Each of these joins has specific rules regarding how the data from two datasets is combined.

1. Inner Join

An inner join returns only the rows where there is a match in both datasets. This is often referred to
as the intersection of two datasets. If a row exists in one dataset but not in the other, it is excluded
from the result.

Syntax:

pd.merge(df1, df2, how='inner', on='key')

Example:

import pandas as pd

# Creating two DataFrames

df1 = pd.DataFrame({

'key': ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'],

'value_df1': [1, 2, 3, 4]})

df2 = pd.DataFrame({

'key': ['B', 'C', 'D', 'E'],

'value_df2': [5, 6, 7, 8]})

Performing an inner join

result = pd.merge(df1, df2, how='inner', on='key')

print(result)

Output:

key value_df1 value_df2

0 B 2 5

1 C 3 6

2 D 4 7

In this example, the inner join returns only the rows where the key exists in both `df1` and `df2` (i.e.,
'B', 'C', and 'D').

2. Outer Join

An outer join returns all rows from both datasets. If there is no match for a particular row, missing
values (`NaN`) are introduced. This is also known as a full outer join.

Syntax:

pd.merge(df1, df2, how='outer', on='key')

Example:

Performing an outer join

result = pd.merge(df1, df2, how='outer', on='key')

print(result)

Output:

key value_df1 value_df2

0 A 1.0 NaN

1 B 2.0 5.0

2 C 3.0 6.0

3 D 4.0 7.0

4 E NaN 8.0
Here, the outer join returns all rows from both `df1` and `df2`. For rows without a match (like 'A' in
`df1` and 'E' in `df2`), the result shows `NaN` for the missing values.

3. Left Join

A left join returns all rows from the left dataset (`df1`) and only the matching rows from the right
dataset (`df2`). If no match is found in the right dataset, the result contains `NaN` for the right
columns.

Syntax:

pd.merge(df1, df2, how='left', on='key')

Example:

Performing a left join

result = pd.merge(df1, df2, how='left', on='key')

print(result)

Output:

key value_df1 value_df2

0 A 1 NaN

1 B 2 5.0

2 C 3 6.0

3 D 4 7.0

In this case, all rows from `df1` are included. The row corresponding to 'A' does not have a match in
`df2`, so the `value_df2` column shows `NaN` for that row.

4. Right Join

A right join is the opposite of a left join. It returns all rows from the right dataset (`df2`) and only the
matching rows from the left dataset (`df1`). If no match is found in the left dataset, the result
contains `NaN` for the left columns.

Syntax:

pd.merge(df1, df2, how='right', on='key')

Example:

Performing a right join

result = pd.merge(df1, df2, how='right', on='key')

print(result)
Output:

key value_df1 value_df2

0 B 2.0 5

1 C 3.0 6

2 D 4.0 7

3 E NaN 8

Here, all rows from `df2` are included, with unmatched rows from `df1` having `NaN` values.

Practical Use of Merging in Data Wrangling

Merging datasets is crucial when dealing with large data where different pieces of related data are
spread across multiple sources. Common use cases include:

- Combining transaction data with customer information based on customer IDs.

- Merging sales data with geographic data based on location IDs.

- Combining time series data from different sensors based on timestamps.

Pandas' `merge()` function is highly flexible and can perform operations that are analogous to SQL
join operations but with a more intuitive syntax for data scientists and engineers working in Python.
2.- Discuss database-style Data Frame merges in the context of data wrangling. How does the
pandas `merge()` function replicate SQL-like operations? Compare pandas merging with SQL joins.

In data wrangling, one of the key tasks is combining datasets from multiple sources based on
common fields or keys, which closely resembles operations performed in relational databases.
Database-style merges refer to the process of combining datasets in a manner similar to SQL joins,
where data from different tables is linked using keys (such as primary keys or foreign keys).

Pandas provides a powerful and flexible tool for merging data, the `merge()` function, which allows
users to perform operations analogous to SQL joins directly on DataFrames. This feature is highly
useful for integrating data from different tables, files, or sources, much like how a SQL query joins
multiple tables.

1. Concept of Database-Style Merges

In a relational database, the most common way to combine data from different tables is by using
joins. Joins enable users to combine tables based on a related column between them (e.g., customer
ID, product ID, etc.). Similarly, in pandas, merging datasets enables data analysts to bring together
datasets based on common columns or indexes. This is crucial when performing data integration
tasks, where data from multiple datasets needs to be analyzed together.

The types of joins typically performed in SQL and pandas are:

- INNER JOIN

- OUTER JOIN

- LEFT JOIN

- RIGHT JOIN

These joins have clear equivalents in both SQL and pandas, allowing seamless translation between
SQL-style database operations and pandas-based operations.

2. How pandas `merge()` Replicates SQL Joins

The pandas `merge()` function replicates SQL joins by providing flexibility in specifying how two
datasets should be merged. This function accepts several parameters that mimic the behavior of SQL
join clauses.

The key parameters in `merge()` include:

`how`: Specifies the type of join (similar to SQL join types).

- `'inner'`: Equivalent to SQL `INNER JOIN`, where only rows with matching values in both datasets
are returned.

- `'outer'`: Equivalent to SQL `FULL OUTER JOIN`, where all rows from both datasets are included,
and missing values are filled with `NaN`.
 - `'left'`: Equivalent to SQL `LEFT JOIN`, where all rows from the left dataset are returned, with
matching rows from the right dataset.

- `'right'`: Equivalent to SQL `RIGHT JOIN`, where all rows from the right dataset are returned, with
matching rows from the left dataset.

- `on`: Specifies the column(s) or index to merge on. It is similar to the ON clause in SQL, where the
join key(s) are defined.

- `left_on` and `right_on`: These parameters are used if the column names in the left and right
DataFrames differ but should be matched. This is analogous to specifying different key columns in
SQL joins.

- `left_index` and `right_index`: These flags allow merging on the index of a DataFrame rather than a
column, similar to joining tables based on their primary key in SQL.

3. Comparison Between SQL Joins and Pandas Merging

Let's explore the four main types of joins and how they are performed in both SQL and pandas. For
simplicity, assume we have two tables, `df1` and `df2` (or `table1` and `table2` in SQL):

a. INNER JOIN

In SQL, an INNER JOIN returns only the rows where the keys match in both tables. Similarly, pandas'
`merge()` with `how='inner'` performs the same operation.

