Angular Interview Questions with Answers

Part – 1

Q. 1 What is the purpose of NgModule?

NgModule is used to organize and encapsulate related components, directives, pipes,
and services. It helps in managing the application's structure and defines a
compilation context for a set of components.

Q. 2 Explain the difference between constructor and ngOnInit()?

The constructor is called when the class is instantiated, and it's used for dependency
injection. ngOnInit() is a lifecycle hook that is called after the component's data-
bound properties are initialized.

Q. 3 What are Angular pipes and how do you create a custom pipe?
Pipes in Angular are used to transform data for display. To create a custom pipe, you
need to create a class that implements the PipeTransform interface and use the
@Pipe decorator.

Q. 4 What is the purpose of ViewChild in Angular?

ViewChild is a decorator that allows a component to query and get a reference to a
child component, directive, or DOM element from the view DOM.

Q. 5 Explain the concept of Lazy Loading in Angular.

Lazy Loading is a technique where you load JavaScript components asynchronously
when a specific route is activated. It helps to decrease the startup time of an
application by splitting it into multiple bundles.

Q. 6 What is the difference between promises and observables?

Promises handle a single event when an async operation completes or fails.
Observables are like streams that allow you to pass zero or more events where the
callback is called for each event.

Q. 7 How do you handle HTTP errors in Angular?

HTTP errors can be handled using the catchError operator from RxJS in combination
with HttpClient. You can use it in the pipe() method of an observable.

Q. 8 What is the purpose of ngZone in Angular?

ngZone is a service for executing work inside or outside of the Angular zone. It's
used to optimize performance by reducing the number of change detection cycles.

Q. 9 Explain the concept of Content Projection in Angular.

Content Projection is a pattern in which you insert, or project, the content you want
to use inside another component. It's similar to the concept of "transclusion" in
AngularJS.

Q. 10 What is the difference between template-driven forms and reactive forms?

Template-driven forms use two-way data binding to update the data model in the
component as changes are made in the template. Reactive forms are more robust,
 scalable, reusable, and testable. They use an explicit and immutable approach to
managing the state of a form at a given point in time.

Q. 11 How do you optimize change detection in Angular?

Change detection can be optimized by using OnPush change detection strategy, using
pure pipes, detaching the change detector, and running outside Angular zone for non-
Angular code.

Q. 12 What is the purpose of Angular CLI and what are some of its key features?
Angular CLI is a command-line interface tool used to initialize, develop, scaffold,
and maintain Angular applications. Key features include project creation, code
generation, development server, testing, and building for production.

Q. 13 Explain the concept of Angular Universal.

Angular Universal is a technology that allows for server-side rendering (SSR) of
Angular applications. It generates static application pages on the server, which can
improve performance and enable better SEO.

Q. 14 What are Angular resolvers and when would you use them?
Resolvers in Angular are used to fetch data before a route is activated. They're useful
when you want to ensure that certain data is available before a component is
displayed.

Q. 15 How do you implement authentication and authorization in an Angular application?

Authentication and authorization can be implemented using services, route guards,
and interceptors. You typically use a service to handle login/logout, route guards to
protect routes, and interceptors to add authentication tokens to outgoing requests.

Q. 16 What is the purpose of the async pipe in Angular?

The async pipe subscribes to an Observable or Promise and returns the latest value it
has emitted. It automatically unsubscribes when the component is destroyed, helping
to prevent memory leaks.

Q. 17 Explain the concept of Angular's Dependency Injection system.

Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern and mechanism for creating and
delivering some parts of an application to other parts that require them. Angular's DI
system allows you to declare dependencies in constructors and let Angular handle the
instantiation and injection.

Q. 18 What are Angular Interceptors and how are they used?

Interceptors in Angular are a way to intercept HTTP requests and responses. They
can be used to modify or log HTTP requests globally, such as adding authentication
tokens to the header of each request.

Q. 19 How do you manage state in large Angular applications?

State management in large Angular applications can be handled using various
strategies such as services with RxJS, NgRx (a Redux implementation for Angular),
or other state management libraries like NGXS or Akita.
Q. 20 What is Angular Ivy and what are its benefits?
Ivy is the next-generation compilation and rendering pipeline for Angular. It provides
faster compilation, smaller bundle sizes, better debugging, and improved
internationalization. It also enables features like lazy loading of component trees and
improved type checking.

