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Lecture 21

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23 views12 pages

Lecture 21

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anutyo
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Lecture 21

Ajay Kumar
[email protected]

October 17, 2023


Linear Transformation
Matrix of rotation
   
x X
Let P = and Q = be the point obtained from P by rotation
y Y
(anticlockwise
   direction) of an angle θ about origin. Then show that
X x cos θ − y sin θ
= .
Y x sin θ + y cos θ

𝑦
𝑄(𝑋, 𝑌)

𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜃
𝜙
𝑂 𝑥
Let the line through O and P makes an angle φ with x-axis (as shown
in figure). Now set OP = OQ = r. Then X = r cos(θ + φ) and
Y = r sin(θ + φ). Using the fact that x = r cos φ, y = r sin φ and
formulas for cos(θ + φ), sin(θ + φ), the result follows. Thus
    
X cos θ − sin θ x
= .
Y sin θ cos θ y
  Linear transformation
1 0
Let A = . Then A reflects vectors along the x-axis. For
0 −1
   
3 3
example A =
1 −1
𝑦

(3,1)

𝑥
(3, −1)

 
cos θ − sin θ
Let B = . Then B rotates a vector counterclockwise by
sin θ cos θ
an angle θ.
𝑦
(𝑋, 𝑌)

(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜃

𝑥
 
k 0
Let A = . Then A compresses or expand a vector in x-direction
0 1
by a factor k. vectors along the x-axis
𝑦

(1,1) (𝑘, 1)

𝑥
Note that under these transformations, lines get mapped to lines.
More generally linear combinations get mapped to linear
combinations, that is, A(c1 x1 + c2 x2 ) = c1 Ax1 + c2 Ax2 .
Definition
Let V and W be two vector spaces over F. Then a function T : V → W
is called a linear transformation if it satisfy the following conditions:

T(c1 v + c2 w) = c1 T(v) + c2 T(w) for all v, w ∈ V and c1 , c2 ∈ F.

If W = V, then we say that T is a linear operator on V

Example    
2 2 x x+y
Let T : R → R be T = . Then T is a linear
y x−y
transformation.
Examples

Which of the following are linear transformations?


1. Let A be an m × n matrix. Define f : Rn → Rm by f (x) = Ax.
2. Let g : R3 → R3 defined as g(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 , x2 , 0).
3. Let h : R3 → R3 be defined as g(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 , x2 , 4).
4. Let h : R2 → R4 be defined as h(x1 , x2 ) = (x1 , 0, x2 , x12 ).
5. Let T : R∞ → R∞ given by T(x1 , x2 , x3 , . . .) = (x1 + x2 , x2 + x3 , . . .).
6. Let D : P2 → P1 be defined as D(a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 ) = a1 + 2a2 x.
Remark
Translation transformation is not a linear transformation.

Theorem
Let V and W be vector spaces, and let T : V → W be a linear
transformation. Then T(0) = 0.
Proof. Since T(0) = T(0 + 0) and T is a linear transformation, we
know that T(0) = T(0 + 0) = T(0) + T(0). Adding inverse −T(0) on
both sides gives T(0) = 0.
Exercise
Show that a linear transformation T : V → W maps a subspace of V to
a subspace of W.

Definition
Let T : V → W be a linear transformation between vector spaces V
and W. Then ker(T) = N (T) = {v : T(v) = 0} is called null space (
kernel) of T and R(T) = {T(v) : v ∈ V} is called the range space of T.
Note that N (T) and R(T) be subspaces of V and W, respectively.
Let V be a vector space with basis B = {v1 , . . . , vn } and W be another
vector space. Then to define a linear transformation from V to W it is
enough define on B.
Theorem
Let V and W be vector spaces over F, and {v1 , . . . , vn } be a basis for
V. Let T : V → W be a linear transformation. Then for any vector
v ∈ V, there exist c1 , . . . , cn ∈ F such that
T(v) = c1 T(v1 ) + · · · + cn T(vn ).
Note that in the above set up R(T) = span{T(v1 ), . . . , T(vn )}.
Examples

Find the range space and null space of the following linear
transformations.
1. Let T : R4 → R3 be a linear transformation given by
 
a  
b a+b
   b − c  .
 c  =
T
a+d
d
2. Let A be an m × n matrix. Define f : Rn → Rm by f (x) = Ax.
3. Let g : R3 → R3 defined as g(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 , x2 , 0).
4. Let D : R2 [x] → R1 [x] be defined as D(a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 ) = a1 + 2a2 x.
Theorem (Rank-Nullity Theorem)
Let V and W be finite dimensional vector spaces. If T : V → W is a
linear transformation, then dim V = dim (R(T)) + dim (N (T)).

Exercise
Define a linear transformation T : R4 [x] → R2 [x] given by
T(p(x)) = p00 (x). Verify rank nullity theorem.

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