Atomic Combinations

ATOMIC BONDS
Chemical bonds
• Chemical bond: a mutual attraction between two atoms resulting

from the simultaneous attraction between their nuclei and the outer
electrons. (NOTE: the energy of the combined atoms is lower than
that of the individual atoms resulting in higher stability)
The chemical reaction between elements leads to compounds with

new physical and chemical properties.
Three types of intramolecular bonds

1. Covalent bonds: between atoms of non-metals
2. Ionic bonds: between atoms of metals and non-metals
3. Metallic bonds: between atoms of metals
Valence electrons: the electrons found in the outer most
energy level. The number of valence electrons corresponds to
the group number of the atom. (Roman numbers)
The valence electrons can participate in forming a bond and
are the electrons which are transferred or shared during a
reaction to ensure a more stable noble gas structure.
Valency: the number of electrons that an atom will donate,

accept and share to achieve the closest noble gas electron
structure
Octet rule: all atoms, with the exception of hydrogen and

helium, want to have eight electrons, in four pairs of two,
surrounding them to achieve noble gas structure.
Lewis Dot Diagrams: A structural formula in which
valence electrons are represented by dots or
crosses also known as dot formula, a Lewis
formula or notation or an electron diagram.
Lone pair
(electrons not involved in bonding)
• Bonding pair: a pair of electrons
that is shared between two
atoms in a covalent bond.
• Lone pair: a pair of electrons in
the valence shell of an atom
that is not shared with another
atom.
Dative covalent bond: atoms with an empty orbital
in the valency energy level can share a lone pair
with another atom.
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
(VSEPR)
MOLECULE SHAPE NUMBER OF BOND ANGLE LEWIS EXAMPLES
SHARED STRUCTURE
PAIRS
LINEAR ONE 180° BeCl2
AX2 ELECTRON BeF2
PAIR CO2
C2H2
TRIGONAL THREE 120° BF3
PLANAR ELECTRON
AX3 PAIRS
TETRAHEDRAL FOUR 109,5° CCl4

AX4 ELECTRON CH4
PAIRS
TRIGONAL FIVE 90° PF5

BIPRYRAMIDAL ELECTRON 120° PCl5
AX5 PAIRS
OCTAHEDRAL SIX 90° SF6

AX6 ELECTRON SCl6
PAIRS
Angular or
Bent shape
Angular or
Bent shape
Electronegativity (EN)
• An indication of its bonding ability
• Size of the charge of the nucleus and size of the atom will influence
electronegativity
• Pauling Scale from 0-4 Fluorine most electronegative which means
greatest attractive force for an electron
• Electronegativity increases in a period and decreases down the group
BOND DIFFERENCE IN
ELECTRONEGATIVITY (∆EN)
PURE COVALENT 0
NON-POLAR COVALENT 0 ≤ ∆EN < 0,4
VERY WEAK POLAR COVALENT 0,4 < ∆EN < 1
POLAR COVALENT 1 < ∆EN < 2,1
IONIC – TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS ∆EN < 2,1
• Dipole moments occur when there is a separation of charge.
• They can occur between two ions in an ionic bond or between atoms in a covalent bond;
• dipole moments arise from differences in electronegativity.
• Non-polar covalent or pure covalent bond:
• Atoms attract the shared pair(s) of electrons equally
• Molecules are always non-polar (symmetrical)
• Polar covalent bond:
• One atom will attract the shared pair(s) of electrons more that the other
atom
• One atom becomes slightly negative ẟ- and the other atom slightly positive
ẟ+
• Polar bonds do not always lead to polar molecules (depends on molecular
shape)
1. Electronegativity difference to determine if the bond is polar or non-polar
2. All bonds are non-polar, molecule is non-polar
3. Shape of molecule determines if there's an even or uneven distribution of
charge
4. Even distribution of charge molecule - non-polar
5. Uneven distribution of charge molecule- polar
• Polar Molecules:
• Uneven distribution of electrons one pole is ẟ- and the other pole ẟ+
• Molecules are non-symmetrical
• Sometimes uneven distribution cancel each other out
Polar and non-polar molecules: two atoms
• Linear molecules consist of identical atoms bond with a pure
covalent bond because of the equal sharing of electrons (e-)
1. Covalent bond is non-polar
2. Molecules symmetrical and non-polar
3. H2 O2 N2 F2
• Linear molecules consisting of different atoms which bond with an
unequal sharing of e-.
1. ∆EN = EN (Cl) 3,0 – EN (H) 2,1 = 0,9
2. Covalent bonds are polar.
3. An uneven distribution of charge
4. Molecules are polar
5. HCl; HBr; HI
Polar and non-polar molecules: three atoms
• Angular three-atom molecule eg.water

1. ∆EN = EN (O) 3,5 – EN (H) 2,1 = 1,4
2. Unequal spread of charge
3. Molecule is non-symmetrical and polar
4. Molecular shape is angular
• Angular three- atom molecule eg. H2Te
1. ∆EN = EN (Te) 2,1 – EN (H) 2,1 = 0
2. Bonds are non-polar
3. Even distribution of electrons and charge
4. Molecule is non-polar
Polar and non-polar
molecules: three atoms
• Linear three atom molecule eg. Carbon dioxide
1. ∆EN = EN (O) 3,5 – EN (C) 2,5 = 1,0
2. Each C=O bond there is an unequal sharing of e- and thus an uneven
distribution of charge causing polar covalent bonds
3. The molecule is linear and symmetrical, the uneven load distribution
cancel each other out as they are in opposite directions
4. Molecule is therefore non-polar
• Linear three-atom molecule molecule eg. CNCl
1. ∆EN ≠ 0
2. Bonds are polar
3. Molecule is linear and symmetrical, the uneven load distribution cancels
each other out as they are in opposite directions
Polar and non-polar molecules: four atoms
• Trigonal Planar eg. BF3

