2-1 - R 23 - Computer Aided Machine Drawing Lab Manual

MACHINE DRAWING
Subject / Lab code: 23MET310

Regulations: R23
II Year B.Tech. I Semester
Prepared by
Dr. M. KEDAR MALLIK
&
P. NAGA SRINIVAS
Course Code Name of the Course L T P C
MACHINE DRAWING
23MET310 1 0 2 2
Pre-Requisites :
1) Engineering Graphics / Drawing
2) Advanced 3d Modeling Tools
3) Fits & Tolerances
CAD Package:
Any one of the CAD Tool i.e. CATIA / CREO / Solid Edge / Siemens
PLM software / IRON CAD /Auto- CAD is used to learn the above course.
Course objectives: The student should be able to
1. The student will acquire knowledge of usage CAD Tools for Ex: CATIA / CREO
/ Solid Edge / Siemens PLM software / IRON CAD /Auto- CAD
2. The student will acquire knowledge of drawing conventions as per IS.
3. To provide basic understanding and drawing practice of various joints /
Fastening arrangements simple mechanical parts.
4. The student will be able to draw the assembly from the individual part drawing.
5. The student also is enabled to prepare the assembly of various machine or
Engine components and miscellaneous machine components.
The following are to be done by any 2D software package
Conventional representation of materials and components:
Detachable joints: Drawing of thread profiles, hexagonal and square-headed bolts

and nuts, bolted joint with washer and locknut, stud joint, screw joint and foundation
bolts.
Riveted joints: Drawing of rivet, lap joint, butt joint with single strap, single
riveted, double riveted double strap joints.
Welded joints: Lap joint and T joint with fillet, butt joint with conventions.
Keys: Taper key, sunk taper key, round key, saddle key, feather key, woodruff key.
Couplings: rigid – Muff, flange; flexible – bushed pin-type flange coupling, universal
coupling, Oldham’s’ coupling.
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MACHINE DRAWING LAB (R 23)
The following exercises are to be done by any 3D software package:
Sectional views: Creating solid models of complex machine parts and sectional views.
Assembly drawings: (Any four of the following using solid model software)
Lathe tool post, tool head of shaping machine, tail-stock, machine vice, gate valve,
carburetor, piston, connecting rod, eccentric, screw jack, plumber block, axle bearing,
and pipe vice, clamping device, Geneva cam, and universal coupling.
Textbooks:
1 Machine Drawing by K. L. Narayana, P.Kannaiah and K.Venkat Reddy, New Age

International Publishers, 3/e, 2014
2 Machine drawing by N.Sideshwar, P. Kannaiah, V.V.S.Sastry, TMH Publishers.

2014.
Reference Books:
1. Cecil Jensen, Jay Helsel and Donald D.Voisinet, Computer Aided Engineering
Drawing, Tata McGraw-Hill, NY, 2000.
2. James Barclay, Brain Griffiths, Engineering Drawing for Manufacture, Kogan
Page Science, 2003.
3. N.D.Bhatt, Machine Drawing, Charotar Publishers, 50/e, 2014.
Online Learning Resources:

 https://eeedocs.wordpress.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/02/machinedrawing.pdf
 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/112/105/112105294/
 https://www.edx.org/learn/engineering/dassault-systemes-solidworks-
solidworks-cad-
fundamentals?index=product&queryID=c90b35a82a6ef58b0d6f89679c63f6a1&po
sition=2&linked_from=autocomplete&c=autocomplete
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bQkS3_3Fq4
Course Outcomes:
COs Statements Blooms

Level
CO1 Demonstrate the conventional representations of materials and machine L3
components.
CO2 Model riveted, welded and key joints using CAD system. L6
CO3 Create solid models and sectional views of machine components. L6
CO4 Generate solid models of machine parts and assemble them. L5
CO5 Translate 3D assemblies into 2D drawings. L6
3
INDEX
Date of Date of Marks

S.No Name of the Experiment
Experiment Submissions Allotted
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Signature of the Student:
Signature of the Lab In-charge:
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INTRODUCTION
 NX is one of the world’s most advanced and tightly integrated CAD/CAM/CAE product development
solution. Spanning the entire range of product development, NX delivers immense value to
enterprises of all sizes. It simplifies complex product designs, thus speeding up the process of
introducing products to the market.
 The NX software integrates knowledge-based principles, industrial design, geometric modeling,

