Hypothesis Testing with

Two Samples

Testing the Difference Between

Means (Dependent Samples)

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 Objectives
• How to perform a t-test to test the mean of the
difference for a population of paired data

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 t-Test for the Difference
Between Means
• To perform a two-sample hypothesis test with
dependent samples, the difference between each data
pair is first found:
 d = x1 – x2 Difference between entries for a data pair

• The test statistic is the mean d of these differences.

 d   d Mean of the differences between paired
n data entries in the dependent samples

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 t-Test for the Difference
Between Means
Three conditions are required to conduct the test.
1. The samples must be randomly selected.
2. The samples must be dependent (paired).
3. Both populations must be normally distributed or the number n
of pairs of data is at least 30.
If these conditions are met, then the sampling distribution for d,
the mean of the differences of the paired data entries in the
dependent samples, is approximated
by a t-distribution with n – 1
degrees of freedom, where n
is the number of data pairs.

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 Symbols used for the t-Test for μd

Symbol Description
n The number of pairs of data

d The difference between entries for a data pair,

d = x1 – x2

d The hypothesized mean of the differences of

paired data in the population

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 Symbols used for the t-Test for μd

Symbol Description
d The mean of the differences between the paired
data entries in the dependent samples
d
d
n
sd The standard deviation of the differences between
the paired data entries in the dependent samples
(d – d)2
sd =
n–1

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 t-Test for the Difference
Between Means
A t-test can be used to test the difference of two
population means when these conditions are met.

1. The samples are random.

2. The samples are dependent (paired).
3. The populations are normally distributed or the
number n ≥ 30.

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 t-Test for the Difference
Between Means
• The test statistic is
d
d
n
• The standardized test statistic is
d  d
t
sd n
• The degrees of freedom are
d.f. = n – 1

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 t-Test for the Difference Between
Means (Dependent Samples)
In Words In Symbols
1. Verify that the samples are
random and dependent, and
either the populations are
normally distributed or n  30 .
2. State the claim mathematically State H0 and Ha.
and verbally. Identify the null
and alternative hypotheses.
3. Specify the level of significance. Identify .

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 t-Test for the Difference Between
Means (Dependent Samples)
In Words In Symbols
4. Identify the degrees of freedom. d.f. = n – 1
5. Determine the critical value(s). Use Table
6. Determine the rejection
region(s).
7. Calculate d and sd. d  d
n
(d – d)2
sd =
n–1

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 t-Test for the Difference Between
Means (Dependent Samples)
In Words In Symbols
8. Find the standardized test d  d
statistic and sketch the t
sd n
sampling distribution.
9. Make a decision to reject or If t is in the rejection
fail to reject the null region, then reject H0 .
hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to reject H0 .
10. Interpret the decision in the
context of the original claim.

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 Example: t-Test for the
Difference Between Means
A shoe manufacturer claims that the athletes can increase
their vertical jump heights using the manufacturer’s training
shoes. The vertical jump heights of eight randomly selected
athletes are measured. After the athletes have used the
training shoes for 8 months, their vertical jump heights are
measured again. The vertical jump heights (in inches) for
each athlete are shown in the table. At α = 0.10, is there
enough evidence to support the manufacturer’s claim?
Assuming the vertical jump heights are normally distributed.

Athletes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Height (old) 24 22 25 28 35 32 30 27
Height (new) 26 25 25 29 33 34 35 30
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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
Solution:
Because the samples are random and dependent, and the
populations are normally distributed, you can use the t-test. The
claim is that “athletes can increase their vertical jump heights.” In
other words, the manufacturer claims that an athlete’s vertical
jump height before using the shoes will be less than the athlete’s
vertical jump height after using the shoes. Each difference is
given by
d = (jump height before shoes) – (jump height after shoes).
The null and alternative hypotheses are
H0: d  0 and Ha: d < 0. (Claim)

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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
Because the test is a left-tailed test,  = 0.10, and d.f. =
8 − 1 = 7, the critical value is t0 = −1.415. The rejection
region is t < −1.415. Using the table on the next slide,
you can calculate d and sd as shown on the next slide.
Notice that the alternate formula is used to calculate the
standard deviation.

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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
Before After d d2
 d 14
24 26 –2 4 d    1.75
n 8
22 25 –3 9
25 25 0 0 ( d )
2

d  
2

28 29 –1 1  n 
sd 
35 33 2 4 n 1
32 34 –2 4
(14)
2
30 35 –5 25 56 
 8
27 30 –3 9 8 1
Σ = –14 Σ = 56  2.1213
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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
The standardized test statistic is
d  d 1.75  0
t   2.333
sd n 2.1213 8

The figure shows the location

of the rejection region and the
standardized test statistic t.
Because t is in the rejection
region, you reject the null
hypothesis.

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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
There is enough evidence at the 10% level of
significance to support the shoe manufacturer’s claim
that athletes can increase their vertical jump heights
using the manufacturer’s training shoes.

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 Example: t-Test for the
Difference Between Means
The campaign staff for a state legislator wants to determine
whether the legislator’s performance rating (0 –100) has changed
from last year to this year. The table below shows the legislator’s
performance ratings from the same 16 randomly selected voters
for last year and this year. At  = 0.01, is there enough evidence to
conclude that the legislator’s performance rating has changed?
Assume the performance ratings are normally distributed.

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 Solution: t-Test for the
Difference Between Means
Solution:
Because the samples are random and dependent, and the
populations are normally distributed, you can use the t-
test. If there is a change in the legislator’s rating, then
there will be a difference between last year’s ratings and
this year’s ratings. Because the legislator wants to
determine whether there is a difference, the null and
alternative hypotheses are
H0: d = 0 and Ha: d  0. (Claim)

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 Solution: t-Test for the
Difference Between Means
Because the test is a two-tailed test,  = 0.01, and d.f. =
16 − 1 = 15, the critical values are −t0 = −2.947 and t0
= 2.947. The rejection regions are t < −2.947 and
t > 2.947.

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 Solution: t-Test for the
Difference Between Means
d 53
d= = = 3.3125
n 16

( d) 2
d2 − n
sd =
n−1

1581− 532

= 16 ≈ 9.6797
16 − 1

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 Solution: t-Test for the
Difference Between Means
The standardized test statistic is
d − d
t= Use the t-test.
sd / n
3.3125 − 0
= Assume d = 0.
9.6797/ 16
≈1.369.

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 Solution: t-Test for the
Difference Between Means
The figure shows the location of the rejection region
and the standardized test statistic t. Because t is not in
the rejection region, you fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
There is not enough
evidence at the 1% level
of significance to
conclude that the
legislator’s performance
rating has changed.
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