Building Cost and Quantity Estimation

Complete Practical Handbook

for Civil Engineers
 Er.J.Thomas Britto B.E(Civil)
Founder of Civil DigitalStore
Presently in
Civil Work Construction

This Book or part thereof cannot be translated or reproduced in any form without the written
permission of the authors and publisher. Copyright @ 2023 exclusive by the authors
AllRights Reserved
 PREFACE
We have a great pleasure to present the first edition of building
estimation notes by Civil Engineering. This book acts as a quick
guide for all the civil engineers and quantity surveyors who keep an
interest in building estimation.
Quantity Surveying is the branch of civil engineering in which
the quantity surveyor makes the BOQ (Bill of Quantities) and
analyses the rate, budget, schedule and net profit for an individual or
company for a particular project.
Main functions of quantity surveyors:
1. Before tendering: Making BOQ (Bill of Quantities) with the help of
drawing provided by government/client and schedule rate provided
by government/client.

2. During tendering : During tendering the quantity surveyor of any

private company analyses the net profit by solving the estimation
sheet with the help of BOQ provided by government/client.

3. After tendering: After tendering the quantity surveyor prepares the

bill for the work which has been already executed according to order.

We are greatful to our esteemed students and clients, whose

suggestions have been incorporated in this book. Any suggestions
for further improvement of this book are always welcome.
 1. FOOTINGS OF A BUILDING 1
2. COLUMNS OF A BUILDING 12
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. BEAMS OF A BUILDING 18
4. SLABS OF A BUILDING 24
5. UNIT CONVERSION 30
(5.1) STANDARD UNITS 32
(5.2) LAND MEASUREMENT 35
6. DETAILED BUILDING ESTIMATIONS 37
(6.1) EXCAVATION QUANTITY OF FOOTING 37
(6.2) PCC QUANTITY OF FOOTING 41
(6.3) CONCRETE QUANTITY OF ISOLATED FOOTING 43
(6.4) SHUTTERING AREA OF ISOLATED FOOTING 47
(6.5) CONCRETE QTY. OF COLUMN UPTO PLINTH BEAM 50
(6.6) SHUTTERING OF COLUMN BELOW PLINTH BEAM 53
(6.7) CONCRETE QUANTITY OF PLINTH BEAM 55
(6.8) SHUTTERING AREA OF PLINTH BEAM 57
(6.9) CONCRETE QTY. OF COLUMN ABOVE PLINTH BEAM 60
(6.10) SHUTTERING AREA OF COLUMN ABOVE PLINTH BEAM 64
(6.11) CONCRETE QUANTITY OF ROOF BEAM 66
(6.12) SHUTTERING AREA OF ROOF BEAM 69
(6.13) CONCRETE QUANTITY OF SLAB 72
(6.14) SHUTTERING AREA OF SLAB 73
7. BRICKWORK ESTIMATION 75
(7.1) INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK CALCULATION 75
(7.2) BRICKWORK OF BUILDING FOUNDATION 77
(7.3) BRICKWORK ABOVE PLINTH LEVEL 81
 8. PLASTERWORK 84
9. STAIRCASE 87
TABLE OF CONTENTS
10. CEMENT, SAND AND AGGREGATE 90
11. BAR BENDING SCHEDULE 93
(11.1) PROCEDURE OF BAR BENDING SCHEDULE 95
(11.2) RINGS 97
(11.3) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS 98
(11.4) BBS OF FOOTING 102
(11.5) BBS OF FOOTINGS OF A PLAN WITH EXCEL SHEET 105
(11.6) BBS OF COLUMN 107
(11.7) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF COLUMN 109
(11.8) BBS OF COLUMNS OF A PLAN WITH EXCEL SHEET 110
(11.9) BBS OF PLINTH BEAM 113
(11.10) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF PLINTH BEAM 115
(11.11) BBS OF PLINTH BEAMS OF A PLAN WITH EXCEL SHEET 116
(11.12) BBS OF ROOF BEAM 119
(11.13) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF ROOF BEAM 121
(11.14) BBS OF CONTINOUS ROOF BEAM 122
(11.15) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF ROOF BEAM 125
(11.16) BBS OF ROOF BEAMS OF A PLAN WITH EXCEL SHEET 127
(11.17) BBS OF ROOF SLAB 129
(11.18) BBS OF ROOF SLABS OF A PLAN WITH EXCEL SHEET 133
(11.19) BBS OF RAFT FOUNDATION 135
(11.20) BBS OF STAIRCASE 139
 01
1 FOOTINGS OF A BUILDING

Footings are the part of the foundation of a structure. They are the
first RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) members of a structure.
They are constructed to provide support base for the columns.

