Probability and Statistics

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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) : Variance

a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ⋯ + a n The variance of a set of numbers

A. M. = is defined by
n
Median : ∑(xi − x̅)2
σ2 =
Is the middle value when all data are n
arranged in increasing or decreasing
order. where x
̅ = A.M.

Mode : Standard Deviation:

n
Is the value that occurs most frequently
Population ∑(xi − x̅)2
(σx ) = √
Std. Deviation i=1
Range : n
or
Range = Maximum value – Minimum
value n

Sample ∑(xi − x̅)2

(sx ) = √
Std. Deviation i=1
n−1

Fundamental Principle :

If an event can happen in any one of n 1 ways, and if when this has occurred, another event can
happen in any one of n2 ways, then the number of ways in which both events can happen in
the specified order is n1n2.
In general for k events,

nT = n1 ⋅ n2 ⋅ n3 ⋅ … ⋅ nk

Permutation (P) :

- grouping of things in a definite order.

- to permute a set of things means to arrange them in a definite order.

1. Permutation of n different elements taken r at a time is

n!
n Pr =
(n − r)!
Note: n Pr = P(n, r) = P nr

Illustration :
For letters a, b, c, the number of permutations taken 2 at a time is,
3!
3 P2 = =6
(3 − 2)!
Another way : or by Fundamental Principle

ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb = 6 3⋅2=6

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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

2. Permutation of n different elements taken all (r = n) at a time is

n Pn = n!

Illustration :
For letters a, b, c, the number of permutations taken all at a time is,

3 P3 = 3! = 6

Another way : or by Fundamental Principle

abc, acb, bac, bca, cba, cab = 6 3⋅2⋅1 = 6

3. Permutations of n elements some of which are alike is

n! n!
n Pn−s = =
[n − (n − s)]! s!
where s is the number of times the element is repeated in the set.

Illustration :
For letters a, a, c, the number of permutations taken all at a time is,
n! 3!
P= = =3
s! 2!
Another way :

aac, aca, caa = 3

4. Permutations of n elements not all different taken all at a time is

n!
P=
n1 ! n2 ! n3 ! … nk !
where n1, n2, n3, nk → number of elements which are alike
n → total number of elements in a given set

5. Theorem on Partitioning

The number of ways of partitioning a set of n objects into r cells with n 1 elements in the first
cell, n2 elements in the second cell and so forth is,
n n!
(n , n , … , n ) =
1 2 r n1 ! n2 ! … nr !
where n = n1 + n2 + … + nr

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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

6. Cyclic Permutation

The number of permutations of n different objects arranged in a circle is,

Pc = (n − 1)!

Illustration :
For letters a, b, c, arranged in a circle,

Pc = 1 + 1 = 2

By Formula,

Pc = (3 − 1)! = 2! = 2 ⋅ 1 = 2

Combination (C) :

- is a selection of things considered without regard to order.

- grouping of things where arrangement is immaterial

1. The number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time is

n Pr n!
n Cr = =
r! r! (n − r)!
Note: n Cr = C(n, r) = C nr

2. The number of combination of n objects taken all (n = r) at a time is

n Cn =1

3. The number of combinations that can be made taking successively 1 at a time, 2 at a

time, 3 at a time and so on up to n at a time.

C = n C1 + n C2 + n C3 + ⋯ + n Cn = 2n − 1

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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Probability (p) :

Number of favorable outcomes

Probability =
Number of possible outcomes

Probability of Success + Probability of Failure = 1

1. Probability in Single Event.

If an event can happen in h ways and can fail in f ways are equally likely, then in a single trial,
the probability that it will happen is given by,
h
p=
h+f
and the probability that it will fail is given by,

f
q=
h+f
2. Mutually Exclusive Events.

Two or more events are mutually exclusive if not more than one of them can happen in a given
trial.

The probability that some one or other of a set of mutually exclusive events will happen in a
single trial is the sum of their separate probabilities of happening.

p = p1 + p2 + ⋯ + pn

3. Independent Events.

Two or more events are said to be independent if the happening of one does not affect the
happening of the others.

The probability that two or more independent events will happen is the product of their
separate probabilities.

p = p1 ⋅ p2 ⋅ … ⋅ pn

4. Dependent Events.

Two or more events are said to be dependent if the happening of one affects the probability
that the other will happen.

If p1 is the probability that an event will happen, and after it has happened the second will occur
with probability p2, then the probability that the first event and then the second event will
happen is the product p1 ⋅ p2.