advanced analysis, graphic simulation, and concurrent engineering. The software has powerful hybrid
modeling capabilities by integrating constraint-based feature modeling and explicit geometric
modeling. In addition to modeling standard geometry parts, it allows the user to design complex free-
form shapes such as airfoils and manifolds. It also merges solid and surface modeling techniques into
one powerful tool set.
 Open a New File
Let’s begin by learning how to open a new part file in NX 10. To create a new file there are three
options.
1) Click on the New button on top of the screen
OR
2) Go through the File drop-down menu at the top-left of the screen and click New
OR
3) Press < Ctrl> + N
This will open a new session, asking for the type, name and location of the new file to be created. There
are numerous types of files in NX 10 to select from the Templates dialogue box located at the center of
the window. The properties of the selected file are displayed below the Preview on the right side. Since
we want to work in the modeling environment and create new parts, only specify the units (inches or
millimeters) of the working environment and the name and location of the file. The default unit is
millimeters.
 Mouse Functionality
The left mouse button, named Mouse Button 1 (MB1) in NX, is used for Selection of icons, menus,
and other entities on the graphic screen. Double clicking MB1 on any feature will automatically open
the Edit Dialog box.
The middle mouse button (MB2) or the scroll button is used to Rotate the object by pressing, holding
and dragging. The model can also be rotated about a single axis. To rotate about the axis horizontal to
the screen, place the mouse pointer near the right edge of the graphic screen and rotate.
Right Mouse Button (MB3) is used to access the user interface pop-up menus. You can access the
subsequent options that pop up depending on the selection mode and Application.
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NX 10 Gateway
The following figure shows the typical layout of the NX 10 window when a file is opened. This is
the Gateway of NX 10 from where you can select any module to work on such as modeling,
manufacturing, etc.
Ribbon Bar
The ribbon bar interface gives the user the ability to access the different commands easily without
reducing the graphics window area. Commands are organized in ribbon bars under different tabs and
groups for easy recognition and accessibility.
Quick Access Toolbar
The quick access toolbar has most commonly used buttons (save, undo, redo, cut, copy, paste and
recent commands) to expedite the modeling process.
Command Finder
If you do not know where to find a command, use Command Finder. Let’s say we have forgotten where
the Styled Sweep is.
Type sweep in the Command Finder
NX will show you the path to the command: Menu →Insert → Sweep →Styled Sweep
Top-border
The most important button in the top-border is the menu button. Most of the features and functions of
the software are available in the menu. The Selection Bar displays the selection options. These options
include the Filters, Components/Assembly, and Snap Points for selecting features. Most common
buttons in the View tab are also displayed in the Top-border.
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Resource Bar
The Resource Bar features icons for a number of pages in one place using very little user interface
space. NX 10 places all navigator windows (Assembly, Constraint and Part) in the Resource Bar, as
well as the Reuse Library, Web Browser, History Palette, Process Studio, Manufacturing Wizards,
Roles and System Scenes.
Cue Line
The Cue Line displays prompt messages that indicate the next action that needs to be taken. To the
right of the Cue line, the Status Line is located which displays messages about the current options or
the most recently completed function.
SKETCHING
In most cases, Modeling starts from a 2D sketch and then Extrude, Revolve or Sweep the sketch to
create solids. Many complex shapes that are otherwise very difficult to model can easily be drawn by
sketching. The sketch represents the outer boundary of that part. The curves are created on a plane in
the sketcher. In the beginning, these curves are drawn without any exact dimensions. Then,
Dimensional Constraints as well as Geometric Constraints are applied to fully constrain the sketch.
Feature Operations which are functions that can be applied to the faces and edges of a solid body or
features you have created. These include taper, edge blend, face blend, chamfer, trim, etc.
Commonly Features can be classified as following
- Body: A class of objects containing solids and sheets
- Solid Body: A collection of faces and edges that enclose a volume
- Sheet Body: A collection of one or more faces that do not enclose a volume
- Face: A region on the outside of a body enclosed by edges.
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EXPERIMENT -1:- ( Hand sketcher )
Conventional representation
Draughting conventions are used to represent materials in section and machine

elements in engineering drawings.
Materials:
As a variety of materials are used for machine components in engineering applications,
it is preferable to have different conventions of section lining to differentiate between various
materials.
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Machine component
When the drawing of a component in its true projection involves a lot of time, its convention
may be used to represent the actual component. A typical example of conventional representation
of various machine components used in engineering drawing.
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Materials Hand sketcher
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Machine component Hand sketcher
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Machine component Hand sketcher
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EXPERIMENT -2: - (Hand sketcher)
SECTIONAL VIEWS
Orthographic views when carefully reveal the external features of the most complicated objects.
However, there are objects with complicated interior details and when represented by hidden lines, may
not effectively reveal the true interior details. This may be overcome by representing one or more of the
views ‘in section’. A sectional view is obtained by imagining the object, as if cut by a cutting plane and
the portion between the observer and the section plane being removed. Figure. 1 (a) shows an object, with
the cutting plane passing through it and Fig. 1(b), the two halves drawn apart, exposing the interior details.
In order to show such features clearly, one or more views are drawn as if a portion had been cut
away to reveal the interior This procedure is called sectioning and the view showing the cut away picture
is called section view. A section is an imaginary cut taken through an object to reveal the shape or interior
construction. Fig. 2a shows the imaginary cutting plane in perspective view. The imaginary cutting plane
is projected on a standard view so that the sectional view with orthographic representation is obtained as
shown in Fig. 2b. A sectional view must show which portions of the object are solid material and which
are spaces. This is done by section lining (cross-hatching) the solid parts with uniformly spaced thin lines
generally at 45º.
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Types of Section views :
Depending on the number of cutting planes, sectional views can be simple with one cutting plane or
complex with two or more cutting planes. If the cutting plane-line cuts entirely across the object, it is called a Full
Section. If the cutting plane cuts halfway through the object, it is a Half Section. In addition to these, there are
Offset Section, Broken-Out Section, Auxiliary sections.
Section Lining (Cross Hatching)
Section lining of a cut surface is indicated by fine lines, which are drawn as continuous lines
usually at an angle of 45º with uniform distance (about 2 mm). For smaller or larger areas, distance
between lines can be from 1 mm to 4 mm. Section lining or cross-hatching lines should not be parallel or
perpendicular to any main visible line bounding the sectioned area.
Fig. Cross Hatching
Rib’s and webs are used to strengthen the parts. When the cutting plane passes through the rib’s length
wise, cross-hatching would give the misleading impression that the section was conical. Therefore, cross-hatching
is eliminated from the ribs and webs (as if the cutting plane was just in front of them) when the cutting plane
passes longitudinally through them
Web’s Rib’s
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1) Draw (i) sectional view from the front, (ii) the view from above and (iii) the view from the right of the
shaft support shown in fig.
2) Draw (i) sectional view from the front, (ii) the view from above and (iii) the view from the left of the
machine component shown in fig.
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Sectional View Hand sketcher
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Sectional View Hand sketcher
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EXPERIMENT -3:- (Hand sketcher)
THREADS
SCREW THREAD
A continuous helical groove cut along the outer circumference of a