Fig.(1.1) Side view of a footing

Steps involved in the execution of foundation of any building
There are about 11 steps involved in the execution of foundation:
1. Land Survey of Site preparation includes Soil testing.
2. Marking and layout.
3. Excavation according to drawing.
4. Dewatering through hydraulic pump.
5. Termite Control (anti termite solution is sprayed below the PCC).
6. Polythene Sheet.
7. P.C.C (Plain Cement Concrete) –Ratio (1:4:8), Thickness 10-15cm.
8. Footing reinforcement/neck column reinforcement.
9. Shuttering, Concreting, De-shuttering.
10. Bitumen paint to all the surface of footing and neck column.
11. Back filling.
The PCC work done at the bottom of the footing for providing the
base is known as lean concrete.
 02

Anti termite control is done to avoid the presence of termite in

building. First we have to secure the PCC of footing and foundation.
The treatment is done on plinth level which involves inserting anti
termite solution in the soil. After this the soil area is covered with a
layer of sand of thickness 75mm. This layer of sand restricts the entry
of termites.
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) members on the basis of
bearing Capacity:
Footing
Neck Column
Column
Beam
Slab
Staircase
TYPES OF FOOTING
1. Plain footing
2. Step footing
3. Plain Combined footing
4. Isolated /Tapered footing
5. Isolated Combined footing
6. Strap /shoe/neighboring footing
7. Raft footing
Details Of Footing
1. Plain Footing
Plain footing is the footing with a single neck column. These footings
are used in residential buildings. The bearing capacity of soil is usually
normal for plain footing.
 03

Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Plain footing:

Fig.(1.2) Top view of plain footing Fig.(1.3) Front view of plain footing

Given:
Footing length (L) = 1.4m
Footing breadth (B) = 1.2m
Footing depth (D) = 0.3m
Column size = (0.3m x 0.3)m
Solution:
Area of Footing = length x breadth = 1.4 x 1.2 = 1.68sq-m
Volume of concrete = area x depth = 1.68 x 0.3 = 0.504cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 2(length+breadth) x depth
= 2(1.4+1.2) x 0.3 = 1.56sq-m
2. Step Footing
It is the footing with a single neck column and more than two steps of
footing. The thickness of all the footings is same in step footing. Step
footings are generally used in commercial buildings or high rise
buildings where the soil bearing capacity is low. Step footings have
more strength than plain and isolated footings. This is why these
footings are used in high rise buildings. They can be used for deep to
shallow foundations.
 04

Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Step footing:

Fig.(1..5) Top view of Step footing

Given:
In step footing all the steps are
square shaped, therefore its length
and breadth are same.
Length 1st step (L1)= 1.6m
Length 2nd step (L2)= 1.4m
Length 3rd step (L3)= 1.2m
Depth of all steps (D)= 0.15m

Solution:
Step-1 Fig.(1.4) Side view of Step footing

Area of footing = length (L1) x length (L1) = 1.6 x 1.6 = 2.56sq-m

Volume of concrete = area x depth (D1) = 2.56 x 0.15 = 0.384cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 4 x (length) x depth
= 4 x (1.6) x 0.15
= 0.96sq-m
 05

Step-2
Area of footing = length (L2) x length (L2) = 1.4 x 1.4 = 1.96sq-m
Volume of concrete = area X depth (D2) = 1.96 x 0.15 = 0.294cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 4 x (length) x depth
= 4 x (1.4) x 0.15 = 0.84sq-m
Step-3
Area of footing = length (L3) x length (L3) = 1.2 x 1.2 = 1.44sq-m
Volume of concrete = area x depth (D3) = 1.44 x 0.15 = 0.216cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 4 x (length) x depth
= 4 x (1.2) x 0.15 = 0.72sq-m
Total volume of concrete (V) = Vol. step-1+Vol. step-2+Vol. step-3
= 0.384+0.294+0.216 = 0.894cu-m
Total shuttering = shuttering ar.1+shuttering ar.2+shuttering ar.3
= 0.96+0.84+0.72 = 2.52 sq-m
3. Plain Combined Footing
It is a single footing with more than two neck columns. It is generally
used in malls, Parking areas, halls etc. Its soil bearing capacity is same
as plain footing.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering of Plain Combined
footing:

Fig.(1.6) Top view of Plain Combined footing

 06

Given:
From the top view and side
view we can find the given:
Footing length (L) = 2.0m
Footing breadth (B) = 1.8m
Footing depth (D) = 0.4m

