DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

ICE 517
MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION

Lecturer(s): Dr. A.A Adewale,

Engr. Akua Collins
 Class Etiquette
 Class attendance and on-time arrival at the start of
class is expected
 Talking between students
during the lecture is forbidden
 Eating during lecture hours
is not allowed
 leaving the lecture hall during
lecture hours is prohibited.
 Use of laptops, and other
electronic devices during
lectures is strictly forbidden.
 Please do ask questions during class about the lecture.
They may help to clarify the topic not only for you, but
for others in the class as well
 Learning Outcomes

 State & explain five (5) advantages of digital signal

processing over analogue signal processing.
 State & explain five (5) drawbacks/problems
associated with digital signal processing.
 List all the basic elements of a DSP system.
 List and briefly explain the basic classifications of
signals.
 Digital Signal Processing -
Overview
 Everybody is directly or indirectly related to DSP. This
covers all areas of science and engineering.
 A signal is any physical quantity that varies with time,
space and any other independent variable(s) e.g.
music, speech(voice), video, radio signals, TV signals,
computer signals, picture etc.
 Signal processing is a method of extracting
information from a signal.
 In mathematical terms, a signal can be represented by
basic functions in the original and transformed
domain.
 Speech signal

 We all know that computer is a digital machine, thus any

type of signal processing done by computers is Digital signal
processing.

 The subject of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is very

important in Electrical/Electronics, information &
communication Engineering (Telecoms), Computer
Engineering because of the evolving trends in DSP
applications and advancements in computers.
 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing
 Speech processing (speech recognition, voice and speech
enhancement, text to speech etc.)
 Image processing (2-D and 3-D visualization, animation etc.)
 Telecommunication (channel multiplexing, cellular phone)
 Instrumentation engineering (digital filtering, spectrum
analysis)
 Control applications (robot control, motor control)
 Biomedical engineering (hearing aids, ultrasound and
Computerized Tomography scanning equipment )
 Military applications (radar, missile guidance, navigation)
 Consumer applications (Television, music (MP 3), Toys)
 Industrial applications (security access, robotics)
 Basic Elements of a Digital
Processing System
 Most signals are originally analog in nature

 Examples of analog signals include: voice (speech), sound,

video, temperature, pressure, biomedical signals.

 These analog input signals are usually processed into digital

signals by an analog to digital converter (ADC).

 The digital signal processor performs operations on digital

signals such as filtering, multiplexing etc.

 The processed signal can be presented as an analog output

using the digital to analog converter (DAC).
The Basic Elements of a Digital
Signal Processing System
 Categories of DSP
 Most DSP operations can be categorized as being either signal
analysis tasks or signal filtering tasks:

 Signal analysis: This task deals with the measurement of signal

properties.
 It is generally a frequency-domain operation. Some of its
applications are:
 spectrum (frequency and/or phase) analysis
 speech recognition
 speaker verification
 target detection ( Radar and Missiles)
 Categories of DSP Cont’d
Signal filtering: This task is characterized by the
signal-in signal-out situation. The systems that
perform this task are generally called filters.
Some of the applications are:
 removal of unwanted background noise
 removal of interference
 separation of frequency bands
 Advantages of DSP over ASP

 Flexibility: Digital systems can be reconfigured to

some other operation by simply changing the
software program, but this is not possible in analog
systems.
 Accuracy: Digital systems offer higher accuracy than
analog systems, this is decided by the resolution of
A/D converter.
 Size: Digital signal processing systems are small in
size, more reliable and less expensive
 Upgradable: Digital signal processing systems are
easily upgradable since they are software controlled.
 Mathematical processing: It is very easy to manipulate
digital signals. Complex mathematical operations can be
performed on digital signals with great precision. Analog
signals do not lend themselves easily to complex
mathematical manipulations.

 Cost: Digital systems in comparison with analog systems are

generally cheaper to implement, especially when there is
large complexity in the application. The software algorithm
can be complex, but can be implemented accurately with less
effort.

