course

Audit

y - 1 + 1
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
S

DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

y f(x)
=

y f'(x)
&
dX
=

+im f(xth-
Let f(x) =
X

f(x) =
2x

f(x) =
lim (x h)"
+ -
X
h+ 0 h

-
=lim (xtxhth
f(x) =
2x

RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

BY CONSTANT
1.
) MULTIPLICATION A

af(x)
y
=

afy
dy
=

2) Sum a DIFFERENCE

y f(x) + g(x)y f(x)

= =
g(x)
-

d =
f(x) +g'(x) y f'(x)
= -

g'(x)

3) POWER Example :

y
= x" sinx
=

x y
dy =

cosx"(2x) 2xcsX
&
=
y =

dX
4) PRODUCT
y
=
f(x)g(x) esinx
y =

dy =
f(x)g'(x) + g(x)f(x) Coxy
= Jesinxy
5 )
. QUOTIENT

y
dy g(x)f'(x-f(x)g'x
-

[g(x)]2
RULE
6) CHAIN
y
= f (g(x)) or fog(x)
= (g(g(
Find the second derivative, of the function y = 5x Suppose fand g are functions such that f(2) = -1, f(2) = 4,
cubed + 2x + 1. f"(2) = -2)g(2) = -3, g'(2) = 2 and g" (2) = 1. Find the value of
(2f - 3g)" at x = 2.
5x + 2x + 1
y
=

v= 2 3g(x)
f(x) &X 2

&Y
- =

: 15x
ef"(2)-3gL
y 2f(x)-3g(x
dy
=
=

dy = 30X
2f"(x-3g"(x
dyl
= (( 2) -(1)
= - -

diy =
7
If y = arctan (In x), find y' when x = 1/e. dx2

Note :
x= e Suppose fand g are functions such that f(2) = -1, f' (2) = 4,
f" (2) = -2, g(2) = -3, g'(2) = 2 and g" (2) = 1. Find the value
y tan" (Inx)
:

of (fg)' at x = 2.

& "It i v =
f(x)g(x)
it line · &X 2
-
=

& = f(u)g'(c) + g(v)f'(v)

It e &X
-

=
( -1)(z) ( 3)(4) +

-el = -
14

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION L'HOPITALS RULE :

=Im g(x)
f(x y) If lim f(x)
Im g(x)
C
If limf(x) 0
=
, = =

X Ad
(f(x y)] = [C]
-

, X# & X- D d

If x3 - 3xy + y3 = 1, find y'. thenim f =im thenImf(xmla

f(a) 0

(x- a
=

3xy +
y [] g(a)
J

((x -[x + y()] +y 0]

=
-

EvaluateIm
X += x
-

=y
(x+
2)
x =

yz)
X- 2
(x + =
xity
xi +y Xy =
X +2
y
-
=
=

dX -
X+
y
X
yz
-
&X =
2

=
4
 ·
Evaluate limxsin (pi/x] as X approaches .
- LOCAL EXTRENUM POINTS :

lim Xin
= + 0 0 - indeterminate y f(x)
=
.

X+W

sin(I) sinto f() undefineda

dyl
If
0
=
or
Im O
=

sing
-
- -

X +2
1/X J
% critical number

then (a f(c) is critical point

N lOTE : ,
a

x FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

f(x)
=
= .

suppose X =c is a critical number of y f(x)

:

1y
f(x)
+
=
- (x
- 1)fix =
C is a minim as
f(x) x
X
= -
= -

2) If f'(x) at x<c is]0

7 x c is a
=
maximum

lim (cosT(x)(n)( (1) -

= T =SO =1. 1 =
i
If f(x) at Xc is <O

X+S
-
1/2 3) otherwise X=c is neither a max nor a min

If
y 4 cosx sin2X, what the slope of the when X z?
·
: + is curve =

y 4 cosX + sin2x
=

P(sinx) + cos2xl
midy
=

& X 2 =

m : -
4 sin(2) + 2 cos[2(2)]
m = -
4 94
.
Second Derivative Test (if fi = 0)
1)f"(c) > 0 + X C is a min
=

Find k so that the line 4x-y + 3 = 2)f" (c)0

·

+ X C Is a
=
may
Istangent to the curve XS9 -ytk =
0
)f" (c)
.