Part – 1

Q. 1 Explain the concept of Change Detection Strategy in Angular and how it can be
optimized.
Change Detection Strategy determines how and when Angular checks for changes in
a component's data. By default, Angular uses the CheckAlways strategy, which
checks the entire component tree on every change detection cycle. To optimize, you
can use OnPush strategy, which only checks the component when its input properties
change, an event emits, or an Observable linked to the view emits. This can
significantly improve performance in large applications.

Q. 2 What are Standalone Components in Angular and how do they differ from traditional
components?
Standalone Components, introduced in Angular 14, are components that don't need to
be declared in an NgModule. They have their own imports array for dependencies,
making them more self-contained and easier to use across different parts of an
application or even across different applications. This approach reduces the need for
NgModules in many cases, simplifying the overall application structure.

Q. 3 Describe the concept of Hierarchical Dependency Injectors in Angular.

Angular uses a hierarchical dependency injection system. When a component
requests a dependency, Angular first looks for the dependency in that component's
injector. If not found, it bubbles up to the parent component's injector, and so on, up
to the root injector. This allows for scoped instances of services, where a service can
have different instances at different levels of the component tree.

Q. 4 How does Zone.js work with Angular, and what would happen if you removed it?
Zone.js is a library that creates a context for asynchronous operations. Angular uses
it to automatically trigger change detection when any of these operations complete. If
Zone.js were removed, Angular's automatic change detection would stop working,
and you'd have to manually trigger change detection after any asynchronous
operation that could potentially change the view.

Q. 5 Explain the concept of Angular Schematics and how you would create a custom
schematic.
Angular Schematics are template-based code generators that support complex logic.
They're used by the Angular CLI to generate components, services, etc. To create a
custom schematic, you'd define a collection of schematics in a schematic.json file,
create template files, and write TypeScript code to define how these templates should
be transformed and where the resulting files should be placed.
Q. 6 What are the key differences between ViewContainerRef and ElementRef?
ViewContainerRef represents a container where one or more views can be attached,
allowing for dynamic component creation. ElementRef, on the other hand, is a
wrapper around a native element inside of a View. ViewContainerRef is used for
manipulating views (like creating components dynamically), while ElementRef is
used to directly access the underlying DOM element.

Q. 7 How does Angular's Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation work, and what are its
advantages over Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation?
AOT compilation converts Angular HTML and TypeScript code into efficient
JavaScript code during the build phase, before the browser downloads and runs that
code. Advantages include faster rendering, fewer asynchronous requests, smaller
framework download size, and earlier detection of template errors. JIT compilation,
in contrast, compiles templates in the browser at runtime.

Q. 8 Explain the concept of Angular Elements and how they can be used.
Angular Elements are Angular components packaged as custom elements (web
components), a web standard for defining new HTML elements in a framework-
agnostic way. They allow Angular components to be used in non-Angular
applications. To create an Angular Element, you use the createCustomElement()
function from @angular/elements, and then define the custom element using
customElements.define().

Q. 9 How would you implement server-side pagination in an Angular application?

To implement server-side pagination:
1. Create a service that makes HTTP requests to your backend API, passing
parameters for page number and page size.
2. In your component, maintain properties for current page, page size, and total
items.
3. Use these properties to calculate total pages and create a paginator component.
4. When the user changes the page, call the service method with new parameters.
5. Update the view with the new data returned from the server.

Q. 10 What are the security best practices in Angular applications?

Some key security practices include:
- Use Angular's built-in sanitization for user inputs to prevent XSS attacks.
- Implement proper authentication and authorization using guards and
interceptors.
- Use HttpClient for all HTTP requests to benefit from its XSRF protection.
- Avoid direct DOM manipulation and use Angular's template syntax.
- Keep all dependencies updated to patch known vulnerabilities.
- Use Angular's AOT compilation in production to reduce the risk of injection
attacks.

Q. 11 Explain the concept of Hierarchical Injectors in Angular and how they can be
leveraged for performance optimization.
Hierarchical Injectors in Angular allow services to be scoped to specific components
or modules. This means you can have multiple instances of a service in different
parts of your app. For performance optimization, you can use this to:
 1. Lazy load modules with their own service instances, reducing the initial
bundle size.
2. Scope heavy computational services to specific components, preventing
unnecessary calculations in other parts of the app.
3. Create component-specific instances of services for isolated state management.