 Repeatability: It is easy to repeat digital operations with the

same level of accuracy and obtain exactly the same results.
E.g. low pass filtering operation performed by digital filter
today, will be exactly the same after ten years but the
performance of analog systems may degrade because of
noise effects and life span of components.
 Drawbacks of DSP
 It is more complicated than ASP: When analog
signals have wide bandwidth, then high speed A/D
converters are required. Such high speed of A/D
conversion are difficult to achieve for same signals.
Analog systems must be used for such applications.
 It requires more components.
 Digital signal processing systems are expensive for
small applications. Hence the selection is done on
the basis of cost complexity and performance.
 Loss of some information in the natural signal due to
the conversion from analog to digital and then back
to analog.
 When the frequency of the natural signal becomes
too high, it cannot be processed digitally.
 Classification of Signals

 Multichannel & Multidimensional

signals

Multichannel signals are signals recorded or

generated from multiple or different signals/sources. An
example is the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal can be
recorded in 3 or 12 leads for the same person. This
results in 3 channel of 12 channels ECG signal. These
signals are useful in studying correlation properties of
the source They are usually represented as a vector of
signals of the form:
 Multidimensional signals: These are signals whose
amplitude depends on two or more independent variables.
E.g. the intensity or brightness at any point in a picture or
image is the function of its x and y position.
 A signal that is a function of one independent variable is
called a one-dimensional signal. The signals represented
by the equations below are examples:

 A signal is multidimensional or M-dimensional if it is a

function of M independent variable
1. A colour television’s picture is a three channel, three
dimensional signal represented as:

Where 𝐼𝑟, 𝐼𝑔, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑏, corresponds to the red, green and
blue components of the Colour television
  Continuous-Time & Discrete-
Time Signals
 Continuous-time signals or analog signals have definite values
for every instant in time interval (a, b) where (a) can be -
∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 + ∞.
E.g. Sine waves, Cosine waves, exponential signal, ECG signal,
speech signal, TV signal, noise signal

.The special characteristics of analog signals is that, they are

continuous in amplitude and defined at every time instant.
  Continuous-Time & Discrete-
Time Signals

 Discrete-time signals have definite values for only certain

specific values of time. The spacing interval in terms of time instants
between these values may be equal or not.
 practical example of discrete-time signal: Taking the temperature of
a room everyday at the same time.
 Discrete time signals can be obtained by either sampling an analog
signal at regular intervals or accumulating a variable over a period,
such as counting your footsteps on your way to the hostel from the
class
Illustration of a discrete time signal
 Continuous-valued and Discrete-
valued signals
 A signal that takes on all possible values within a finite or
infinite range is a continuous-valued signal.
 A signal that takes some values from a finite set of possible
values is a discrete valued signal.
A digital signal is therefore a discrete-time signal having s set of
discrete values. A good example is shown below:
  Deterministic and Random
Signals
 The mathematical description of a signal is called the
“Signal’s Model”.

 Any signal that can be completely described by a

mathematical expression, table of data or a well defined rule is
a “DETERMINISTIC SIGNAL”. A good example of a
deterministic signal is a sinusoidal signal x(t) = A Cos wt.

 Any signal that cannot be described by a mathematical

expression (due to the fact that the signal evolves with time in
an unpredictable manner) is “RANDOM SIGNAL”. Examples
of random signals include speech, noise and seismic signals.
  Periodic & Non-periodic Discrete-
Time Sinusoid
A discrete-time sinusoid is periodic only if its frequency F is
a rational number
𝑘
𝐹 = , Note that a rational number is a number that can be
𝑁
expressed as a ratio of two integers.
𝑋 𝑛 is periodic with period N (N>0) if and only if:
𝑥 𝑛+𝑁 =𝑥 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 … … … (𝑒𝑞 1)

The smallest value of N for which 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑁 = 𝑥 𝑛 holds is called

the fundamental period.

Mathematically a periodic discrete-time sinusoid is expressed as:

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑛 + 𝜃 … … . (𝑒𝑞 2)
Where: 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 − 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝑓 − 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 − 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝜃 − 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
Therefore
x(n  N )  A cos[2 f (n  N )].........eq3

Recall from eq1, it can be shown that

A cos[2 f (n  N )    A cos[2 fn   ] therefore

2 f (n  N )  2 fn.......eqn4

For equation 4 to be periodic, we look for the smallest value N  (n  N ) that would make f a
rational number.
Let fn  k

2 fN  2 k
k
f 
N
Note: The signal x(n) will be periodic if f is a rational number

Where N is the Fundamental Period and k is an interger value

 Test for periodicity

Test the periodicity of this signal and its fundamental

period
cos(5𝜋𝑛)
Comparing with the discrete-time sinusoidal
ω
equation ω = 5𝜋, But 𝑓 =
2𝜋
5𝜋 5
𝑓= , 𝑓=
2𝜋 2
𝑘
𝑓 = , Therefore, the signal is periodic because its
𝑁
frequency can be expressed as a rational number.
1 2
The fundamental period T= = = 0.4
𝑓 5
Questions?
 TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

 what are the steps required in digitization of

analog signals
 Test the periodicity of the following signals
and determine its fundamental period if the
signal is periodic
1. cos(0.01𝜋𝑛)
2. cos(3𝜋𝑛)
3. sin(3𝑛)
𝑛 𝜋𝑛
4. cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠
8 8