3 .
=
0
l 4x y +3 =
= -

4x slope Find the value of x for which f(x) = x2 + 5x + 2 is

-

y
=

minimum,
2 xy +k 0 X" +5x + 2
CN : f(x)
= =
=

y
=
x+k f(x) = 2x +5 =
0

o anya
dy 2x- slope of curve X
=
= =

value of X

Mc MT =

2x =
4
X =
2

y 4(2) + 3
= =
11)(2 1) ,
-
> point of tangency
·: x2 y +k 0
- .

22 -
11 + k 0 =

k 7 =
 CONCAVITY A rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes has
one vertex at the origin, one on the positive x-axis and its
fourth vertex in the first quadrant on the line with equation 2x

· A concaveve
+ y = 100. What is the maximum possible area of the
rectangle?

Suppose y f(x) :
Yx
A =
xy
= x (100 2x)
-

dyl
100
f(d 0
If undefenda
=
=
or

A 100X-2x2
=

then (c f(c))
, is a critical point dA = 100 4X 0 -
=

dx
Second Derivative Test x= 25
· (X,y)

y 100( z(zH)
1) Iff"(x 0 at xxc and f"(x) 50 atix = -
=
5

f"(x)0atxic and +"(x))0 ate XIC Y

or .

Amax =
15 (50) =
1250
then (c f(c)) , is a point of inflection.
>X
-

2) Otherwise , (C,f(c)) is not a point of inflection. X 50

Third Derivative test 100 24

l 2x+ 100
-

+
y
=

y
: =

1) If"Cc*O ,
then it is a point of inflection .

(If + "(c) =
0, inconclusive X 050

y 1000
Find the point of inflection for the curve y = 3(x to
the 4th power) - 8(x cubed) + 6(x squared).
Find the height of a right circular cylinder of maximum volume
which can be inscribed in a sphere of radius 10 cm.
y 3x" 8x3 + 6x2
-
:

Let :
4(3x3) 3(8xt) + 2(ax)
zu
& =
-

R- radius of
dX sphere
r radius of cylinder
= 12(3x)
h
-
24(2x) +
1 2 2R
h-height of cylinder
My =
12(3x2 -
4x + 1) ------
(2r)" (2r)2th =

axi
=
12(3x 1)(X 1) -
-
=
0
r2 42- h2
=

↓ 4
X= 113x = 1

Trh h
=
V :
=

d3y
=

36(2x) 48
T(4R2h2)h
=
-

dy3
72(1) Vsphere
11
, 48 : 24 Ymax=
-

= (4Rh - h3)
=

& x =

z2(1)-40 =+ 2o
ex 1
~dy =-3 &R 10 cm
= = =

if
y
= 3(z)" 8(1)3 + 6(1) -
=
1 3h2 4R" =

h-cm
h
=
: (7 1) , h 11 55cm
=
.
A man is driving a car at the rate of 30 km/hour towards
the foot of monument 6 m high. At what rate is he ERROR APPROXIMATION
approaching the top when he is 36 m from the foot of the
monument ? & X + XXI

·
Y -X
dy/dt m
7
· ?
dx/dt
K
X
X
x*+ 6 =

y
[x + 12
= Lyz]
:

X XX

#
O Rig Al = Xz
=

(x +*x)" x2+ 2x(x +(0x)

-
Al = =

-A =
Ar Al-

exact =+ 2x 0x +
dA 2XXX 4 xkLLX
36(-50kph]
=

- approx
-
+ 42 a) AX = 0
error in

k
A (x7= 0
=- 29 59 .

One end of a 32-meter ladder resting on a horizontal Find the approximate change in volume of a cube
plane leans on a vertical wall. Assume the foot of the if you increase the side from 2 to
ladder to be pushed towards the wall at the rate of 2 2.05 units.
meters per minute. How fast is the top of the ladder rising
dj =
S2 Si
-

when its foot is 10 meters from the wall?