5. Probability for Repeated Trials (Binomial Density Distribution)

p = n Cr p1 r (1 − p1 )n−r
Where n = number of trials
r = number of desired successful outcome
|p1 = probability of a successful outcome in a trial

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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
REE – Sept. 2005
1. A survey conducted to determine the:
SMOKERS: 56, 22.1, 47.6, 53.2, 48.1, 52.7, 34.4, 60.2, 43.8, 23.2, 13.8
NON-SMOKERS: 28.6, 25.8, 26.4, 34.9, 29.8, 28.4, 36.5, 30.2, 30.6, 31.8, 41.6, 21.1,36, 37.9, 13.9
Find the sample mean of the non-smoker and smoker.
A. 29.56 / 42.28 B. 29.95 / 43.84 C. 30.23 / 41.37 D. 30.56 / 42.98

REE – Apr. 2007

2. You are given n = 5 measurements 0, 5, 1, 1, 3. Find the mode.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 1.5

REE – Mar. 1998

3. Given the following statistical data, determine the standard deviation:
112 132 144 156 164 176 183 197
A. 26.22 B. 27.53 C. 28.84 D. 30.15

REE – Sept. 2011

4. A class of 40 took examination in Algebra and Trigonometry. If 30 passed Algebra, 36
passed Trigonometry, and 2 failed in both subjects, the number of students who passed
the two subjects is:
A. 28 B. 30 C. 25 D. 23

REE – Apr. 2012 / Feb. 2014 / Apr. 2022

5. The plate number of a vehicle consists of 5-alphanumeric sequence is arranged such
that the first two characters are alphabet and the remaining 3 are digits. How many
arrangements are possible if the first character is a vowel and repetitions are not
allowed?
A. 90 B. 900 C. 9,000 D. 90,000

REE – Apr. 2013

6. In how many ways can 5 people be lined to get on a bus, if a certain 2 persons refuse to
follow each other?
A. 36 B. 48 C. 96 D. 72

REE – Apr. 2007

7. If a multiple-choice test consists of 5 questions each with 4 possible answers of which
only 1 is correct, in how many different ways can a student check off one answer to each
question?
A. 1,024 B. 1,440 C. 1,152 D. 576

REE – Apr. 2007

8. How many distinct permutations can be made from the letters of the word infinity?
A. 1680 B. 6720 C.5040 D. 3360

9. In how many ways can 3 men and 3 women be seated at a round table if
A. no restriction is imposed?
A. 120 B. 240 C. 12 D. 72

B. 2 particular women must not sit together?

A. 120 B. 240 C. 12 D. 72

C. each women is to be between 2 men?

A. 120 B. 240 C. 12 D. 72
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REE – Sept. 2006
10. In a printed circuit board may be purchased from 5 suppliers in how many ways can 3
suppliers be chosen from the 5?
A. 20 B. 5 C. 10 D. 68

11. From 7 engineers and 4 scientists, how many committees of seven people are possible if
A. no restriction is imposed?
A. 320 B. 340 C. 330 D. 350

B. with five engineers and 2 scientists?

A. 330 B. 126 C. 330 D. 152

12. In how many ways can Mary invite one or more of his 8 friends to dinner?
A. 254 B. 255 C. 256 D. 257

REE – Sept. 2010 / Sept. 2014 / Apr. 2017

13. A political scientist asked a group of people how they felt about two political statements.
Each person was to respond A (agree), N (neutral) or D (disagree) to each NN, ND, NA,
DD, DN, DA, AA, AD, and AN. Assuming each response combination is equally likely,
what is the probability that the person being interviewed agrees with exactly one of the
two political policy statements?
A. 1/9 B. 2/5 C. 2/9 D. 4/9

REE – Aug. 2019

14. A bag contains 3 red, 6 blue, 5 purple, and 2 orange marbles. One marble is selected at
random. What is the probability that the marble is blue?
A. 3/8 B. 3/16 C. 3/5 D. 4/13

15. A box contains 2 blue socks and 2 white socks. Picking randomly, what is the probability
that you will pick 2 socks of the same color?
A. 1/6 B. 1/3 C. 1/2 D. 1/4

REE – Apr. 2003

16. The probability that A hits a target is 1/3 and the probability that B hits a target is 1/5.
They both fire at the target. Find the probability that one of them hits the target.
A. 7/15 B. 3/5 C. 2/5 D. 8/15

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