SQL:

SELECT Pandas:

FROM table1 pd.merge(df1, df2, how='inner', on='key')

INNER JOIN table2

ON table1.key = table2.key;

Explanation:

In both SQL and pandas, an inner join returns only the rows where the value of `key` exists in both
`df1` and `df2`.

b. OUTER JOIN

An OUTER JOIN (or FULL OUTER JOIN) includes all rows from both tables. Where there is no match,
missing data is represented by `NULL` in SQL or `NaN` in pandas.
SQL: Pandas:

SELECT pd. merge(df1, df2, how='outer', on='key')

FROM table1 Explanation:

FULL OUTER JOIN table2 Both SQL and pandas return all rows from
`df1` and `df2`. Missing data from either table
ON table1.key = table2.key; is represented by `NULL` in SQL and `NaN` in
pandas.

c. LEFT JOIN

A LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and the matching rows from the right table. If there
is no match, missing data is returned for the columns from the right table.

SQL:

SELECT

FROM table1

LEFT JOIN table2 Pandas:

ON table1.key = table2.key; pd.merge(df1, df2, how='left', on='key')

Explanation:

In both SQL and pandas, all rows from `df1` (left table) are included in the result, and matching rows
from `df2` are returned. If there is no match, `NULL` or `NaN` is shown.

d. RIGHT JOIN

A RIGHT JOIN is the opposite of a left join: it returns all rows from the right table and the matching
rows from the left table. If there is no match, missing data is returned for the columns from the left
table.

SQL:

SELECT

FROM table1 Pandas:

RIGHT JOIN table2 pd.merge(df1, df2, how='right', on='key')

ON table1.key = table2.key;

Explanation:

In both SQL and pandas, all rows from `df2` (right table) are included, and matching rows from `df1`
are returned. Missing data is shown as `NaN` in pandas and `NULL` in SQL.
3. What does it mean to merge datasets on the index in pandas? How is merging on the index
different from merging on a column? Provide code examples of merging Data Frames using their
indices.

In pandas, merging on the index means combining two or more DataFrames based on their row
indices, rather than using a specific column as a key.

Merging on the index is useful in scenarios where:

- The index in both DataFrames serves as the primary key for matching rows.

- You want to preserve the index information as part of the merged dataset.

Difference Between Merging on Index and Merging on a Column

- Merging on a Column:

- By default, pandas merges datasets using one or more common columns.

- You specify the column(s) to merge on with the `on` parameter in the `merge()` function.

- Columns used for merging don't necessarily have to be part of the DataFrame's index.

- Merging on the Index:

- When you merge on the index, you are matching rows based on the DataFrame's index rather
than a specific column.

- This is done using the `left_index=True` and `right_index=True` parameters in the `merge()`
function.

Syntax for Merging on Index

To merge two DataFrames on their indices, you use the `left_index` and `right_index` parameters
and set them to `True`. The basic syntax is:

pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True, how='inner') You can use 'outer', 'left', or
'right' as well

Code Examples of Merging DataFrames Using Their Indices

Example 1: Inner Join on Index

import pandas as pd

# Creating two DataFrames with indices as row labels

df1 = pd.DataFrame({ df2 = pd.DataFrame({

'value_df1': [1, 2, 3, 4] 'value_df2': [5, 6, 7, 8]

}, index=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']) }, index=['B', 'C', 'D', 'E'])

Merging on the index using inner join (default)

result = pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True, how='inner')

print(result)

Output:

value_df1 value_df2

B 2 5

C 3 6

D 4 7

Explanation:

In this example, we merge `df1` and `df2` based on their indices. The inner join returns only the rows
where the indices match in both DataFrames ('B', 'C', 'D').

Example 2: Outer Join on Index

Merging on the index using outer join

result = pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True, how='outer')

print(result)

Output:

```

value_df1 value_df2

A 1.0 NaN

B 2.0 5.0

C 3.0 6.0

D 4.0 7.0

E NaN 8.0

```

Explanation:

In this case, the outer join includes all rows from both DataFrames. If a row's index is missing in
either DataFrame, the corresponding values are filled with `NaN`. Index 'A' is present only in `df1`,
and index 'E' is present only in `df2`.
Example 3: Left Join on Index

Merging on the index using left join

result = pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, Output:

right_index=True, how='left')
value_df1 value_df2
print(result)
A 1 NaN

B 2 5.0

C 3 6.0

D 4 7.0
Explanation:

In the left join, all rows from `df1` (left DataFrame) are included. The values from `df2` are included
only where the index matches. Since index 'A' exists only in `df1`, the corresponding values from
`df2` are `NaN`.

Example 4: Right Join on Index

Merging on the index using right join

result = pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True, how='right')

print(result)

Output:

```

value_df1 value_df2

B 2.0 5

C 3.0 6

D 4.0 7

E NaN 8

```

Explanation:

In the right join, all rows from `df2` (right DataFrame) are included. The values from `df1` are
included only where the index matches. Since index 'E' exists only in `df2`, the corresponding values
from `df1` are `NaN`.
4. Describe the process of concatenating datasets along an axis in pandas. How do you
concatenate vertically (rows) and horizontally (columns)? Explain with examples.

Concatenating Datasets Along an Axis in Pandas

Concatenating datasets is the process of combining multiple DataFrames either by stacking them
vertically (adding rows) or horizontally (adding columns). Pandas provides the `concat()` function to
perform this operation efficiently, allowing you to merge datasets along a specified axis—either
rows (axis=0) or columns (axis=1).

Concatenating Vertically (Adding Rows)

When concatenating vertically, the datasets are stacked on top of each other, which means the rows
from one dataset are appended to the rows of another dataset. This operation is similar to union in
SQL or stacking two tables one after the other.

- By default, concatenating vertically adds the rows from the second DataFrame to the first one, and
the resulting DataFrame retains the columns of both DataFrames.

- If the two DataFrames have different columns, the missing values are filled with `NaN`.

Syntax:

pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=0)

Here, `axis=0` indicates that the concatenation is happening along the rows (i.e., vertically).