V 53
=

x-
y
=
= 322 y =
7/322 xi o dyld dx =
3sds =
3(277 (2 05 2).
-

[xity] = (32) Y
to approx change
value

# ty ]
=

dv =
12/0 5) =
0 6 cub units
dx/dt
.
.

⑨ T -

S
dy - (R)
=

! Y RADIUS OF CURVATURE
X

- y f(x)
=

=
- 10
(-2m/min) R = ( 1 + ( y1) 2)3/2
322102
Is" !
po
= + o 658 .
m/min
curvature : k
=
Find the radius of curvature of the
parabola y - 4x = 0 at the point (4, 4).

y2 = 4x X .
(0 0)
.
PROPERTIES OF INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
1. MULTIPLICATION BY A CONSTANT
.

zyy' = 4
k =
(1 + (y))2)312
y = ly") Skf(x)dx +
+ kf(x)dX
y' =
1/z R =
(1 + (12(2)31
2. SUM AND DIFFERENCE (LINEARITY
y' =

t /16
f(x) (g(x)dX
4((y) unts
=

Sf(x)dxfg(x)dy
y" zy(0) p
-

.
=
22 56.

(2y)2
3. POWER (REVERSE POWER RULE)
4(z)((k)
Su"du =
y" =
-

(2(4))2

y" =
-

1/10 4.INTEGRATION BY PARTS (IBP)

& (vv) = vdx + vdu

d(V) =
xdu -vdy
Y2
5.SUBSTITUTION (REVERSE CHAIN
RULE)
f(x)
Sf(x)dx v =

drof(x)dy
Sudu
Evaluate ( + 25 dx, using trigonometric substitution x FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
= 5 tan # -

·CSYLt
PART I gx
It tant see'
:
- f(t)

"I
⑧

X 5 fant

J (5tant)" (i) sec'tdt

=

dx = 5secid · < g(x) =

f(x) f(a))
-

(5 +ant) g'(x) f(x)

2
+ 25 =

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

tantat
125) PART II
f(x)
25 (+an- + 17
t
Sf(x)dy
125) tan't sect do
b
tant secf-1 = A

1259 tan't tantject of

WALLI’S FORMULA
1259(secif-1 secttantof
s)(n - 1(n-3)
# 12
(m-(m -3) (m
J sintcos"Edf
-

sect , du secttantat
=
U:
:

(m+n) (m+n 2) (m + n - 4)... or

-
2

125) (v2 -
1) do 2 =
T12 (both even or 0]
125[-0] 125 [secs set =
<= 1 (odd]

(4)
-

25 to (0
Evaluate (sin 5x + cos(3x) dx from x = 0 to x =T /2.

+ Sin5x - cos"yax (5 1)(5 3)x(3

=
- - -
1)
x)
5
(5+3)(5+3 2)(5+ 3 4)(5+ 3 b)
- - -

125(sec-sect) sect :

Vx5 = ])

125)) + - )(xsl
-
(X 25
(b)(2)
1
= = 0 . 0417

- (x + 2573 25(x* 257'

24
-
+ +C

Evaluate the integral of (sin x) raised to the 6th

power dx and the limits from 0 to pi/2.
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
sinyd
(f(x)dx F(X) =
=
F(b) F(a) -

sinExcoxdx
(6 1)(6 3)(6 5)
-
-
-

x #/z
b(b 2)(6 4)
- -

2 = th
-
5((1)x + /2
-(4)(2)
51
32
AREA BOUNDED BY RECTANGULAR CURVES
USING VERTICAL RECTANGULAR STRIPS
Y
N

f(x)
=y (yh y1)dX
"(yn
=

&A =

E
-

y2)
↓ I
A =
((yh -

Yc)dY

#x
>X
b

Inner
I In

-y =
f(x)
I
↑

I
7X

1)
.
GRAPH

2) CHOOSE CORRECT STRIP

3) SOLVE FOR INTERSECTION

4.) INTEGRATE

What is the area bounded by the parabola x =8y and

2

its latus rectum?