Solution: Fig.(1.7) Side view of Plain Combined footing

Area of Footing = length x breadth = 2.0 x 1.8 = 3.6sq-m

Volume of concrete = area x depth = 3.6 x 0.4 =1.44cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 2(length+breadth) x depth
= 2(2.0+1.8) x 0.4 = 3.04sq-m
4. Isolated Tapered Footing
It is the footing with single neck column, tapered from top in a slope
form from all sides. Its strength is more than plain footing because of
its shape and extra volume. This shape gives it extra strength from all
sides. This footing is used in commercial buildings such as school,
colleges, malls, etc.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Isolated
Tapered footing:

Fig.(1.8) Top view of Isolated Tapered footing

 07

Given:
Footing Length (L) = 1.6m
Footing Breadth (B) = 1.4m
Footing Top Length (L1) = 0.8m
Footing Top Breadth (B1) = 0.7m
Height (H1) = 0.15m
Height (H2) = 0.35m
H = H2-H1
H = 0.35-0.15 = 0.2m

Solution: Fig.(1.9) Side view of Isolated Tapered footing

Isolated footing is solved in two parts, first part is the rectangular

portion and second part is the tapered portion.
Let us denote:
A1 = Area of Rectangular portion
V1 = Volume of Rectangular portion
A2 = Area of tapered portion
V2 = Volume of tapered portion
Total volume (V) = V1+V2
Now we calculate:
A1 = length (L) x breadth (B) = 1.6 x 1.4 = 2.24sq-m
A2 = length (L1) x breadth (B1) = 0.8 x 0.7 = 0.56sq-m
V1 = area (A1) x height (H1) = 2.24 x 0.15 = 0.336cu-m
V2 = H/3(A1+A2+√(A1 x A2 ))
= 0.2/3(2.24+0.56+√(2.24 x 0.56 ) ) = 0.264cu-m
Total volume of isolated footing = V1+V2 = 0.336+0.264 = 0.6cu-m
Shuttering area of isolated footing = 2(L+B) x H1
= 2(1.6+1.4) x 0.15 = 0.9sq-m
 08

5. Isolated Combined Footing

It is the footing having more than two neck columns and a single
footing which is tapered. It is generally used in commercial complex
or shopping malls.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Isolated
Combined footing:

Fig.(1.10) Top view of Isolated Combined footing

Given: Fig.(1.11) Side view of Isolated Combined footing

Footing length (L) = 2.0m Height (H1) = 0.15m

Footing breadth (B) = 1.8m Height (H2) = 0.45m
Footing top length (L1) = 1.6m H = H2-H1 = 0.45-0.15
Footing top breadth (B1) = 1.4m = 0.3m
 09

Let us denote:
A1 = Area of rectangular portion Note: Isolated footing is
V1 = Volume of rectangular portion solved in two parts, first the
A2 = Area of tapered portion rectangular portion and
V2 = Volume of tapered portion second is the tapered portion.
Total volume (V) = V1+V2
Solution:
Now we calculate:
A1 = length (L) x breadth (B) = 2.0 x 1.8 = 3.6sq-m
A2 = length (L1) x breadth (B1) = 1.6 x 1.4 = 2.24sq-m
V1 = area (A1) x height (H1) = 3.6 x 0.15 = 0.54cu-m
V2 = H/3(A1+A2+√(A1 x A2)) = 0.3/3(3.6+2.24+√(3.6 x 2.24))
= 0.867 cu-m
Total Volume of isolated footing = V1+V2 = 0.54+0.867
= 1.407cu-m
Shuttering area = 2(L+B) x H1 = 2(2.0 + 1.8) x 0.15 = 1.14sq-m
6. Strap/Shoe Footing
Strap footing is generally
used for the plot where we
have to construct a column
attached to a neighboring
wall. In this case the
column cannot be
constructed in the center
of the footing, therefore we
make use of strap footings
in this scenario. Fig.(1.12) Top view of Strap Footing
 10

Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Strap Footing:

Given:
Footing length (L) = 1.2m
Footing breadth (B) = 1.0m
Footing depth (D) = 0.25m
Solution:
Area of footing = length x breadth
= 1.2 x 1.0
= 1.2sq-m
Volume of concrete = area x depth
= 1.2 x 0.25
= 0.3cu-m Fig.(1.13) Front view of Strap footing