cylindrical surface is called a screw thread. A screw thread is an
operating element of temporary fastening. Screw thread occurs on
practically all engineering products. Fig. shows a screw thread/helical
groove on a cylindrical rod.
Screwed fasteners occupy the most prominent place among the removable fasteners. In general, screwed
fasteners are used: (i) to hold parts together, (ii) to adjust parts with reference to each other and (iii) to
transmit power.
TERMS USED IN THREADS / SCREW
THREADS
The various terms in connection with screw threads
are given below. Refer Fig
EXTERNALTHREAD: It is a continuous helical groove or ridge cut along the external surface of the
cylinder, e.g. threads on bolts, studs, screws etc. Shows an external thread.
INTERNALTHREAD: It is a thread on the internal surface of a hollow cylinder. Shows the internal
threads, e.g. threads of a nut.
SCREW PAIR: The bolt and nut together are called a screw pair. One or more such pairs are used to join
two parts.
PITCH, P : It is "the distance between the corresponding points on the adjacent thread surface, measured
parallel to the axis".
LEAD, L : It is "the distance moved by a nut or bolt in the axial direction in one complete rotation".
CREST: It is the edge of the thread surface farthest from the axis, in case of external thread and nearest to
the axis, in case of internal thread
ROOT: It is the edge of the thread surface nearest to the axis in case of external thread and farthest from
the axis, in case of internal thread.
FLANK: The surface connecting crest and root is called as flank.
THREADANGLE: It is "the angle between the flanks measured in an axial plane".
MAJOR DIAMETEROROUTSIDE DIAMETER: It is the diameter of an imaginary coaxial cylinder just

touching the crest of external threads or roots of internal threads. It is the largest diameter of a screw
thread.
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MINOR DIAMETEROR ROOT DIAMETEROR CORE DIAMETER: It is the diameter of an imaginary
co-axial cylinder just touching the roots of external threads or crest of internal threads.
NOMINALDIAMETER: It is the diameter of the cylinder from which external threads are cut out. The
Screw /bolt is specified by this diameter.
FORMS OF THREADS: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) adapts ISO (International Organization for
Standards) metric threads which are adapted by a number of countries apart from India. The design
profiles of external and internal threads are shown in Fig. The following are the relations between the
various parameters marked in the figure:
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THREAD PROFILES
 V-Thread (Sharp): This thread profile has a larger contact area, providing more frictional
resistance to motion. Hence, it is used where effective positioning is required. It is also used in brass pipe
work.
 Whitworth Thread: This thread form is adopted in Britain in inch units. The profile has rounded
ends, making it less liable to damage than sharp V-thread. It is also called as British Standard Whitworth
(B.S.W) Thread
 Buttress Thread: This thread is a combination of V-and square threads. It exhibits the advantages
of square thread, like the ability to transmit power and low frictional resistance, with the strength of the V-
thread. It is used where power transmission takes place in one direction only such as screw press, quick
acting carpenter’s vice.
 Square Thread: Square thread is an ideal thread form for power transmission. In this, as the
thread flank is at right angle to the axis, the normal force between the threads, acts parallel to the axis, with
zero radial component. This enables the nut to transmit very high pressures, as in the case of a screw jack
and other similar applications.
 ACME Thread: It is a modified form of square thread. It is much stronger than square thread
because of the wider base and it is easy to cut. The inclined sides of the thread facilitate quick and easy
engagement and disengagement as for example, the split nut with the lead screw of a lathe.
 Worm Thread: Worm thread is similar to the ACME thread, but is deeper. It is used on shafts to
carry power to worm wheels.
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Thread Profile Hand sketcher
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Bolts, Nuts, washer , Stud Bolts
SCREWED FASTENERS
 A machine element used for holding or joining two or more parts of a machine or structure is known as
a fastener. The process of joining the parts is called fastening
The fasteners are of two types:
Permanent and removable (temporary).
Riveting and welding processes are used for fastening permanently.
 Screwed fasteners such as bolts, studs and nuts in combination, machine screws, set screws, etc., and
keys, cotters, couplings, etc., are used for fastening components that require frequent assembly and
dissemble
 Screwed fasteners occupy the most prominent place among the removable fasteners. In general, screwed
fasteners are used : (i) to hold parts together, (ii)to adjust parts with reference to each other and (iii) to
transmit power.
Washer
 A washer is a cylindrical piece of metal with a hole to receive the bolt.
 It is used to give a perfect seating for the nut and to distribute the tightening force uniformly to the
parts under the joint.
 It also prevents the nut from damaging the metal surface under the joint.
NUTS
HEXAGONAL NUT:
It is a general purpose nut used mostly on fasteners. It has six surfaces having hexagonal shape,
it is why it is called hexagonal nut. The nuts are rounded off or chamfered at an angle of 30° but on
one side only. Due to rounding or chamfering, an arc is formed on each vertical face and a circle
is thus formed on the top surface of nut.
Proportions of the Hexagonal nut:
D is the nominal diameter of the bolt
Width across flats, W = 1.5 D + 3
mmThickness of nut, T = 0.9 D to D
Distance across corners = 2D
Angle of chamfer = 30° to base of the
nut Radius of chamfer, R = 1.4 D
SQUARE NUT:
The nut having a square shape is known as square nut. This type of nut is usually used in
conjunction with the square headed bolt. The corners of the square nut are also chamfered in the
same way as for hexagonal nut.
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Proportions of the Square nut:
Width across corners = Flats x √2 or 1.414 D
nut Radius of chamfer, R = 2D
FLANGED NUT:
The hexagonal nut provided with a flange of circular washer at the base of the nut. Because of
increased bottom surface of the nut due to flanged surface, the bearing surface of the nut is increased
and therefore used in such places where bolt of large size diameters are required to pass through the
required hole.
Proportions of the Flanged nut:
Thickness of flange, t = 0.25 D
nut Diameter of flange = 2.2D
CAP NUT:
The cap nut is a hexagonal nut provided with an integral