Y
.
(0 , 0)
xY h, k

+ (0 . 27
(4 2)
2) E &
1.4 , ⑨ ,

LR , y : 2
, Yn
A

⑨
v
-
(0 0)
,

=
for intersection :
Y x
4ay
Y 49 S
By y 2
= = =
=
,
=
X =
16 a =
2
X =
14

A =

f (yn -

yc)dx
A =

J "(2-)dy
_

units
A sq .
 ' AREA BOUNDED BY RECTANGULAR What is the area bounded by the parabola x =
2

CURVES USING HORIZONTAL 8y and its latus rectum?

RECTANGULAR STRIPS &
B I 8 ↓
-x= oy

b Y

-
Y2 X

XL I ⑧ I y = 2

1
"XR-XL h2 (4 , 2)
I
(4 2) ,

⑧ 2X
I XR I

7X 7X
Y
,

day
I
I

&A I
- Xa x -
- dy Aps =b =

= (8)(2) esquit =

dA =

xdy d A (XR Xc) dy

= -

A Sxdy
Se(XR-xy
Find the position value of c such that the area of the
:

A :

22
region bounded by the parabola y = x - c and y = c2-
x is 576.
2

2
What is the area bounded by the parabola x = 8y x c
x= y +c
y+
-
=

and its latus rectum?

upward downward
V . Co, V (0.
,
(2)
A A2 LR, y =
-
xYx : 0 -
(-4, 2) ⑧ (4,2)
(2)
.
(0 ,
1-x 1 n
x2c
-
>
-

IIIIIIIIII y
=

(x(y 0)
y"A
=

:
AltAL , Al Ar ↓ O
I 7X
x 8y =

C
A : 2A2
-

A 242
=

x=
Jy XI
2

Al :

So"xdy L
"
(o (2)
-

Joy dy
-

,
Di = De
An=
IS :

using
.

Az 16/3 =

AzJ Cyn-Yv)d +

A 2Az (10/3) = sq units. x2) (x c ) dy

S(c"
2 :
Al
= =
= - -
. -

AREA BOUNDED BY RECTANGULAR CURVES Auf2c"-2xdX C

AREA OF A PARABOLA

Ap S .

(PARABOLIC
=
Ebh
Sc,
T 1
SEGMENT)
Azc[(cccl-4)3 <(0)-] -

1 . Au=
2(c3 c() -

.O I
:
P
.

X c, y c? X
y
= - =

2c c X-
X
= -

xc2
=
2x =

X = IC
 Al = 2 (c3 c3(3) -
=
z(4zc)
SOL'N 2 :
r= f(t)
Bounded by polar curves :

T
Y -

N
(2)
z
Co ,

·
r

"
v &
-

· x
A-
radian

C c 0)
-
,
do
7X
↑
L
"
(o ,
(2)
-
-
ri = f(q)t
Al Al =

Alp s Zebh .
=
JdA SdAr-dAn=

A 2 Al
+Gredo--GridE
:

A
=(2) ((2)
=

Alp S .
=

= A-1Crr
A =
2
(4(3(2) 23 =

Find the area enclosed by the lemniscate of

22
Al
= Bernoulli r = a cos 28
do Y
# =
2 A2 =
2 (11137 c3 =C /

*z Al
574 =
2
2)
9392
576(3) C 1800
.

a e 14
0, 360
+

8
-

as

6 = 2

As A4

AREA BOUNDED BY POLAR CURVES 700

N
r= #Jacos't
↓ r93a2 7072"0
-r f())
·

45"
%

- 0 15030

a
r

-,
7X S
a A 4 A1
Al- cosdt

Al-costdt
=

J&A StrdE :
A =

4(94)

A-
A q2=

Alt
e
 VOLUME OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION The area bounded by the curve y = 12x and the line x = 3
2

DISK METHOD is revolved about the line x= 3. What is the volume

generated?

I Xy 12x =

--
(3 6) >
h ,

3 & A .
0R
. .

↑ I p
%
r
⑨ I I I 2x
· y2 =
12x , X 3 =

· (A .
0 R
.
)
.

y2
y
=6
=
=
36

DISK METHOD :

1) STRIP 1 A O R
.
(3 4) ·
.
.

2) STRIP MUST ALWAYS ~ X =3

TOUCH AO R
.
. .

Sav Stridh =
USING DISK METHOD :
H S , dh- dy
.