Example:

import pandas as pd

Creating two DataFrames

df1 = pd.DataFrame({ df2 = pd.DataFrame({

'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2'], 'A': ['A3', 'A4', 'A5'],

'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2'] 'B': ['B3', 'B4', 'B5']

}) })

#Concatenating vertically (adding rows)

result = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=0)

print(result)
Output:

A B

0 A0 B0

1 A1 B1

2 A2 B2

0 A3 B3

1 A4 B4

2 A5 B5

Explanation:

In this example, `df1` and `df2` are concatenated vertically, meaning the rows from `df2` are added
below the rows of `df1`. Notice that the indices are repeated (`0`, `1`, `2`) because the indices are
not reset automatically after concatenation.

Resetting the Index:

To reset the index after concatenation, use the `ignore_index=True` parameter.

Concatenating with index reset

result = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=0, ignore_index=True)

print(result)

Output:

```

A B

0 A0 B0

1 A1 B1

2 A2 B2

3 A3 B3

4 A4 B4

5 A5 B5

```
Concatenating DataFrames with Different Columns:

If the DataFrames have different columns, missing values (`NaN`) will be introduced for the non-
matching columns.

df1 = pd.DataFrame({ df2 = pd.DataFrame({

'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2'], 'A': ['A3', 'A4', 'A5'],

'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2'] 'C': ['C3', 'C4', 'C5']

}) })

result = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=0)

print(result)

Output:

A B C

0 A0 B0 NaN

1 A1 B1 NaN

2 A2 B2 NaN

0 A3 NaN C3

1 A4 NaN C4

2 A5 NaN C5

Explanation:

Here, `df1` has columns `A` and `B`, while `df2` has columns `A` and `C`. When concatenated, missing
values (`NaN`) are introduced in places where a column is not present in both DataFrames.

Concatenating Horizontally (Adding Columns)

When concatenating horizontally, the DataFrames are aligned side-by-side, and columns from the
second DataFrame are added to the right of the columns from the first DataFrame. This is equivalent
to joining two tables by adding columns.

- If the indices of the DataFrames are the same, the rows are aligned properly.

- If the indices are different, missing values (`NaN`) will be inserted where there is no matching
index.
Syntax:

pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1)

Here, `axis=1` indicates that the concatenation is happening along the columns (i.e., horizontally).

Example:

Creating two DataFrames with the same index

df1 = pd.DataFrame({ df2 = pd.DataFrame({

'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2'], 'C': ['C0', 'C1', 'C2'],

'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2'] 'D': ['D0', 'D1', 'D2']

}) })

#Concatenating horizontally (adding columns)

result = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1)

print(result)

Output:

```

A B C D

0 A0 B0 C0 D0

1 A1 B1 C1 D1

2 A2 B2 C2 D2

Concatenating Data Frames with Different Indices:

When the Data Frames have different indices, missing values (`NaN`) will be introduced where the
indices do not match.

df1 = pd.DataFrame({ df2 = pd.DataFrame({

'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2'], 'C': ['C3', 'C4', 'C5'],

'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2'] 'D': ['D3', 'D4', 'D5']

}, index=[0, 1, 2]) }, index=[1, 2, 3])

# Concatenating horizontally with different indices

result = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1)

print(result)

Output:

A B C D

0 A0 B0 NaN NaN

1 A1 B1 C3 D3

2 A2 B2 C4 D4

3 NaN NaN C5 D5

Explanation:

Here, `df1` and `df2` have different indices. When concatenated horizontally, rows with non-
matching indices get missing values (`NaN`). For example, the row with index `0` from `df1` has no
matching row in `df2`, and similarly, the row with index `3` from `df2` has no matching row in `df1`.

Concatenation Options

- `join='inner'`: Concatenates only the common rows or columns (intersection of the indices).

result = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1, join='inner')

- `keys`: You can specify keys to differentiate between the concatenated DataFrames.

result = pd.concat([df1, df2], keys=['df1', 'df2'], axis=0)

- 5. How can you combine data with overlapping indexes or columns in pandas? Discuss the
methods used for resolving overlapping data when combining datasets.

Combining Data with Overlapping Indexes or Columns in Pandas

When combining datasets, it’s common to encounter situations where two DataFrames have
overlapping indexes or columns. This overlap could result in conflicting or redundant data. In
pandas, there are several methods to resolve this overlapping data, ensuring that the datasets are
combined meaningfully without data loss or ambiguity.

Methods to Resolve Overlapping Data When Combining Datasets

1. `combine_first()` Method

2. Using `where()` and `mask()`

1. `combine_first()` Method

The `combine_first()` method is used to combine two DataFrames that may have overlapping
indexes. It is particularly useful when one DataFrame has missing values (`NaN`), and you want to fill
those missing values with data from another DataFrame. This method performs an element-wise
operation, preferring the data from the calling DataFrame and filling in missing values from the other
DataFrame.

It preserves the data from the calling DataFrame wherever it is available, and fills in any `NaN`
values from the other DataFrame.

Syntax:

df1.combine_first(df2)

Example:

import pandas as pd

# Creating two DataFrames with overlapping indexes and some missing values

df1 = pd.DataFrame({ df2 = pd.DataFrame({

'A': [1, 2, None, 4], 'A': [None, 2, 3, None],

'B': [5, None, 7, 8] 'B': [5, 6, None, 9]

}, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']) }, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

# Combining data, filling missing values from df2

result = df1.combine_first(df2)

print(result)
Output:

A B

a 1.0 5.0

b 2.0 6.0

c 3.0 7.0

d 4.0 8.0

```

Explanation:

In this example, `df1` and `df2` have overlapping indexes ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'). The `combine_first()`
method fills in the missing values (`NaN`) in `df1` with the corresponding values from `df2`. For index
'c', `A` was `NaN` in `df1`, so it was filled with the value `3` from `df2`.

2. Using `where()` and `mask()`

In cases where overlapping data requires more conditional operations, pandas provides the
`where()` and `mask()` methods. These methods allow you to combine data based on specific
conditions.

`where()`: Keeps values from the calling DataFrame if a condition is `True`, otherwise takes values
from another DataFrame.

- `mask()`: The inverse of `where()`. It replaces values in the calling DataFrame if a condition is `True`
and uses the values from another DataFrame.