cylindrical cap at the top to protect the end of the bolt from
corrosion. The nut can be seen in smoke boxes of locomotives
on the main pipes and connections etc. It also prevents leakage
through threads.
WING NUT:
It is a conical nut having two wings attached with its slant surface. It
has a threaded hole at the centre. These nuts are designed to operate by
thumb and finger and are frequently used for securing adjustable fittings as
the wind screen of a motor car. No spanner is required to tighten or open
the nut.
CASTLE NUT:
It consists of a hexagonal prism having a circular collar at the top with a central
threaded hole, six slots are cut in the collar which are radially opposite. This
nut is used to provide as a hold on nut which is subjected to sudden and variable
vibration such as on piston rod, scooter wheel etc. A pin is fixed across the
two slots which passes through the bolt after tightening the nut in position. Thus
the nut is prevented from becoming loose.
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BOLTS:
The bolt is a straight rod having an integral head on one side and threaded on the other end. It is
passed through clearance holes in two or more aligned parts together. A nut is screwed on the threaded
end of the bolt to tighten the parts together. A bolt and nut form one screw fastener as a unit.
HEXAGONAL HEADED BOLT:
The bolt with a hexagonal head on one side and threaded on the other end is called bolt. The bolt may
be threaded throughout its length or partly threaded.
Ratio and proportions of hexagonal headed bolt:-

mmThickness of head, T = 0.8 D
Angle of chamfer = 30° to the base of head
Radius of chamfer, R = 1.4 D
Length of threaded portion, L1 = 2D + 5 mm up to 80 mm
diameter or L1 = 2D + 10 mm from 81 to 200 mm diameter
or L1 = 2D + 20 mm above 200 mm diameter.
SQUARE HEADED BOLT:

It is another common form of bolt. The contact area of the head with the part to be tightened is
comparatively small as compared to hexagonal nut. It is generally used where the head of the bolt is to
accommodate in a recess which is itself of square form. The head rests in the square recess with little
clearance. When the nut is tightened or screwed off, the square recess prevents the head from turning.
Ratio and proportions of square headed bolt:-
Width across flats, W = 1.5 D + 3 mm
Thickness of head, T = D
Angle of chamfer = 30° to the base of
head Radius of chamfer, R = 2 D
Length of threaded portion, L1 = 2D + 5 mm up to 80 mm diameter
or L1 = 2D + 10 mm from 81 to 200 mm
diameter or L1 = 2D + 20 mm above 200 mm
diameter.
STUD
A stud is just like a bolt but has no head. Both of its