V : Suidh dV =
Tridh r (3
= =
x)

↑ dv =
H (3 x)dy
-

(AXIS OF REVOLUTION = 12x

03/2
=f)3 x2dy
=
X=
A O R
. . .
-

; Y

, Y =

+)(3-dy
/A
units
I 180 181 c
V =
.
94 = .

dh
Y S
. .
- dy

s .
dy
11
n .

1. 11 : Ian =
dy
VOLUME OF SOLID REVOLUTION
SHELL (CYLINDRICAL) METHOD
Y
2
N A 0 R
. . The area bounded by the curve y = 12x and the line x = 3
P -dr is revolved about the line x= 3. What is the volume
generated?

-
Fart
>

I >
Xy 12x =

(3 6),

Yz
A OR
3
. .
.

X ↓

I p

" %

⑨ I I I 2X

V= 2Vi

.
y" =
12x

12X
y
=

n
(3 , - 6))
~ X =3

L = Itr USING CYLINDRICAL SHELL :

dv 2 rhdr-dr-dx
=
; r =
(3 x)
-

JIF STRIP IS PARALLEL TO A O

. .
R)
Jav 23 x)(y)(dx)
: -

dy =
2rhdr V S.
.
HS

dr =
2 rhar dr + dx dy xi =
2+
(3 x)(2xdx -

v =

2S undr
V1 =
90 47·
w . units
V 201
= =
2 (90 .
47 units
V =

180 96 .
= 181 cr
. units
VOLUME OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION
WASHER OR RING METHOD
2 2
STRIP A O R
..
.
The area enclosed by the ellipse 4x + 9y = 36 is
revolved about the line x = 3, what is the volume
STRIP MAY OR MAY NOT TOUCH AOR
generated?
.
.

Y
↑
AOR
. .
r= 3 + Y X

3 X/
X
3 ↑X
=
3
r2 = -

Y Y2 2=

I
#r2 -

dy
ri X I
3
0) 2
⑧ X
1 = ===
10,
1 Tz

7X
2

y) = -
2
-

r r2 !
&
(ty" 350 =

=
&v =
Hridh-Tridh
c .
Co 0) major axis horizontal
,
-

=
av = (ri2-r2)dh a 9, a =
= 3
; b
= 4
,
6= 2

H S ., dh
dv =
#Cr, "
-
ru7)dh
.
=
dy
Y S ., dh
. = dX x=
Hf(b + x) (3 x)dy -
-

v= H
Sex X( Ady +ux + -
-
ux +

x I f12x dy 4y2 36 9y2 =

-
=

;
X =

V34eayz
4

Y =

HS- (2) 36-9y2) dy

V =
355 .
3 c . units
Integral Calc. The area enclosed by the ellipse
4x2 + 9y? = 36 is revolved about
the line x = 3, what
Volume of solid of Revolution Pappu's Theorem is the volume generated?
17 Surface Area
L

⑨ (4x + 9y2 =]
A = 2πCL

+
H ELLIPSE
.

2) Volume
)

AO,
- <
,
"T ..
V =
2πCA xX R

Y Y F >X

The area bounded by the curve y? = 12x ·

and the line x = 3 is revolved about the line x
= 3. What is the volume generated? Y

Y ↑
7 y =
12x a =
9 b2 = 4

"=
y 12(3) a
= 13 b 12
:

12 16
y
=

11 7X USING2ND PROP :

V 2 A
=
= 3 =
As =
Tab

Y =
zπ(3)(n)(3)(2)
Y
7
Y =
3 V =
355 3 abic units
.

h 3 b 12
= bl
=

*ps
=

. .
;

Ap s .
=

=) (12) =

24 sq units

2nd PROP :

V =
ZIA ; c
=
En =
x = 2+ (4/5)(24)
V = 180 96 =
.
181 cubic units

3/5h 215h
⑨ 1
Exis of
I h
symmetry
 CENTROID
.)VARIGNONS THEOREM) Find the coordinates of the centroid of the
plane area bounded by the parabola
y = 4 - x2 and the x-axis.