Example with `where()`:

Using where() to conditionally combine data

result = df1.where(df1.notna(), df2)

print(result)

Output:

```

A B

a 1.0 5.0

b 2.0 6.0

c 3.0 7.0

d 4.0 8.0
Explanation:

In this case, the `where()` function checks where values in `df1` are not missing (`notna()`). For those
positions, it keeps the values from `df1`. Wherever `df1` has missing values (`NaN`), it fills those
positions with corresponding values from `df2`.

3. Merging with Control Over Duplicate Column Names

When combining two DataFrames that have overlapping column names, the resulting DataFrame
will have duplicate columns unless you handle the overlap explicitly. To resolve this, pandas provides
the `suffixes` parameter during merging operations. This parameter allows you to append a suffix to
overlapping column names to distinguish between them.

Example:

Creating two DataFrames with overlapping column names

df1 = pd.DataFrame({ df2 = pd.DataFrame({

'A': [1, 2, 3], 'A': [7, 8, 9],

'B': [4, 5, 6] 'B': [10, 11, 12]

}) })

Merging with suffixes to distinguish between overlapping columns

result = pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True, suffixes=('_left', '_right'))

print(result)

Output:

A_left B_left A_right B_right

0 1 4 7 10

1 2 5 8 11

2 3 6 9 12

Explanation:

In this case, both `df1` and `df2` have columns named 'A' and 'B'. When merging the two
DataFrames, the `suffixes=('_left', '_right')` parameter adds `_left` to the columns from `df1` and
`_right` to the columns from `df2`, preventing column name collisions.

Handling Missing Data:

- Fill missing values: You can use `fillna()` to resolve overlap when combining datasets by filling
missing data with a specific value or a value from another column.

df1.fillna(df2)
6. Explain the concepts of reshaping and pivoting data in pandas. How does the `pivot()`,
`pivot_table()`, and `melt()` functions help in reshaping data for analysis? Provide examples.

Reshaping and Pivoting Data in Pandas

Reshaping and pivoting are essential data wrangling operations that involve changing the structure
or layout of data to make it more suitable for analysis. In pandas, reshaping involves transforming a
DataFrame from a wide format to a long format, or vice versa. Pandas provides powerful tools such
as `pivot()`, `pivot_table()`, and `melt()` to reshape the data effectively.

Importance of Reshaping Data

- Data is often not stored in the format required for analysis. For example, some analytical methods
require data in a wide format (with different columns for variables), while others work better with
data in a long format (with a single column for variables).

- Reshaping helps transform data into formats that suit the needs of different analytical tasks,
improving efficiency and readability.

1. `pivot()` Function

The `pivot()` function is used to reshape data from a long format to a wide format. In a long format,
the values for different categories or variables are stacked into one column, while in a wide format,
each category or variable has its own column.
Syntax:
df.pivot(index=None, columns=None, values=None)

- `index`: Column(s) to use to make new frame’s index.

- `columns`: Column(s) to use to create new columns.

- `values`: Column(s) to populate the new DataFrame values.

The `pivot()` function can be thought of as a tool that restructures your data, allowing one column's
unique values to become the new columns of a DataFrame.

Example:

import pandas as pd

#Sample long-format data

data = { 'Date': ['2023-01-01', '2023-01-01', '2023-01-02', '2023-01-02'],

'City': ['New York', 'Los Angeles', 'New York', 'Los Angeles'], 'Temperature': [32, 68, 30, 70]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Pivoting to wide format, with Date as index and City as columns

result = df.pivot(index='Date', columns='City', values='Temperature')

print(result)
Output:

```

City Los Angeles New York

Date

2023-01-01 68 32

2023-01-02 70 30

Explanation:

In this example, the `pivot()` function reshapes the DataFrame so that the 'City' values become
column headers. The 'Date' column remains as the index, and the 'Temperature' column provides
the values. As a result, the DataFrame has a wide format where each city is a separate column.

2. `pivot_table()` Function

The `pivot_table()` function is similar to `pivot()`, but it offers aggregation capabilities. It is useful
when you need to summarize data, especially when there are duplicate index-column combinations.
It allows for group-by-like operations with various aggregation functions (e.g., `mean`, `sum`,
`count`).

Syntax:

df.pivot_table(index=None, columns=None, values=None, aggfunc='mean', margins=False)

- `aggfunc`: Aggregation function to apply on the data (default is `mean`).

- `margins`: Adds subtotals (optional).

Example:

Sample data with multiple entries for each combination of Date and City

data = {

'Date': ['2023-01-01', '2023-01-01', '2023-01-02', '2023-01-02', '2023-01-01', '2023-01-02'],

'City': ['New York', 'New York', 'Los Angeles', 'Los Angeles', 'New York', 'Los Angeles'],

'Temperature': [32, 30, 68, 70, 33, 69]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Using pivot_table with mean aggregation

result = df.pivot_table(index='Date', columns='City', values='Temperature', aggfunc='mean')

print(result)
Output:

City Los Angeles New York

Date

2023-01-01 68.0 31.666667

2023-01-02 69.5 NaN

Explanation:

In this example, there are multiple temperatures recorded for the same city on the same date. By
using `pivot_table()`, we compute the average temperature for each city on each date. The result
shows the mean temperature for each city on each day.

Aggregation Example:

#Adding aggregation function 'sum'

result = df.pivot_table(index='Date', columns='City', values='Temperature', aggfunc='sum')

print(result)

Output:

City Los Angeles New York

Date

2023-01-01 68 65

2023-01-02 139 NaN

Here, the total temperatures for each city on each date are computed instead of the mean.

3. `melt()` Function

The `melt()` function is used to transform data from a wide format to a long format, which is the
inverse operation of `pivot()`. It takes columns from a DataFrame and "melts" them into rows,
making the data longer.

- This is useful when data is stored in a wide format with multiple variables, and you want to make it
easier to analyze by stacking these variables into a single column.

Syntax:

pd.melt(frame, id_vars=None, value_vars=None, var_name=None, value_name="value")

- `id_vars`: Column(s) to keep as identifiers (these will remain as columns).

- `value_vars`: Columns to "melt" into rows.

- `var_name`: Name for the variable column (i.e., name of the new column that holds melted
columns' names).

- `value_name`: Name for the value column (i.e., name of the new column that holds melted values).