ends are threaded leaving a small portion at the center.
The stud is screwed tightly into the threaded hole in the
part until it jams. The collar is sometimes provided in the
center and in some case, the central portion is made square
to receive spanner for tightening purposes. Theses studs
when screwed to the part become assembled and the other
part which is drilled is easily placed in position. A nut
screwed on other end of the stud holds the two part
together. These are used to fit end covers.
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To draw bolts nuts, washers, stud bolts by using Hand sketcher & NX software
Bolts Take D = 15, L= 60, W=30
Nuts washer
Stud Bolts L=100, TL =30 TD=15
All Dimensions Are In MM
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EXPERIMENT -4: - (Hand sketcher & part drawing)
RIVET HEADS & RIVET TYPE JOINTS
To draw Rivet type joints by using Hand sketcher
RIVETSAND RIVETED JOINTS.
We are familiar with riveted joints with our kitchen wares likes pressure cooker and frying pan. In
pressure cooker, the handle is joined to the body by means of rivets. We can even notice the rivets
fitted, in shoes, belts etc.
Rivets are one of the permanent fasteners and is used widely in steel structures. Rivets are
used in bridges, boilers and other engineering works. A rivet is a simple round rod having head at its
one end see Fig. And the other end is made in the form of head when it is assembled to fasten the
parts. Rivet heads are of many shapes.
A rivet is a round rod of circular cross-section. It consists of two parts, viz., head and
shank Fig. Mild steel, wrought iron, copper and aluminum alloys are some of the metals
commonly used for rivets. The choice of a particular metal will depend upon the place of application.
Riveting is the process of forming a riveted joint. For this, a rivet is first placed in the hole drilled
through the two parts to be joined. Then the shank end is made into a rivet head by applying
pressure, when it is either in cold or hot condition.
 Various forms of rivet heads, used in general engineering works and boiler construction and as recommended
by Bureau of Indian Standards, are shown in Fig.10.3. The standard proportions are also indicated in the
figure.
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Take d = 20 MM
Pitch : - It is the distance between the centers of the adjacent rivets in the same row. It is denoted
by ‘p’and usually taken as 3d, where d is the rivet diameter.
Margin :- It is the distance from the edge of the plate to the center of the nearest rivet. It is usually
takenas 1.5d, where d is the rivet diameter. It is denoted by ‘m’.
Chain Riveting :- If the rivets are used along a number of rows such that the rivets in the adjacent
rows are placed directly opposite to each other, it is known as chain riveting.
zig-zag riveting : - In a multi-row riveting, if the rivets in the adjacent rows are staggered and are
placed in- between those of the previous row, it is known as zig-zag riveting.
Row Pitch :- It is the distance between two adjacent rows of rivets. It is denoted by ‘ pr’ and is given
by,
pr = 0.8p, for chain riveting pr = 0.6p, for zig-zag riveting.
Diagonal Pitch : - This term is usually associated with zig-zag riveting and is denoted by ‘pd’. It is
the distance between the center of a rivet in a row to the next rivet in the adjacent row.
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Rivet Heads Hand sketcher
RIVETED JOINTS ( Hand sketcher)
Riveted joints are of three types namely

(i) Diamond Butt Joint (ii) Lap joint (iii) Butt joint
Diamond Butt Joint : - This is one kind of butt joint made either with a single or double strap. As
the name implies, the rivets in this joint are arranged in a diamond shape. Figure shows a double
strap diamond butt joint. The joint is generally used to connect tie bars in bridge structures and roof
trusses.
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Lap joints may be single, double and multiple riveted we are going to study the views of "single"
riveted lap joint.
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RIVETED JOINTS TYPES (Hand sketcher)
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EXPERIMENT -5 :- (Hand sketcher)
WELDED JOINTS
 A welded joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the edges of the two parts to be
joined together, with or without the application of pressure and a filler material. Welding is extensively
used in fabrication as an alternative method for casting or forging and as a replacement for bolted and
riveted joints. It is also used as a repair medium.
 The welding processes may be broadly classified into the following two groups:
1. Welding processes that use heat alone e.g. fusion welding.
2. Welding processes that use a combination of heat and pressure e.g. forge welding.
Fusion Welding : - In case of fusion welding, the parts to be jointed are held in position while the
molten metal is supplied to the joint. The molten metal may come from the parts themselves (i.e.
parent metal) or filler metal which normally have the composition of the parent metal. The joint
surface become plastic or even molten because of the heat from the molten filler metal or other source.
Thus, when the molten metal solidifies or fuses, the joint is formed.
The fusion welding, according to the method of heat generated, may be classified as:
1. Thermit welding, 2. Gas welding, and 3. Electric arc welding.
Forge Welding : - In forge welding, the parts to be jointed are first heated to a proper temperature in a
furnace or forge and then hammered. This method of welding is rarely used now-a-days. An electric-
resistance welding is an example of forge welding.
the parts to be joined are pressed
Together and an electric current is passed from one part to the other until the metal is heated to
the fusion temperature of the joint. The principle of applying heat and pressure, either sequentially or
simultaneously, is widely used in the processes known as *spot, seam, projection, upset and flash
welding. Types of Welded Joints
Lap Joint
The lap joint or the fillet joint is obtained by overlapping the plates and then welding the edges of
the plates. The cross-section of the fillet is approximately triangular. The fillet joints may be
1. Single transverse fillet, 2. Double transverse fillet, and 3. Parallel fillet joints.
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Butt Joint
The butt joint is obtained by placing the plates edge to edge as shown in Fig. In butt welds, the
plate edges do not require beveling if the thickness of plate is less than 5 mm. On the other hand, if the
plate thickness is 5 mm to 12.5 mm, the edges should be beveled to V or U-groove on both sides.
The butt joints may be :- 1. Square butt joint, 2. Single V-butt joint 3. Single U-butt joint, 4. Double V-butt joint,
and 5. Double U-butt joint.
The other type of welded joints are corner joint, edge joint and T-joint as shown in Fig
The main considerations involved in the selection of weld type are:

1. The shape of the welded component required,
2. The thickness of the plates to be welded, and
3. The direction of the forces applied.
Elements of a Welding Symbol
A welding symbol consists of the following eight elements: Indian Standards, IS: 813 – 1961
1. Reference line, 2. Arrow,3. Basic weld symbols, 4. Dimensions and other data, 5.
Supplementary symbols, 6. Finish symbols,7. Tail, and 8. Specification, process or other references.
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TYPES OF WELD JOINTS
Basic Weld Symbols (Hand sketcher)
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Basic Weld Symbols (Hand sketcher)
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EXPERIMENT -6 :- ( part drawing)
KEYS AND COUPLING

 A key is a piece of mild steel inserted between the shaft and hub or boss of the pulley to connect these
together in order to prevent relative motion between them. It is always inserted parallel to the axis of the
shaft. Keys are used as temporary fastenings and are subjected to consider- able crushing and shearing
stresses. A keyway is a slot or recess in a shaft and hub of the pulley to accommodate a key.
 Types of Keys
The following types of keys are important from the subject point of view:
1. Sunk keys, 2. Saddle keys, 3. Tangent keys, 4. Round keys
Sunk Keys : -The sunk keys are provided half in the keyway of the shaft and half in the keyway of
the hub or boss of the pulley.
Width of key, w = d / 4 ; and thickness of key, t = 2w / 3 = d / 6
where d = Diameter of the shaft or diameter of the hole in the
hub. The key has taper 1 in 100 on the top side only.
Saddle keys : - The saddle keys are of the following two types :
1. Flat saddle key, and 2. Hollow saddle key.
A flat saddle key is a taper key which fits in a keyway in the hub and is
flat on the shaft as shown in Fig. It is likely to slip round the shaft under
load. Therefore, it is used for comparatively light loads.
A hollow saddle key is a taper key which fits in a keyway in the hub and the
bottom of the key is shaped to fit the curved surface of the shaft. Since hollow
saddle keys hold on by friction, therefore these are suitable for light loads. It
is usually used as a temporary fastening in fixing and setting eccentrics, cams etc.
Tangent Keys :- The tangent keys are fitted in pair at right angles. Each key is to withstand torsion in
one direction only. These are used in large heavy-duty shafts.
Round Keys:-The round keys, as shown in Fig. are circular in section and fit into holes drilled partly in
the shaft and partly in the hub. They have the advantage that their keyways may be drilled and reamed
after the mating parts have been assembled. Round keys are usually considered to be most appropriate
for low power drives.
39
Woodruff key :- The woodruff key is an easily adjustable key. It is a piece from a cylindrical disc
having segmental cross-section in front view as shown in Fig. A woodruff key is capable of tilting in
a recess milled out in the shaft by a cutter having the same curvature as the disc from which the key is
made. This key is largely used in machine tool and automobile construction.
The main advantages of a woodruff key are as follows :
1. It accommodates itself to any taper in the hub or bossof
the mating piece.
2. It is useful on tapering shaft ends. Its extra depth in the
shaft *prevents any tendency to turn over in its keyway. The
disadvantages are :
1. The depth of the keyway weakens the shaft. 2. It can not be used as a feather.
Feather key :- A key attached to one member of a pair and which permits relative axial movement is
known as feather key. It is a special type of parallel key which transmits a turning moment and also
permits axial movement. It is fastened either to the shaft or hub, the key being a sliding fit in the key
way of the moving piece.The feather key may be screwed to the shaft as shown in Fig. (a) or it may
have double gib heads as shown in Fig. (b). The various proportions of a feather key are same as that of
rectangular sunk key and gib head key. The following table shows the proportions of standard
parallel, tapered and gib head keys, according to IS : 2292 and 2293-1974.
40
EXPERIMENT -7: - (part drawing)
UNIVERSAL COUPLING ( HOOKE'S JOINT)
To create Universal coupling by using CATIA assembly design
 A universal joint (universal coupling, U-joint, Cardan joint, Spicer or Hardy Spicer joint,
or Hooke's joint) is a joint or coupling connecting rigid rods whose axes are inclined to each other,
and is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion. It consists of a pair of hinges located close
together, oriented at 90° to each other, connected by a cross shaft. The universal joint is not a constant-
velocity joint.
 Universal joints consist of two yokes, each attached to one of the shafts, and a cross-shaped
connecting piece called a cross-pin that links the two yokes together. The cross-pin is mounted in
bearings in the yokes, allowing it to rotate and swivel, allowing the shafts to move and rotate relative
to each other. This allows the universal joint to accommodate changes in the relative orientation of the
two shafts while transmitting torque and allowing them to rotate.
 Typical applications of universal joints include aircraft, appliances, control mechanisms, electronics,
Instrumentation, medical and optical devices, ordnance, radio, sewing machines, textile machinery and
tool drives. Universal joints are available in steel or in thermoplastic body members. Universal joints
made of steel have maximum load-carrying capacity for
a given size.
 Universal joints have several advantages over other