#) AAA T 4 xh
y
= =

x2 = -

y+ 4
x2 = -

(y 4)
=

i
DOWN
A+ (x) =
J dA
Y
*C X 4 x #

y
= -
=

4 x
-

y
=

y/
jjc =

0 = 4 Xi
-

11
-
10 , j)
·
X =

ya
0
y
=

>dxj
-

A+ (y) =

SycdAdA =
ydy

* (4 xi)dy
da =
-

In
yc =
Y/2
A+ (y) =
f (yax)
-2
At=bh

: At
- (i) (y)

·
=

At units
=
2

DX
= 256/15
16
j = .

* XR
x
: (0 1 6) ,
.

1+ *c : XR + XL

S
 moment of Inertia HYDROSTATIC FORCE :
(E)
X di =
rdA
(DISTANCE FROM AXIS) -(waterface)

"
·
I =
JrdA an
.

w/ respect to X

Find the moment of inertia of the

area bounded by the parabola
y? = 4x and the line x= 1, with By integration
:
F =
USA
respect to the x-axis.
JdF JUndA=

XR
&
F
=
S8hdA
y =
YX
Xr XL
S W
-

I
.

=
dy 1b/ft
y
H20 , 0 9 :
.
81kN/m3 =
62 4 .

⑧v
=

. 3 X

XL

f
X= 1

dA =
(xr xc) dy
-

da =
(1 -)dy
I =

J rdA Y

(1 44)a
=S y
I
-

I
=
.
2 1333

L
A rectangular plate 6 m by 8 m is If a force of 400 N stretches a 3 m
submerged vertically in a water. Find the spring by 0.5 m, find the work done
force on one face if the shorter side is in stretching it from 3m to 5m
uppermost and lies in the surface of the
liquid. F kX =

um W S
. 17
Ex
. :

17
POO
:

dhF
8H
K 800 N/m
=

* Ekx2 x = 5-3 = im

dA =
Cdh
Idh w= - (800m/m)(2m)2
um

W= 1600 N . m
BY INTEG :
w =
1 6k5

(h(z)dh 81(4)(E)
.

F
(UndA 98
, 9
=
= = .

F 9
=
. 81(b)(=)(82)
=
1883 52kN.

DIRECT FORM :

F :
ShA
=
9 81(4)(bx8)
.

=
1883 57kN .

WORK DONE IN SPRINGS :

-
w =
Fxd

·
~
dw :
FxdX

E
b

a Jaw :

kxdx
b
-
an w =
kx
displacement w = kX
F= displacement
spring constant --
(F(L) eXN/m
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
·
ORDER OF AN ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (ODE)
y" + y +y =
0 CHIGHEST ORDER DERNATIVE)
↓ ↓ ↓
end O
1st
~
2ND

·
DEGREE OF AN ORDINARY DIFFERENTAL EQUATION (ODE
DEGREE Of HIGHEST ORDER DERIVATIVE
(FREE FROM
RADICALS)

State the order and degree of y'" + 2(y")2 + y = cos x

3, 1 - 3RD ORDER , 1ST DEGREE

FIRST ORDER ODE :

fi(x y)dx + fz(x y)dy

, ,
=
0

TYPES OF FIRST ORDER ODE :

1) VARIABLE SEPARABLE
f, (x , y)dx + fz(x y]dy ,
= 0

fi(x)dy + f z(y)dy =
0

Find the general solution ofy +g=0.

dy
xdX
ydy
-
=

Sxax fydy + =
0

+ CJ =

x +
y = C

GEN SOLN W/ ARBITRARY CONSTANT

INITAL LOND .
WIOUT ARBITRARY CONSTANT - PARTICULAR SOLUTION

Go eliminate arbitrary constant)