Example:

Sample wide-format data

data = {

'Date': ['2023-01-01', '2023-01-02'], 'New York': [32, 30], 'Los Angeles': [68, 70]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

Melting data from wide to long format

result = pd.melt(df, id_vars='Date', var_name='City', value_name='Temperature')

print(result)

Output:

Date City Temperature

0 2023-01-01 New York 32

1 2023-01-02 New York 30

2 2023-01-01 Los Angeles 68

3 2023-01-02 Los Angeles 70

Explanation:

In this example, the `melt()` function transforms the wide-format DataFrame into a long format. The
columns 'New York' and 'Los Angeles' are converted into rows under a new column named 'City', and
their corresponding values are stored in the 'Temperature' column.

Comparison of `pivot()`, `pivot_table()`, and `melt()`

- `pivot()`: Simple reshaping from long to wide format without any aggregation.

- `pivot_table()`: Similar to `pivot()`, but allows aggregation like group-by operations.

- `melt()`: Converts wide-format data into long-format, making it easier to perform operations on
rows of data.
7. What is hierarchical indexing in pandas? How can it be used in reshaping multi-dimensional
data? Explain the process of creating and unstacking hierarchical indexes with examples.

Hierarchical Indexing in Pandas

Hierarchical indexing, also known as multi-level indexing, allows pandas to handle data with multiple
levels of indexes, which makes it possible to store and manipulate multi-dimensional data within a
2D DataFrame. It is especially useful when dealing with data that has a natural hierarchical structure,
such as time series data with multiple dimensions (e.g., region, product, time).

Hierarchical indexing enables more complex data structures, improves the organization of data, and
allows for more advanced reshaping, grouping, and aggregation operations. Pandas provides flexible
tools to create, manipulate, and reshape hierarchical indexed DataFrames.

Key Concepts of Hierarchical Indexing

1. MultiIndex Object: The core of hierarchical indexing is the `MultiIndex` object, which is a pandas
object representing multiple levels of index.

2. Levels and Labels: Each level in the `MultiIndex` corresponds to a unique set of labels. You can
have multiple levels for rows or columns.

3. Stacking and Unstacking: Reshaping hierarchical data involves stacking (converting columns to
rows) and unstacking (converting rows to columns) operations, which simplify the representation of
high-dimensional data.

Creating Hierarchical Indexes

Hierarchical indexes can be created by passing lists or arrays of tuples to the `index` or `columns`
arguments of a DataFrame, or by using pandas functions like `set_index()`.

# Example 1: Creating a Hierarchical Index from Scratch

import pandas as pd
# Creating a DataFrame with multi-level row index
data = { 'Sales': [250, 300, 150, 200, 400],
'Profit': [60, 90, 30, 50, 100]}
index = [('2023-Q1', 'Electronics'), ('2023-Q1', 'Clothing'), ('2023-Q2', 'Electronics'),
('2023-Q2', 'Clothing'), ('2023-Q2', 'Home Goods')]
# Converting list of tuples into a MultiIndex
index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(index, names=['Quarter', 'Category'])
# Creating the DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=index)
print(df)
## Output:

Sales Profit

Quarter Category

2023-Q1 Electronics 250 60

Clothing 300 90

2023-Q2 Electronics 150 30

Clothing 200 50

Home Goods 400 100

Explanation:

- A hierarchical index is created using `MultiIndex.from_tuples()`, where `Quarter` and `Category`

form two levels of the index.

- The resulting DataFrame has two levels in its row index: `Quarter` and `Category`, allowing for
multidimensional data to be stored compactly.

# Example 2: Creating a Hierarchical Index Using `set_index()`

You can also create a hierarchical index using `set_index()` by selecting multiple columns of a
DataFrame.

data = {

'Quarter': ['2023-Q1', '2023-Q1', '2023-Q2', '2023-Q2', '2023-Q2'],

'Category': ['Electronics', 'Clothing', 'Electronics', 'Clothing', 'Home Goods'],

'Sales': [250, 300, 150, 200, 400],

'Profit': [60, 90, 30, 50, 100]

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Setting multiple columns as index to create a MultiIndex

df_multi = df.set_index(['Quarter', 'Category'])

print(df_multi)
## Output:

Sales Profit
Quarter Category
2023-Q1 Electronics 250 60
Clothing 300 90
2023-Q2 Electronics 150 30
Clothing 200 50
Home Goods 400 100

Explanation:

The `set_index()` function creates a hierarchical index from the 'Quarter' and 'Category' columns,
producing a similar structure to the previous example.

Reshaping Multi-dimensional Data with Hierarchical Indexing

Once a DataFrame has a hierarchical index, you can perform various operations like stacking,
unstacking, and sorting. These operations are useful for transforming the structure of the data for
analysis.

1. Unstacking

Unstacking, also known as "pivoting" the data, reshapes the data by converting a level of the row
index into column headers. This allows you to move one level of a hierarchical index to columns,
effectively widening the DataFrame.

# Example: Unstacking the Inner Level of the Hierarchical Index

# Unstacking the 'Category' level to move it to columns

unstacked_df = df_multi.unstack(level='Category')

print(unstacked_df)

## Output:

```

Sales Profit

Category Clothing Electronics Home Goods Clothing Electronics Home Goods

Quarter

2023-Q1 300 250 NaN 90 60 NaN

2023-Q2 200 150 400 50 30 100

```
Explanation:

- In this example, the 'Category' level of the hierarchical index is unstacked and becomes the
columns of the DataFrame. The data for different categories now appear under their respective
columns.

- NaN values represent missing data where no corresponding entry exists for a particular
combination of index levels.

2. Stacking

Stacking is the reverse of unstacking. It converts columns into rows, allowing for the reduction of the
number of columns in a DataFrame by creating more hierarchical levels in the row index.

# Example: Stacking Columns Back into Rows

# Stacking the 'Category' level back to rows

stacked_df = unstacked_df.stack(level='Category')

print(stacked_df)

## Output:

Sales Profit
Quarter Category
2023-Q1 Clothing 300 90
Electronics 250 60
2023-Q2 Clothing 200 50
Electronics 150 30
Home Goods 400 100
Explanation:

- In this case, the `stack()` function converts the 'Category' columns back into rows, reversing the
unstacking operation. The DataFrame is returned to its original long format.