mechanical couplings, making them useful in various
applications. Some of the main advantages of universal
joints include
1) Flexibility: Universal joints can accommodate

changes in the relative orientation of the two coupled shafts, allowing them to move and rotate
freely in different directions. This makes them ideal for applications where the shafts may be
subject to large and varying forces or need to move and rotate in different directions.
2) Compactness: Universal joints are relatively small and compact, which makes them easy to
incorporate into a wide range of mechanical systems.
3) Durability: Universal joints are typically designed to be robust and durable, with high-quality
bearings and other components that can withstand large forces and long-term use.
4) Cost-effectiveness: Universal joints are generally less expensive than other types of couplings,
which makes them an economical choice for many applications.
41
 While universal joints have Some of the main disadvantages of universal joints include
1) Limited range of motion: Universal joints can only accommodate a limited range of changes in the
relative orientation of the two coupled shafts. This means they may not be suitable for applications
where the shafts may be subject to large or extreme movements.
2) Noise and vibration: Universal joints can sometimes produce noise and vibration as the shafts rotate,
which may be undesirable in some applications.
3) Maintenance: Universal joints require regular maintenance and lubrication to function properly and to
maintain their durability and performance. This can add to the overall cost and complexity of using
universal joints in some applications.
42
EXPERIMENT -8: - (Assembly Drawing)
SINGLE TOOL POST
To create Single Tool post by using NX assembly design and drafting

 Tool posts of several designs are available to support and hold the cutting tools in lathe
machines. the part drawings of a single tool post, which supports one cutting tool at a time and is
used on small sized lathes. This unit is fixed on the
compound rest of the lathe carriage. The single tool post
consists of a circular body 1 with a collar at one end and a
threaded hole at the other. A vertical slot is provided in the
body to accommodate the tool/tool holder. The body is
slid through the square block 5, which is finally located in
the T-slot, provided in the compound rest. The design
permits rotation of the body about the vertical axis. A
circular ring 4 having spherical top surface is slid over the
body and the wedge 3 is located in the vertical slot. The
tool / tool holder is placed over the wedge. By sliding the
wedge on the ring, the tool tip level can be adjusted. The
tool is clamped in position by means of the square headed clamping screw 2, passing through the
head of the body.
 Single-point cutting tools have several advantages and disadvantages, including:
Advantages
 Straightforward design: Single-point cutting tools have a simple design and fabrication process.
 Cost-effective: Single-point cutting tools are a cost-effective option.
Disadvantages
 Higher tool wear rate: Single-point cutting tools have a higher tool wear rate.
 Rapid temperature increase: Single-point cutting tools can rapidly increase in temperature.
 Low material removal rate: Single-point cutting tools have a low material removal rate.
Single-point cutting tools have only one main cutting edge, while multi-point cutting tools have multiple
cutting edges.
43
44
EXPERIMENT – 9 :- ( Assembly Design)
PLUMMER BLOCK
To create Plummer block by using CATIA assembly design
 The Plummer block, which is an assembly comprising of a self-aligning ball bearing or spherical
roller bearing placed in bearing boxes of various shapes, has a large load capacity and is easy to
handle, therefore it is widely used in general industrial machinery such as conveyors.
 A pillow block bearing (or Plummer block) is a pedestal used

to support a rotating shaft with the help of compatible bearings
and various accessories. The assembly consists of a mounting
block which houses a bearing.
 Plumbers install and repair pipes and fixtures that carry water, gas, or other fluids in homes and
businesses. They also maintain plumbing fixtures like bathtubs and toilets and appliances such as
dishwashers or heating systems.
 The fundamental application of both types is the same, which is to mount a bearing safely enabling
its outer ring to be stationary while allowing rotation of the inner ring. The housing is bolted to a
foundation through the holes in the base.
 An assembly consisting of a spherical roller bearings or self-aligning ball bearing and a bearing
housing with a sealing device. The bearing housing is generally made of cast iron, but can also be
spheroidal graphite cast iron (Ductile cast iron) or cast steel depending on the application.
 There are three types of Plumbing systems. Potable water, sanitary, and storm water system. Each of
these plays a vital role in keeping the city clean and hygienic. All the residential, industrial, and
commercial buildings have each of these plumbing systems installed.
45
 The normal operating range for bearings is <180 F, with 140-160F being the sweet spot for a number
of bearings and applications. Even with that piece of information at our disposal, we need to know
what we're talking about what we take that measurement.
 Split Plummer Blocks are housings designed to secure Self-Aligning Ball Bearings and other types
of Bearings with shafts. They are designed for heavy-duty tasks such as mining operations; a more
adaptable component, they can tolerate high temperatures and other hostile environments.
 Most plumbing systems are composed of two sets of pipes and fittings where one set is for cold
water, and the other is for hot. The most commonly used materials for pipes in a plumbing system
are copper, brass, PVC, or lead.
 Bearing inside Plummer block works fine in any kind of atmosphere as it is safely ensconced inside
a casing. After failure, we simply have to buy a new OEM assembly which is perfectly
interchangeable without bothering about tolerances.
Advantages
 Low maintenance due to its self-aligning capabilities.
 Fast and easy re-lubrication due to a built-in lubrication hole.
46
PLUMMER BLOCK
47
EXPERIMENT – 10: - (Assembly Design)
SCREW JACK
To create screw jack by using CATIA assembly design
 A screw jack is a gearbox assembly (either worm gear or bevel gear) and a transmission product (lead
screw, ball screw) which through use of a motor is used to convert rotary into linear motion.
 Function: A jackscrew, or screw jack, is a type of jack that is operated by turning a leadscrew. It is
commonly used to lift moderately and heavy weights, such as vehicles; to raise and lower the
horizontal stabilizers of aircraft; and as adjustable supports for heavy loads, such as the foundations of
houses.
 There are 3 main types of screw jacks: machine/worm gear

