Anatomy Lab
Anatomy Lab
Anatomy Lab
Lab 1
• Cellular
• Tissue – group of cells similar in structure and
function
• Organ – 2 or more tissue types performing specific
function
• Organ system – group of organs acting together to
perform specific function
• Human organism
Organ systems
Integumentary Lymphatic/immune
Skeletal Respiratory
Muscular Digestive
Nervous Urinary
Endocrine Reproductive
Cardiovascular
Gross Anatomy
The anatomical position (see right)
Body planes and sections
Directional and regional terms
Anterior Superficial
Posterior Deep
Superior Cephalic
Inferior Vertebral
Medial Thoracic
Lateral Appendicular
Proximal Brachial
Distal Lumbar
Microscopic anatomy
Histology
• Microscopic examination of the fine structure of
organs, tissues and cells
• Tissues are prepared by fixation and then cut into
thin sections
Developmental anatomy:
embryology later
Comparative anatomy
Different animals
Terms Related to Movement
A site where two or more bones come together is
known as a joint. Some joints have no movement
(sutures of the skull), some have only slight movement
(superior tibiofibular joint), and some are freely
movable (shoulder joint).
The Cell
Basic Unit of Structure and Function
structural and functional units of all living organisms, building
blocks of the human body. adult human body contains ~ 75
trillion cells.
Each cell type performs specific function.
~200 cell types in humans
Study of Cells
Cytology: study of cells
Microscopic anatomy
Individual cells observable by light microscopy
Subcellular structures observable by electron microscopy.
Transmission EM
Scanning EM
Parts of a cell
Cell Membrane (or plasma membrane)
Cytoplasm (Cytosol and Organelles)
Nucleus
Plasma (Cell) Membrane
separates the internal contents of the cell from external
materials.
Cytoplasm
general term for all cellular contents located between the
plasma membrane and the nucleus.
Nucleus
“control center” of the cell
controls protein synthesis
Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane: composition
Lipids
Phospholipids
Head: hydrophilic
Tail: hydrophobic
Form lipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Carbohydrate component
Part of glycocalyx
Protein
Integral membrane proteins
Peripheral membrane proteins
Plasma membrane: functions
Selectively permeable barrier
Nutrient in
Waste out
Cytoplasm: Organelles
Complex, organized structures, Each type performs a different
function for the cell.
Include:
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Smooth Endoplamic Reticulum (SER)
Golgi
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Have ribosomes and make protein
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Lipids and carbohydrates
Detoxification
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, stores and sorts material from RER
Receiving region (cis-face)
Shipping region (trans-face)
Produces Lysosomes
Autophagy: removal of old organelles
Autolysis: destruction of the cell
Mitochondria
are with double membrane organelles. Produce large
amounts of ATP. Are called the “powerhouses” of the cell.
Ribosomes
Small, dense granules contain Protein and RNA
Site of protein synthesis. Each ribosome has a small and a large
subunit.
Cytoskeleton
Made of filamentous proteins
Helps give the cell its shape and Cell movement
Three categories:
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
- microtubules
Microvilli, Cilia and Flagella
Appendages extending from the surface of some cells.
Microvilli:
short, cytoplasmic extensions
For absorption
Cilia:
occur in large numbers and work together to move
materials or fluids along the surface of a cell.
Flagella:
longer than cilia, occur as single appendages and Move the
cell
Nucleus
Control center of cellular activities. it is the largest structure within
the cell and appears as a single spherical or oval structure.
( a ) 4 – 10 rows,
Cuboidal –
flattened cells
(Keratinocytes)
( b) Central nucles
( c) Langerhans cells
3 . Stratum Granulosum;
( a ) 3 – 5 rows, flattened polygonal cells
( b) EM; lamellar granules
( c) Desmosomes
4. stratum
lucidum
( a) in thick skin
only
( b) Translucent
( c) Tightly packed
cells that lack
nuclei or
organelles (dead)
( d) Desmosomes
5. stratum corneum
( a ) 15 – 20 rows of flattened , dead cells
( b) continually shed and replaced
[ 15 – 30 days for a cell to move from the
stratum germinativum to the stratum
corneum ]
Cells of epidermis:
1-Keratinocyte
2-Melanocyte
3-Nonpigmented granular dendrocytes
( a ) langerhan's cells
( b ) Granstein cells
4-Merkel's cells
Dermis
The dermis has several important characteristic
Is composed of connective tissue containing
collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels and nerve
Structural basis of skin color
Skin color arise from variations in the amounts of three
pigments: melanin , carotene , and hemoglobin
A- sweat glands
- Simple coiled tubular
glands
- Secretory portion
- Excretory portion ( duct)
- Secretion
b- Sebaceous gland
- Simple branched acinar gland
- Large vacuolated cells by the side of a hair follicle
Nails
- Nails are plates of dead cells packed
with keratin
- The nail root , eponychium , nail
plate , nail bed ,and lunula
I. Bones
Are calcified connective tissue
consisting of :
1. cells (osteocytes) in a matrix of ground substance &
2. collagen fibers.