Advantages of Hierarchical Indexing

1. Efficient Representation of Multi-dimensional Data: It allows storage of high-dimensional data in a

2D format.

2. Improved Data Organization: Data can be grouped and accessed at multiple levels, making it
easier to perform complex queries and transformations.

3. Facilitates Advanced Grouping and Aggregation: Enables efficient grouping and aggregation over
multiple levels.

4. Flexible Reshaping: The ability to stack and unstack data allows for flexible reshaping depending
on the requirements of the analysis.
8. Discuss the importance of data transformation in the data wrangling process. Explain the
commonly used transformation functions in pandas, such as `apply()`, `map()`, and `applymap()`,
with examples.

Importance of Data Transformation in the Data Wrangling Process

Data transformation is an essential aspect of data wrangling, helping to clean, standardize, and
reshape data for analysis. Pandas provides powerful functions such as `apply()`, `map()`, and
`applymap()` to enable flexible and efficient transformations. The `apply()` function is versatile for
applying functions across rows or columns, while `map()` is best suited for element-wise operations
on Series, and `applymap()` is ideal for transforming individual elements in an entire DataFrame.
These tools make it easier to manipulate and prepare data for in-depth analysis and visualization.

Data transformation is a critical step in the data wrangling process. It involves converting raw data
into a format that is more suitable for analysis. This may include cleaning, normalizing, reshaping,
aggregating, or changing the structure of the data. The goal is to improve data quality, correct
inconsistencies, and make data more interpretable for downstream tasks such as visualization,
statistical analysis, or machine learning.

Key benefits of data transformation include:

- Improved Data Quality: Transformations help clean data, remove duplicates, and handle missing
values.

- Consistency: Standardizing formats or units ensures that the data is consistent across different
sources.

- Increased Efficiency: Transformed data is often more efficient for analysis, reducing processing
time and complexity.

- Better Insights: By transforming data into the right format, it's easier to uncover patterns, trends,
and insights.

Pandas, a powerful Python library for data manipulation, provides several functions for transforming
data effectively. Among the most commonly used transformation functions are `apply()`, `map()`,
and `applymap()`.

1. `apply()` Function

The `apply()` function in pandas allows you to apply a function along an axis of a DataFrame (rows or
columns). It is versatile and can be used for performing element-wise transformations or for more
complex operations like aggregations.

# Syntax:

DataFrame.apply(func, axis=0, raw=False, result_type=None, args=(), kwds)

- `func`: The function to apply.

- `axis=0`: Apply the function along columns (default). Use `axis=1` to apply it along rows.
# Example 1: Applying a Function to Each Column

import pandas as pd

# Sample DataFrame

data = {

'Sales': [250, 300, 150, 400], 'Profit': [60, 90, 30, 100] }

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Applying a custom function to calculate the percentage profit

def percentage_profit(row):

return (row['Profit'] / row['Sales']) * 100

df['Profit Percentage'] = df.apply(percentage_profit, axis=1)

print(df)

## Output:

Sales Profit Profit Percentage

0 250 60 24.0

1 300 90 30.0

2 150 30 20.0

3 400 100 25.0

Explanation:

- The `apply()` function is used to calculate the profit percentage for each row by passing a custom
function. The `axis=1` argument ensures the function is applied across rows.

# Example 2: Applying a Built-in Function to Each Column

```python

# Applying the sum function to each column

column_sums = df.apply(sum)

print(column_sums)

```
## Output:

Sales 1100.0

Profit 280.0

Profit Percentage 99.0

dtype: float64

Explanation:

- Here, the `apply()` function is used to calculate the sum of all the values in each column. Since
`axis=0` is the default, it operates along columns.

2. `map()` Function

The `map()` function is used for element-wise transformations of a Series. It’s particularly useful for
transforming or mapping values from one set to another, often by applying a function or using a
dictionary to replace or map values.

# Syntax:

Series.map(arg, na_action=None)

- `arg`: A function, dictionary, or Series to map values.

- `na_action`: Can be used to ignore NaN values during mapping.

# Example 1: Using a Dictionary for Mapping

df = pd.DataFrame({

'City': ['New York', 'Los Angeles', 'Chicago', 'Houston'], 'Temperature': [30, 68, 45, 80]})

# Mapping city names to abbreviations

city_map = {'New York': 'NYC', 'Los Angeles': 'LA', 'Chicago': 'CHI', 'Houston': 'HOU'}

df['City Abbreviation'] = df['City'].map(city_map)

print(df)

## Output:

City Temperature City Abbreviation

0 New York 30 NYC

1 Los Angeles 68 LA

2 Chicago 45 CHI

3 Houston 80 HOU```
Explanation:

- The `map()` function is used to map city names to their abbreviations using a dictionary. This is a
common use case for `map()` when you need to replace values in a Series.

# Example 2: Using a Custom Function for Element-wise Mapping

# Using a lambda function to categorize temperature

df['Temperature Category'] = df['Temperature'].map(lambda x: 'Cold' if x < 50 else 'Hot')

print(df)

# Output:

```

City Temperature City Abbreviation Temperature Category

0 New York 30 NYC Cold

1 Los Angeles 68 LA Hot

2 Chicago 45 CHI Cold

3 Houston 80 HOU Hot

```

Explanation:

- Here, the `map()` function applies a lambda function to categorize temperatures as 'Cold' or 'Hot'
based on the threshold of 50 degrees.

3. `applymap()` Function

The `applymap()` function is used to apply a function element-wise to the entire DataFrame. Unlike
`apply()`, which works along rows or columns, `applymap()` operates on every element in the
DataFrame.

# Syntax:

DataFrame.applymap(func)

- `func`: The function to apply to each element of the DataFrame.

# Example: Applying a Function to Every Element

# Sample DataFrame with temperatures in Fahrenheit

df = pd.DataFrame({

'New York': [30, 32, 45],'Los Angeles': [68, 70, 75]})

# Function to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius

def fahrenheit_to_celsius(x):

return (x - 32) * 5.0/9.0

# Applying the function to every element in the DataFrame

df_celsius = df.applymap(fahrenheit_to_celsius)

print(df_celsius)

## Output:

New York Los Angeles

0 -1.111111 20.000000

1 0.000000 21.111111

2 7.222222 23.888889

Explanation:

- The `applymap()` function is applied element-wise to every value in the DataFrame, converting
temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius.