screw jacks, ball screw jacks, and bevel gear jacks. Within
these, there are 3 subcategories related to the mode of operation:
Translating, Keyed, and Rotating/Traveling nut.
 screw jack material: aluminum AC43100, cast iron G25 UNI

5007, cast iron GS400 UNI 4544, stainless steel AISI 316
 principle: A screw is a mechanism that converts rotational

motion to linear motion, and a torque (rotational force) to a
linear force. It is one of the six classical simple machines. The
most common form consists of a cylindrical shaft with helical grooves or ridges called threads around
the outside.
 Main components of screw jacks are; trapezoidal lifting screw, worm screw, worm gear and gear
housing. Worm screw is rotated manually or by motor. Worm gear is rotated by worm screw.
Advantages of Screw Jack:

 Screw jacks offer several advantages that make them valuable in various applications. Here are some
key advantages of screw jacks:
1) High Load-Bearing Capacity, 2) Precise Positioning, 3) Mechanical Advantage ,4) Self-
Locking Capability, 5) Versatility, 6) Reliability and Durability, Cost-Effective Solution.
 Limitations. Screw jacks are limited in their lifting capacity. Increasing load increases friction within
the screw threads. A fine pitch thread, which would increase the advantage of the screw, also reduces
the speed of which the jack can operate.
48
49
practice assembly drawing
STUFFING BOX
50
CROSSHEAD OF A STEAM ENGINE
51

2-1 - R 23 - Computer Aided Machine Drawing Lab Manual

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MACHINE DRAWING

Subject / Lab code: 23MET310

1) Engineering Graphics / Drawing

2) Advanced 3d Modeling Tools

3) Fits & Tolerances

The following are to be done by any 2D software package

Conventional representation of materials and components:

Detachable joints: Drawing of thread profiles, hexagonal and square-headed bolts

1 Machine Drawing by K. L. Narayana, P.Kannaiah and K.Venkat Reddy, New Age

2 Machine drawing by N.Sideshwar, P. Kannaiah, V.V.S.Sastry, TMH Publishers.

Online Learning Resources:

COs Statements Blooms

Date of Date of Marks

Signature of the Student:

Signature of the Lab In-charge:

 The NX software integrates knowledge-based principles, industrial design, geometric modeling,

Draughting conventions are used to represent materials in section and machine

Section Lining (Cross Hatching)

Fig. Cross Hatching

A continuous helical groove cut along the outer circumference of a

THREADANGLE: It is "the angle between the flanks measured in an axial plane".

MAJOR DIAMETEROROUTSIDE DIAMETER: It is the diameter of an imaginary coaxial cylinder just

The cap nut is a hexagonal nut provided with an integral

HEXAGONAL HEADED BOLT:

Ratio and proportions of hexagonal headed bolt:-

SQUARE HEADED BOLT:

A stud is just like a bolt but has no head. Both of its

Stud Bolts L=100, TL =30 TD=15

All Dimensions Are In MM

RIVET HEADS & RIVET TYPE JOINTS

To draw Rivet type joints by using Hand sketcher

RIVETSAND RIVETED JOINTS.

RIVETED JOINTS ( Hand sketcher)

Riveted joints are of three types namely

The main considerations involved in the selection of weld type are:

Elements of a Welding Symbol

Basic Weld Symbols (Hand sketcher)

KEYS AND COUPLING

UNIVERSAL COUPLING ( HOOKE'S JOINT)

To create Universal coupling by using CATIA assembly design

 Universal joints have several advantages over other

1) Flexibility: Universal joints can accommodate

SINGLE TOOL POST

To create Single Tool post by using NX assembly design and drafting

To create Plummer block by using CATIA assembly design

 A pillow block bearing (or Plummer block) is a pedestal used

 Low maintenance due to its self-aligning capabilities.

 Fast and easy re-lubrication due to a built-in lubrication hole.

To create screw jack by using CATIA assembly design

 There are 3 main types of screw jacks: machine/worm gear

 screw jack material: aluminum AC43100, cast iron G25 UNI

 principle: A screw is a mechanism that converts rotational

Advantages of Screw Jack:

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