Q. 12 How would you implement virtual scrolling for a large list in Angular?
Virtual scrolling can be implemented using Angular's CDK ScrollingModule:
1. Import ScrollingModule from @angular/cdk/scrolling.
2. Use <cdk-virtual-scroll-viewport> in your template.
3. Define an itemSize to help Angular calculate how many items should be
rendered.
4. Use *cdkVirtualFor instead of *ngFor to iterate over your list.
5. Implement data fetching logic to load items as the user scrolls.

Q. 13 Describe the process of creating a custom structural directive in Angular.

To create a custom structural directive:
1. Create a new class and decorate it with @Directive.
2. Inject TemplateRef and ViewContainerRef in the constructor.
3. Implement logic in the class to manipulate the DOM using ViewContainerRef.
4. Use the * syntax in templates to use your directive, similar to *ngIf or *ngFor.

Q. 14 How does Angular's Dependency Injection system work with Ivy?

With Ivy, Angular's DI system became more tree-shakable and locality-aware. Key
changes include:
- Services no longer need to be added to a module's providers array if they have
the @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) decorator.
- Ivy introduces a new `ɵprov` property in the service definition, which contains
all the necessary metadata for the injector.
- The DI system now leverages TypeScript's metadata emit, allowing for better
tree-shaking of unused services.

Q. 15 Explain the concept of Dynamic Component Loading in Angular and provide an

example use case.
Dynamic Component Loading allows components to be instantiated and added to the
DOM at runtime. This is useful for creating flexible, plugin-based architectures.
Steps to implement:
1. Create a component factory using ComponentFactoryResolver.
2. Get a ViewContainerRef to define where the component should be inserted.
3. Use ViewContainerRef.createComponent() to create and insert the component.
Example use case: A dashboard where users can add different types of widgets
dynamically.

Q. 16 How would you optimize the performance of a complex Angular application?

Performance optimization strategies include:
- Use OnPush change detection strategy for pure components.
- Implement lazy loading for feature modules.
- Use trackBy with *ngFor to minimize DOM changes.
- Leverage Angular's built-in pipe for simple transformations.
- Use Web Workers for CPU-intensive tasks.
 - Implement virtual scrolling for large lists.
- Use AOT compilation for production builds.
- Optimize change detection by leveraging Zones effectively.

Q. 17 Describe the differences between NgRx and RxJS, and when you would choose one
over the other.
RxJS is a reactive programming library for JavaScript, while NgRx is a Redux-
inspired state management solution built on top of RxJS for Angular.
- Use RxJS when you need to handle asynchronous operations, event handling,
or simple state management within components or services.
- Use NgRx when you need a robust, centralized state management solution for
large, complex applications with many interconnected components and
services.

Q. 18 How does Angular handle Internationalization (i18n), and what are some best
practices for implementing it?
Angular provides built-in i18n support:
- Use the i18n attribute in templates to mark text for translation.
- Extract translatable text using the Angular CLI.
- Create language-specific files with translations.
- Use different builds for each language.
Best practices:
- Plan for i18n from the start of the project.
- Use ICU message format for handling plurals and complex translations.
- Consider using ngx-translate for dynamic language switching without page
reload.

Q. 19 Explain the concept of Angular Signals and how they differ from RxJS Observables.
Angular Signals, introduced in Angular 16, are a new primitive for managing
reactive state:
- Signals are simpler and more performant than Observables for many use cases.
- They integrate deeply with Angular's change detection system.
- Signals are synchronous and always have a current value, unlike Observables
which can be asynchronous.
- Signals are used primarily for state management within components, while
Observables are more suited for handling asynchronous data streams.

Q. 20 How would you implement micro-frontends using Angular?

Implementing micro-frontends with Angular could involve:
1. Creating separate Angular applications for each micro-frontend.
2. Using Module Federation (introduced in Webpack 5) to share dependencies
and components between micro-frontends.
3. Implementing a shell application that dynamically loads these micro-frontends.
4. Using Angular Elements to create web components that can be used across
different frameworks.
5. Implementing a shared state management solution, possibly using NgRx or a
custom state management library.