Functions:
Serve as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus
act as levers on which muscles act to produce
movements permitted by joints.
Contain internal soft tissue, marrow, where blood cells
are formed.
Are classified, according to shape, into :
long,
short,
flat,
irregular, and
sesamoid bones;
A. Long bones
Have :
- a shaft (diaphysis)&
- two ends (epiphyses).
- metaphysis is a part of
diaphysis adjacent to
epiphyses.
Include :
humerus, radius, ulna,
femur, tibia, fibula,
metacarpals, phalanges.
B. Short bones
Include :
carpal and
tarsal bones
are approximately cuboid shaped.
Are composed of spongy bone and marrow
surrounded by a thin outer layer of compact bone.
C. Flat bones
Include:
ribs, sternum, scapulae, bones of skull.
Consist of two layers of compact bone enclosing
spongy bone and marrow space.
D. Irregular bones
Include bones of mixed shapes such as :
bones of skull,
vertebrae, and
coxa.
Contain mostly spongy bone enveloped by a thin outer
layer of compact bone
E. Sesamoid bones
-Develop in certain tendons
-reduce friction on tendon.
-Are found in long bones of limbs, as in wrist & knee
(i.e., patella).
II. Joints
Joints
-Are places of union between two or
more bones.
-Are classified on basis of their structural
features into:
1- fibrous,
2- cartilaginous,
3- synovial types.
A. Fibrous joints
have no joint cavities,
permit little movement.
1. Sutures
Are found between flat bones of skull.
2. Syndesmoses
Occur as :
1.inferior tibiofibular syndesmoses.
B. Cartilaginous joints
have no joint cavity.
4. Condylar joints
Have two convex condyles articulating with two concave
condyles.
Allow flexion and extension
occur in :
1. wrist (radiocarpal),
2. metacarpophalangeal,
3. knee (tibiofemoral)
5. Saddle joints
allow flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and
circumduction but no axial rotation.
Occur in:
1. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
2. between femur and patella.
6. Ball-and-socket joints
(ball-like) head into a cup-shaped cavity
allow movement in many directions.
Allow :
A. flexion and extension,
B. abduction and adduction,
C. medial and lateral rotations, and circumduction
occur in
1. shoulder
2. hip joints.
1-bones of skull
The human skull is generally consist of 22 bones
8 cranial bones are
- occipital bone
- two temporal bones
- two parietal bones
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- frontal bones.
The bones of the facial skeleton(14)
- vomer
- two nasal conchae
- two nasal bones
- two maxilla
- mandible
- two palatine bones
- two zygomatic bones
- two lacrimal bones.
2- vertebral colomn
is part of the axial skeleton. The vertebral column consist of bones—
vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs The vertebral column houses
the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and protects the spinal cord..the
vertebrae are:
• Sternum
- Manubrium,
-Body,
-Xiphoid
Process
• Ribs
-7 True Ribs
-5 False Ribs
• Clavicle
• Scapula
• Vertebrae
-Thoracic
4-Bony Pelvis
Pelvis is basin-shaped ring of bone formed by :
Arm
• humerus
Forarm
• Radius
• Ulna
Hand
• Carpal
• Metacarpal
• Phalanges
6 - lower limb
Hip joint is acetabulofemoral joint is
the joint between the femur and acetabulum of
the pelvis
Thigh
- femur
- patella
Leg
- tibia
- fibula
Foot
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
The Heart
• is a hollow muscular organ
• pyramid shaped
• Four chambers
– Two atria
• (Right and Left)
– Two ventricles
• (Right and Left)
The Heart Chambers
• Atria
– Features
small, thin-walled
chambers
– Functions
receiving chambers for
blood returning to the
heart from the
circulation
• Atria
– Receive blood
from
Right side
Superior and
Inferior Vena
Cava
Coronary Sinus
Left side
Pulmonary Veins
The Heart Chambers
• Ventricles
– Features
make up most of
the mass of the
heart
Visceral peritoneum
– covers external surface of digestive organs
Parietal peritoneum
– lines the internal wall of the abdominal cavity
• Sublingual Glands
– Found underneath tongue
• Parotid Glands
– Found anterior to the ear between masseter and skin
Anatomy of the Salivary Glands
Features of Esophagus
• Muscular tube that propels food to stomach
• Gallbladder
– a muscular sac
– stores bile secreted from the liver
Large Intestine
Parasympathetic NS
(stimulates digestion)
Sympathetic NS
(inhibits digestion)
Muscles of Head & Face
1-frontal muscle
2-occipital muscle
3-Temporalis (Connects frontal and occipital
muscles)
frontal
Temporalis
occipital
- Orbicularis Oris
circular muscle around mouth
- Orbicularis Oculi
circular muscles around eyes
Respiratory zone
– Site of gas exchange
Consists of :
– bronchioles,
– alveolar ducts,
– alveoli
Conducting zone
• Provides rigid conduits for air to reach the sites of gas
exchange
Includes
– nose,
– nasal cavity,
– pharynx,
– Trachea
– bronchi
178 Chapter 22, Respiratory System
Figure 22.1
Nose
consists of :
- external nose
- nasal cavity,
External Nose
nostrils,
nasal septum
ala nasi is
nasal ى
bone
Upper nasal
cartilage
lower nasal
cartilage
nostrils
Blood Supply of External Nose
1.Ophthalmic artery &
2.maxillary artery
2.maxillary nerve
Nasal Cavity
extends from :
• nostrils
• posterior nasal apertures
nose opens into nasopharynx.