1. ∆EN = EN (F) 4 – EN (B) 2,0 = 2,0
2. Each B-F bond there is an unequal spread of charge, polar covalent bond
casing dipole moment
3. The molecule is trigonal planar and symmetrical, the uneven load
distribution cancel each other out as they are in opposite directions
• Trigonal pyramidal eg. NH3
1. ∆EN = EN (N) 3,0 – EN (H) 2,1 = 0,9
2. For each N-H bond, there is an uneven spread of charge causing polar
covalent bonds
3. Molecule is trigonal pyramidal and not symmetrical
4. Molecule is therefore polar
Polar and non-polar molecules: four atoms
• Trigonal pyramidal eg. NCl3 and PH3

1. ∆EN = 0
3. Molecule is non-polar
Polar and non-polar molecules: five atoms
• Tetrahedral eg. CCl4
1. ∆EN = EN (Cl) 3,0 – EN (C) 2,5 = 0,5
2. Each C-Cl bond there is an uneven spread of charge, therefore polar covalent
bond
3. The molecule is symmetrical, the uneven load distribution cancel each other
out
• Tetrahedral eg. CH3 Cl
1. ∆EN = EN (C) 2,5 – EN (H) 2,1 = 0,4
2. ∆EN = EN (Cl) 3,0 – EN (C) 2,5 = 0,5
3. For each bond, there is an uneven spread of charge causing polar covalent
bonds
4. Molecule is not symmetrical and the uneven spread of charge does not cancel
each other out
5. Molecule is therefore polar
• Tetrahedral eg. CI4
1. ∆EN = 0
3. The molecule is non-polar
SHAPE SYMMETRY
LINEAR (NON- POLAR) SYMMETRICAL
LINEAR (POLAR) ASYMMETRICAL
TRIGONAL PLANAR SYMMETRICAL
TETRAHEDRAL SYMMETRICAL
TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL SYMMETRICAL
OCTAHEDRAL SYMMETRICAL
TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL ASYMMETRICAL

BENT/ ANGULAR ASYMMETRICAL
Forces between atoms
Potential energy changes
Repulsion dissociation
Distance between nuclei
4
Distance between nuclei
1
2
3 BONDING
The graph shows the following:
• The tendency of atoms to have the lowest possible energy
• Bonds will form if the product has a lower potential energy
than the atoms
• Bond energy has a negative value this indicates that energy
must be absorbed to break the bond.
1. The atoms are far apart, and the potential energy is
approximately zero
2. Energy decreases as the atoms approach each other due
to attractive forces between the nuclei and electron
clouds
3. The lowest energy, therefore the most stable position for
the atoms to share electrons. This value is known as bond
energy, the more difficult it is to separate the atoms in
the molecule.
4. The total potential energy is at its lowest. This distance is
called the bond length. This is the position at which the
potential energy is the lowest and a bond will form.
Bond energy and length
• Strength of the bond between the atoms
the strength of a bond can be measure by seeing how much
energy is necessary to break the bond between the two
atoms.
A stronger bond will require more energy to break it.
Bond energy is influenced by:
1. Size if the atom: bigger atoms bonds are longer, therefore
weaker and the bond is less.
2. Length of bond: the longer the bond, the weaker the
bond and the bond energy is less
3. Bond order: increasing strength: single bond (order 1 );
double bond (order 2); triple bond (order 3)
The higher the bond order, the stronger the net bond and
the higher the bond energy
Bond length
Since the two valence orbitals must overlap for a bond to form, the
distance between the nuclei will be less than the sum of radii of the
two individual atoms
The bond length is an indication of the strength of a bond. A shorter
bond will be a stronger bond, and will require more energy to break
than a longer one.
Bond length is influenced by:

• Radii of individual atoms:
larger atoms have longer bond lengths
• Bond order:
the higher the order, the shorter
Videos
Lewis structures (watch first) common bonding patterns
Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3F7LjTvdX0
Drawing Lewis dot diagrams
Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulyopnxjAZ8&feature=related
Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2p-BtAt1T8&feature=related
Molecular shape
Link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwpH0fEwwmo&feature=related
VSEPR theory
Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keHS-CASZfc&feature=related
VSEPR model
Link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sceYMpBrNNo&feature=related
Videos
Electronegativity
Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZ8izzEq6zI&feature=related
Link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIyLRqmaQmw&feature=related
Electrostatic bonding forces between atoms
Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLfWJLzNadw

Atomic Combinations

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ATOMIC BONDS

• Chemical bond: a mutual attraction between two atoms resulting

The chemical reaction between elements leads to compounds with

Three types of intramolecular bonds

Valency: the number of electrons that an atom will donate,

Octet rule: all atoms, with the exception of hydrogen and

TETRAHEDRAL FOUR 109,5° CCl4

TRIGONAL FIVE 90° PF5

OCTAHEDRAL SIX 90° SF6

• Angular three-atom molecule eg.water

• Trigonal Planar eg. BF3

• Trigonal pyramidal eg. NCl3 and PH3

TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL SYMMETRICAL

TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL ASYMMETRICAL

Distance between nuclei

Bond length is influenced by:

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