Comparison of `apply()`, `map()`, and `applymap()`

Function Scope Applicable to Common Use Case

Apply functions along rows or
`apply()` Row/Column-wise DataFrame
columns
Map values in a Series using a
`map()` Element-wise Series
function/dict
Apply functions to each element in
`applymap()` Element-wise DataFrame
a DataFrame
9. Why is removing duplicates important in data wrangling? How do you detect and remove
duplicates in a Data Frame using pandas? Provide examples demonstrating the use of
`duplicated()` and `drop_duplicates()` methods.

The Importance of Removing Duplicates in Data Wrangling

Removing duplicates is a critical aspect of data wrangling, which refers to the process of cleaning
and transforming raw data into a usable format. Duplicates in a dataset can lead to various issues
that ultimately affect the reliability and validity of data analysis

Removing duplicates is an essential practice in data wrangling, as it ensures data integrity, accuracy,
and efficiency in data analysis. The use of pandas methods such as `duplicated()` for detecting
duplicates and `drop_duplicates()` for removing them empowers data analysts to maintain high-
quality datasets. These methods allow for flexible handling of duplicates based on different criteria,
helping to ensure that datasets are reliable, accurate, and ready for meaningful analysis. By
prioritizing the removal of duplicates, organizations can enhance their decision-making processes
and derive valuable insights from their data. . Here are several key reasons why addressing
duplicates is essential:

1. Data Integrity: Duplicate records can compromise the integrity of the dataset. When multiple
identical entries exist, it becomes challenging to trust the information. For instance, if a survey
response is recorded multiple times, it can mislead analyses, making it appear as though a larger
segment of the population shares a particular viewpoint when they do not.

2. Accurate Analysis: Duplicates can distort statistical calculations and metrics, such as averages,
sums, and counts. For example, in a sales dataset, if the same sale is recorded multiple times, the
total revenue will appear inflated. This can lead to erroneous conclusions, affecting strategic
decisions.

3. Resource Efficiency: Data processing can become less efficient when datasets are bloated with
duplicates. Larger datasets consume more memory and processing power, slowing down data
manipulation tasks and analyses. Removing duplicates helps streamline operations and makes data
handling more efficient.

4. Clarity and Usability: A cleaner dataset is more interpretable and easier to work with. Duplicates
can create confusion during analysis, as analysts may not be sure which records to prioritize or how
to interpret overlapping information. Eliminating duplicates clarifies the dataset's structure and
content.

5. Compliance and Reporting: In many industries, maintaining accurate records is a legal

requirement. Duplicate entries can lead to compliance issues, especially in fields like finance,
healthcare, and research. Ensuring that data is free of duplicates helps organizations adhere to
regulatory standards.
Detecting and Removing Duplicates in Pandas

Pandas, a powerful data manipulation library in Python, provides tools to detect and remove
duplicate entries effectively. The two primary methods for handling duplicates in pandas are
`duplicated()` and `drop_duplicates()`.

# 1. Detecting Duplicates with `duplicated()`

The `duplicated()` method identifies duplicate rows in a DataFrame. It returns a boolean Series that
indicates whether each row is a duplicate of a previous row, allowing analysts to see which records
need to be addressed.

Syntax:

DataFrame.duplicated(subset=None, keep='first')

- `subset`: Specifies which column(s) to consider for identifying duplicates. If `None`, all columns are
evaluated.

- `keep`: Determines which duplicates to mark:

- `'first'`: Marks duplicates as `True` except for the first occurrence (default).

- `'last'`: Marks duplicates as `True` except for the last occurrence.

- `False`: Marks all duplicates as `True`.

Example:

import pandas as pd ## Output:

# Sample DataFrame with duplicate records ```

data = { 'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Alice', 0 False

'Charlie', 'Bob'],
1 False
'Age': [25, 30, 25, 35, 30],
2 True
'City': ['New York', 'Los Angeles', 'New York',
'Chicago', 'Los Angeles']} 3 False

df = pd.DataFrame(data) 4 True

# Detecting duplicates dtype: bool

duplicates = df.duplicated() ```

print(duplicates)

Explanation:

In this output, the `duplicated()` method marks the third and fifth rows as duplicates (True) because
they match the first occurrences of "Alice" and "Bob" respectively.
# 2. Removing Duplicates with `drop_duplicates()`

Once duplicates have been identified, the `drop_duplicates()` method is used to remove them from
the DataFrame, returning a new DataFrame without duplicate entries.

Syntax:

DataFrame.drop_duplicates(subset=None, keep='first', inplace=False)

- `subset`: Specifies the column(s) to check for duplicates. If `None`, all columns are checked.

- `keep`: Indicates which duplicates to retain (same options as in `duplicated()`).

- `inplace`: If `True`, modifies the original DataFrame rather than returning a new one.

Example: ## Output:

# Removing duplicates Name Age City

df_cleaned = df.drop_duplicates() 0 Alice 25 New York

print(df_cleaned) 1 Bob 30 Los Angeles

3 Charlie 35 Chicago

Explanation:

The `drop_duplicates()` method has removed the duplicate rows based on all columns, retaining
only the first occurrences of each unique entry.

Subset and Keep Parameters

In addition to basic duplication detection and removal, pandas allows users to specify which columns
to consider when identifying duplicates. This feature is particularly useful in situations where
duplicates may exist in certain fields but not across the entire dataset.