Solve the differential equation : x (y - 1) dx 22

+ (x + 1) dy = 0. Ify = 2 when x = 1, I Solve ( x+ y ) dx + 2xy dy = 0

determine y when x = 2. [2x" + 2yz]dx + 2(2x)(zy)dy =
0

z(xi+yz) + z8(2xy)dy 0 =
- HOMO

x( x (dy 0] y dx + =

, +
y
=
vX

(x- + (xxz))dx
, dy = vdx + xdy

+ 2x(xx)[vdx +xdv] =
0

· x (1fx2)dX + 2x(vdx) +
2xxdx] =
0

Ier[((ax + *x
2x =

0]
Stax
S
Saf If n =
m [HOMOGENEOUS]
X -
(n(x i +

+ (n(y T
- = C
let
y
:
vX ,
X =

Vy
let dy =
vax+ xdx ,
dx =

x dy + ydX
In (y 1) (n(y+ 1) -
+ =
c -

x
v =
1 + 342

ein() (C -x) X
2
y du 6vdX ; dv
=
= =
=
,

Y =?, X= 2

1(e x]
z(x(dv(0x)
1 x+
y
- =

(n(x) + =

*
1 =
Ce (x+ 1)
y
-

Cy
= z
,
X= 1
(n(x) + + (t))( = c

C 1 359
-((n(x) +/(n(v) c])
=
.

=
+
& y :?, X 2 =

y 1
1 359e(2+1)
(n(v) =
-
=

3(n(x) +
.

y 1 55 Inx3 + Inv
=
. = C

In (x3 v] C
=
.

e C

2) HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

X (1 + 3(y(x)))
= c
HOMOGEINITY TEST :

X - zX f, (zX, zy) dy + fz(zX, zy]dy =

O X3 + 3xy2 = C

z"fi(x y)dy + zfz(x,y)dy

+
y zy
-

,
=
0
 3) EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION LAW OF GROWTH AND DECAY (L G D) .
.

Test of exactness
da &
a amount of substance & any given
timeCl
Gfu
2X
= 2flju
Sti(x y(dx Sfz(x y)dy
=
,
=
,
=
0
of prop
zy da = constant
22
dt
Solve: ( x + y )dx + 2xydy =0
= In a= a0ekt

0)
I
Test :

If G =
(na -
1nao = k(t -

2y 2y
=
=

Stidx Study =
:

v=

S(x+yz)dx Jexydy =

Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount at

* + yx + g (y) ,
=

( + g2(x) any instant. In 100 years, 100 mg of radium decomposes to

96 mg. How many mg will be left after 100 years?
X xy + gz(x)
"
+ x+
g, (y)
=

y (t)
a =
aoekt a =
100 (94/100) /100
gi(y) =
0
gz(x) &+: 100 ,
a=
96mg &t
=
200

#yx =-
&t :
100 a :?
100(96/00)200/00
,

a
100ek(100]
=

96 =

(1100 (e) a gallng a

:
=

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

4)

dy/dy + P(x)y =
Q(x) e
(1100
=

If (integrating factor) &

AIR RESISTANCE
motion
Rance Rama

p e(P(x)dy
:

Newton's 2nd Law weight

yb (a(x)b(x) +C
:
·
=

w
g(9 81m/s
=
m
&F
.

= ma
s
.

Find the particular solution of the differential Net force 32 ft/s

equation (dy/dx) - 3y/x = (x cubed); if y(1) = 4
Acceleration :

dy- = a
= velocity

eSP(x)dXS-ax3In)
-

3
0 =

yp SQ(x)P(x)dx C
+ =

3) (x)(x 3)dx +
(y(x c]x
-

* =

y
=
X* + (x3jX = 1 , y = 4

1
Co

y + 3x3
*
y
=
An object falls from rest in a medium offering a An arrow is shot straight upward from the ground
resistance. The velocity of the object before the object with an initial velocity of 160 ft/sec. It experience
reaches the ground is given by the differential equation both the deceleration of gravity and deceleration
dv/dt plus v per 10 equals 32 ft per sec squared. What is (v squared)/ 800 due to air resistance. How high
the velocity of the object one second after it falls? in the air does it go?
Freefall FB D :

=
O . .

FB D :

dair .
.

V= 0 , t 0 =

Rair Maain
o a
↑
height
=

motion emax

I
V: 0

= 3
Rain W

~ xW mg
=

V = 160ff/ses
Xtmotion
NS LM N S L M
using
.
. .
. . .

&F =
ma &F = ma

-
Rairtw = ma
-

Rair-w =
ma

masirtmg Ma =

aarmgm
# +
31 =
800
- 32
=

1.
10 =+32 S =f(t)

d=x=
V

Lod
= -V + 30
= ,

Stay fa Si ? V= 0

V = V+ 320
-

5= 0 Vi = 160ft/see
du dV
.