- Nasal cavity divide into right and left halves by nasal
septum.
septum is made up of :
1. septal cartilage
2. septal bone,
ethmoid
vomer.
Vertical
plate of
ethmoid
septal cartilage
vomer
Blood Supply to Nasal Cavity
maxillary artery,
• trigeminal nerve:
paranasal sinuses
are cavities found in interior of
1.maxilla,
2.frontal,
3.sphenoid, &
4.ethmoid bones.
Pharynx
• It is divided into three regions
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Muscles of Pharynx
Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor
Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor
Blood Supply of Pharynx
1. pharyngeal artery
2. superior & inferior thyroid arteries.
Innervation
1. glossopharyngeal
2. vagus nerve
Larynx (Voice Box)
Cartilages
A. Thyroid cartilage
B. Cricoid cartilage
C. Epiglottis
D. Arytenoid cartilages
E. Corniculate cartilages
F. Cuneiform cartilages
Trachea
• Flexible and mobile tube
• extending from larynx into mediastinum
– made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Bronchi
A highly branched system
Bronchial Tree
primary bronchus -Secondary bronchi tertiary
bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Zone of Lower Respiratory Tract
Lobar Bronchi
• R main stem divides • L main stem divides
into: into:
– Upper lobar bronchus – Upper lobar bronchus
– Middle lobar bronchus
– Lower lobar bronchus – Lower lobar bronchus
Lungs
• Pair of Cone-shaped organs
• Lie in pleural cavity
• Left lung is narrower
• Right lung is shorter
Lungs
RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG
3 Lobes 2 Lobes
Upper Middle and Lower Upper and Lower
1 Fissure
2 Fissures
Oblique
Oblique & Horizontal
Segments Segments
renal fascia:
deep fascia surround kidney
•divides fat into two regions:
A-perirenal perinephric fat
( )
Kidney Consists of :
I. medulla &
II. cortex
1. Cortex
Forms outer part of it
projects into medullary region between renal
pyramids as renal columns.
renal papilla:
•An apex of renal pyramid,
•fits into cup-shaped minor calyx
•on which collecting tubules open (10 to 25 openings).
•Like nipple of breast.
3. Minor calyces
•Receive urine from collecting tubules & empty into:
two - three major calyces, which in turn empty into,
renal pelvis. an upper dilated portion of ureter
•Has arterial segments including:
1. superior,
2. anterosuperior,
3. anteroinferior,
4. inferior,
5. posterior segment,
b- pelvic (parasympathetic)
splanchnic nerves.
Urinary bladder
• Is situated below peritoneum
• is slightly lower in female than
in male.
Has:
apex
fundus or base
neck,
trigone
is bounded by two orifices of ureters &internal urethral orifice,
Has detrusor muscle :
bundles of smooth muscle fibers
Receives blood from :
1.superior vesical artery
2.inferior vesical artery
venous blood is drained by
•prostatic (or vesical) plexus of veins,
•empties into internal iliac vein.
Innervation:
by from the
• vesical nerve plexuses
• prostatic nerve plexuses.
- parasympathetic nerve
- sympathetic nerve
urethra
is a tube that connects
the urinary bladder to
the urinary meatus for
the removal of urine
from the body. In males,
the urethra travels
through the penis and
also
carries semen. In female
the urethra connects to
the urinary meatus
above the vagina,
Nervous Systems
Midbrain
is narrow part
connects forebrain to hindbrain.
narrow cavity of it is cerebral aqueduct,
connects third and fourth ventricles
contains :
1. many nuclei &
2. bundles of ascending and descending nerve fibers.
Hindbrain
subdivided into:
A.medulla oblongata,
B.pons,
C.Cerebellum.
Cranial nerve