# Example of Specifying Subset

# Removing duplicates based on the 'Name' column only

df_subset_cleaned = Name Age City

df.drop_duplicates(subset=['Name'],
keep='first') 0 Alice 25 New York

print(df_subset_cleaned) 1 Bob 30 Los Angeles

## Output: 3 Charlie 35 Chicago

```
Explanation:

In this example, duplicates are identified based solely on the 'Name' column. The `drop_duplicates()`
method retains the first occurrence of each unique name.

# Example of Keeping the Last Occurrence ## Output:

```python ```

# Keeping the last occurrence of duplicates Name Age City

df_last_cleaned = 2 Alice 25 New York

df.drop_duplicates(keep='last')
4 Bob 30 Los Angeles
print(df_last_cleaned)
3 Charlie 35 Chicago
```

Explanation:

In this case, the `drop_duplicates()` method retains the last occurrence of each duplicate. Thus, the
DataFrame reflects the last entries for "Alice" and "Bob".
10. Explain the role of value replacement in data wrangling. How does pandas facilitate replacing
values in a Data Frame? Provide examples using `replace()` for replacing missing values, outliers,
or erroneous data.

The Role of Value Replacement in Data Wrangling

Value replacement is a vital step in the data wrangling process, which involves cleaning and
transforming raw data into a format suitable for analysis. During data collection, various issues can
arise, such as missing values, outliers, or incorrect entries. These issues can significantly affect the
quality and reliability of the data, making it essential to address them before analysis.

Importance of Replacing Values in Data Cleaning

1. Handling Missing Data: Incomplete datasets are common in real-world applications. Missing
values can lead to biased analyses and misinterpretations. For instance, if a dataset is used for
predictive modeling, missing values may skew the results or render the model ineffective.

2. Correcting Errors: Human errors or system faults during data entry can lead to inaccurate data
points. These inaccuracies can distort analyses, resulting in incorrect conclusions. For example, a
typo in a numerical field (e.g., entering "200" instead of "20") can lead to erroneous calculations.

3. Managing Outliers: Outliers can arise from measurement errors or genuine variance in the data.
While outliers can provide valuable insights, they may also distort statistical measures (like mean or
standard deviation) if not properly managed.

4. Data Consistency: Replacing values helps maintain consistency within a dataset. For example,
standardizing categorical variables (e.g., replacing "N/A" with "Missing") ensures uniformity, making
the data easier to analyze.

5. Improving Model Performance: Clean data leads to better model performance in machine
learning and statistical analyses. By replacing erroneous values, analysts can enhance the quality of
insights derived from the data.

Using Pandas for Value Replacement

Pandas provides powerful tools for replacing values in a DataFrame, particularly through the
`replace()` method. This function allows users to replace specific values or patterns with new values
across the entire DataFrame or within selected columns.

# Syntax of the `replace()` Method

DataFrame.replace(to_replace, value, inplace=False, limit=None, regex=False)

- `to_replace`: The value or pattern to replace. This can be a single value, a list of values, or a
dictionary mapping.

- `value`: The value to replace the specified `to_replace` value with. This can also be a list or
dictionary.
- `inplace`: If `True`, the operation modifies the original DataFrame. If `False`, a new DataFrame is
returned.

- `limit`: The maximum number of replacements to make.

- `regex`: If `True`, treats the `to_replace` value as a regular expression.

Examples of Using `replace()`

# Example 1: Replacing Missing Values

When handling missing values, it is common to replace them with a specific value, such as the mean,
median, or a placeholder like "Missing."

import pandas as pd print("DataFrame after replacing NaN

values:")
import numpy as np
print(df)
# Creating a sample DataFrame with missing
values ```

data = {

'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'David'], ## Output:

'Age': [25, np.nan, 30, 22], ```

'Salary': [50000, 60000, np.nan, 45000] } Name Age Salary

df = pd.DataFrame(data) 0 Alice 25.000000 50000.0

# Replacing NaN values with the mean of the 1 Bob 25.666667 60000.0
respective columns
2 Charlie 30.000000 53750.0
df['Age'].fillna(df['Age'].mean(), inplace=True)
3 David 22.000000 45000.0
df['Salary'].fillna(df['Salary'].mean(),
inplace=True)

```

Explanation:

In this example, the missing values in the "Age" and "Salary" columns are replaced with the mean of
their respective columns. This approach ensures that the dataset remains usable for analysis without
losing records.
# Example 2: Replacing Outliers

Outliers can be replaced based on specific criteria, such as a threshold. For instance, if any "Salary"
exceeds a certain limit, we can replace it with a capped value.

# Replacing outliers in the Salary column

outlier_threshold = 55000

df['Salary'] = df['Salary'].replace({x: ## Output:

outlier_threshold for x in df['Salary'] if x >
outlier_threshold}) ```

Name Age Salary

print("\nDataFrame after replacing outliers:") 0 Alice 25.000000 50000.0

print(df) 1 Bob 25.666667 55000.0

``` 2 Charlie 30.000000 55000.0

3 David 22.000000 45000.0

```

Explanation:

In this case, any salary that exceeded $55,000 was capped at that amount. This technique is useful
for ensuring that extreme values do not disproportionately affect statistical analyses.

# Example 3: Replacing Incorrect Data

Sometimes, data may contain erroneous entries that need correction. For instance, if a dataset
incorrectly represents "N/A" as a value, we can standardize it to "Missing."

# Sample DataFrame with incorrect data

data_incorrect = {

'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'David'], 'Status': ['Active', 'N/A', 'Inactive', 'N/A']}

df_incorrect = pd.DataFrame(data_incorrect)

# Replacing 'N/A' with 'Missing'

df_incorrect.replace('N/A', 'Missing', inplace=True)

print("\nDataFrame after replacing incorrect data:")

print(df_incorrect)
## Output:

```

Name Status

0 Alice Active

1 Bob Missing

2 Charlie Inactive

3 David Missing

```

Explanation:

Here, the incorrect entries of "N/A" are replaced with "Missing," ensuring consistency in the dataset.
This step is critical for accurate analysis and interpretation of the data.

Practical Applications of Value Replacement

1. Healthcare: In medical datasets, replacing missing values with the mean or median of patient
records can help maintain statistical integrity and provide a complete view of patient health without
losing data due to omissions.

2. Finance: In financial datasets, correcting erroneous entries (like negative values for revenue) is
crucial for accurate financial reporting and analysis.

3. Marketing: In customer datasets, standardizing categorical values (such as different spellings of

the same product category) ensures more reliable segmentation and targeted marketing strategies.

4. Social Research: Replacing missing survey responses can help in deriving insights without
compromising the dataset's integrity.

value replacement is a fundamental aspect of data cleaning and preprocessing in the data wrangling
process. It addresses issues such as missing values, outliers, and incorrect data entries, enhancing
the quality and usability of datasets. Pandas provides robust tools, like the replace() method, to
facilitate these replacements efficiently. By ensuring that datasets are clean and consistent, analysts
can derive more reliable insights and make better-informed decisions based on their analyses.