= -

10(n(v) = t

-
-

-
10/n(320 -

x))t
x) In (320)
v= In (320
=
-
-

y= 30 .
45m/s
277 26 .
= Sft .
 CHEMICAL SOLUTION
.)
linlet r= rate of flow = volume/time (vils) ~ (100 + 2t)" =
(100+ 2575 -
50000 (P S
.

c= concentration
=
mAss/vozumE (pg(m3) (400751
9)
50000

/
s = -

: outlet 400312
r2 , C2

initial volume et o =
393 751b
=

s .

So = initial substance & t 0 =

ds = Cirl-Cr2
dt
= -Canytime (t)
c LINEAR HOMOGENOUS HIGHER ORDER ORDINARY DIFF EQUATION
.

WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENT

VS r :
12
T Homo
.

An Any
Vo+ Cri-rz) (t) a, dy + . . .tan .
rijic ,
E r1(rz
v =

dx"
,
v
=
vo -
(rz - r, ) (t)
2nd order :

400-gal tank initially contains 100 gal of brine

combining 50 lb of salt. Brine containing 1 b of salt
aday +dy +
cy-0 ; ab ,
c constanta

a =0
per gallon enters the tank at the rate of 5 gal/s, and
the well-mixed brine in the tank flows out at the rate
of 3 gal/s. How much salt will the tank contain
= D : aDy +
bDy +
Cy = 0

&(ad" 0]+
when it is full of brine?
+ >D + c) =

r =
5 gallons/s
# CI 1lb/gal
-
=

aD"+ bD + C :
0 ; AUX ,
O-m
400
am + bm + c =
0
gal
U2-3 galls -
-
=>
Cr == S
me , mc = roots
Y 100+ It
Vo : 100 gal

Case 1 :
REAL a UNEQUAL
so :
Jolb riTrz v = Vo + (ri rc] (t)
-

V 100+ (2t)
y Gemix + cem2x
=
=

= cri-Cr IN L D E.:
. .

SPCt]dt Case 2 :
REAL & EQUAL

: (i)(5)-s(s)
100 + It
O pott at

jv
= 100 + 27 y Gem" +
= CXemY

↑ linear
in s du : 2dt case 3
:
complex conjugate
=5
d = eS m= aIbi

y
=
edX(Cicosby + G sinbx)
6 (00+ 2)
=

Sy JQ(t)f(t)dt +C
=

s (100+ (t)3+/(100+2at + C

=gudt +
=
s(100 + zt)3 (100+ 27
*
+C GS
=
- .

et 0 =
;
S = 50
L

50 (100 + 07 = 10 te
c = - 50000 (A C
.
) .
 Find the particular solution ofy" + 3y + 2y = 0
when x = 0, y = 0,y| = 1.

dy 3dy + +
Ly
case 1 :

Dy + 3Dy + 2y = 0

y De+ ce
=

D" + 3D +2 0 =

D+ m 2X =
0 , y
= 0

m2+ 3m + 2 = 0 0 =
ci(1) + cz(l)

(m 2)(m 1) 0= c + G Eq 1
+
+ + =
0 .

m+ l
=
0 mtz 0 =
* 2x

y 2(ze
-

4
= -
(ie -

M1 = -1 Mz -2
2(
=
= 0
+= -
Ce -

1 = -
C - 2C Eg 2 .

0 =
C + C2

+
1 C 2Cz
-
= -

" 2x
1 =
(2 ; ( =
e a
-
-

y
=

Ci =
1

2
What is the general solution of (D - 1) y(t)=0?

(D" 10 - =

D = m

m" -
1 =
0

(m2 1) (m2+ )-
=
0

1 m2
=
m 1 =
0 +1 = 0

m" El =
m = i
-
case 2 case 3

**()[C> cost + Cusint]

y Get+ Get y e
: =

y" + 8y' + 41y =

0

m2 + 8 m + 4) =
0

m = - b m=
-

415
2a

= -
84()(41)
z(l)

case 3 :

Y(Cics5x + Csin5X)
- "
e
y
=