Shuttering area of footing = (2(length)+ breadth) x depth

= (2(1.2 )+1.0) x 0.25 = 0.85sq-m
7. Raft/Mat Footing
It is provided where the bearing capacity of the soil is very low. This
footing contains double mesh at full depth of raft. Generally it does
not have neck column provided because the depth of the footing is
till ground level. It is mostly used near sea or river where the soil
bearing capacity is very low.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Raft Footing:

Fig.(1.14) Top View of Raft

footing
 11

Fig.(1.15) Front view of Raft footing

Given:
Footing length (L) = 3.5m
Footing breadth (B) = 3m
Footing depth (D) = 0.5m
Solution:
Area of footing = Length x Breadth = 3.5 x 3 = 10.5sq-m
Volume of concrete = Area x Depth = 10.5 x 0.5 = 5.25cu-m
Shuttering area of footing = 2(length+breadth) x depth
= 2(3.5+3) x 0.5 = 6.5sq-m

Did You Know?

Why PCC (plain cement concrete) work is done below footing?
Concrete is the mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water. When
the concrete of footing is poured directly on soil ,the soil soaks the
slurry of concrete and then the concrete looses its strength.
Therefore, PCC work creates a barrier between the concrete and the
soil, thus avoiding their direct contact.
 12
2
COLUMNS OF A BUILDING

Columns are the vertical RCC members of a building. They are

designed to carry compressive load.
TYPES OF COLUMN
1. Square column
2. Rectangular column
3. Circular column
4. L-Type column
5. T-Type column
6. Hexagonal column
Note: Columns are mainly differentiated on the basis of their shape.
One can always rely on the top view of the column for judging the
column type.
Details Of Column
1. Square Column
The column whose all sides are equal is known as square column.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Square
Column:

Fig.(2.1) Top view of Square column

Given:
Length (L) = 0.3m
Breadth (B) = 0.3m
Fig.(2.2) Front view of Fig.(2.3) Elevated view of
Height (H) = 3m Square column Square column
 13

Solution:
Area of square = length x length = 0.3 x 0.3 = 0.09sq-m
Volume of concrete = area x height = 0.09 x 3 = 0.27cu-m
Shuttering area of column = 4 x length x height = 4 x 0.3 x 3
= 3.6sq-m
2. Rectangular Column
The column whose opposite sides are equal is known as rectangular
column.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Rectangular
Column:

Fig.(2.4) Top view of Rectangular column

Given:
Length (L) = 0.4 m,
Breadth (B) = 0.3 m,
Height (H) = 3 m Fig.(2.5) Front view of Fig.(2.6) Elevated view of
Rectangular column Rectangular column
Solution:
Area of rectangle = length x breadth = 0.4 x 0.3 = 1.2sq-m
Volume of concrete = area x height = 1.2 x 3 = 0.36cu-m
Shuttering area of column = 2(length+breadth) x height
= 2(0.4+0.3) x 3 = 4.2sq-m
Note: Square and rectangular columns are used only if the shape of
the room is in square or rectangle. They are much easier to construct
than other columns.
 14

3. Circular Column
The column with circular shaped top and base is known as circular
column.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Rectangular
Column:

Fig.(2.7) Top view of Circular column

Given:
Diameter (D) = 0.8m,
Height (H) = 3m Fig.(2.8) Front view of Fig.(2.9) Elevated view of
Solution: Circular column Circular column

Area of circle = πr 2 = 3.14 x 0.4 x 0.4 = 0.5024sq-m

Volume of concrete = area x height = 0.5024 x 3
= 1.5072cu-m
Circumference of circle = 2πr = 2 x 3.14 x 0.4 = 2.512m
Shuttering area = circumference of circle x height
= 2πr x height = 2 x 3.14 x 0.4 x 3
= 7.536sq-m
Note: Circular columns are mainly constructed in high seismic prone
areas. They provide high strength and ductility in all directions, thus
withstanding heavy seismic waves. They are also used in parking
areas and public spaces without walls. For constructing high bridge
piers we can make use of circular column.
 15

4. L-Type Column
The column which is in L shape is known as L-Type column.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of L-Type
Column:

Fig.(2.10) Top view of L-Type column Fig.(2.11) Elevated view of L-Type column

Given:
Refer fig (2.10) and fig (2.11)
Solution:
Area 1 (A1) = 0.4 x 0.8 = 0.32sq-m
Area 2 (A2) = 0.4 x 0.4 = 0.16sq-m
Total area = A1+A2 = 0.32+0.16 = 0.48sq-m
Volume of concrete = area x height = 0.48 x 3 = 1.44cu-m
Shuttering area of column = perimeter x height
= (0.4+0.4+0.4+0.4+0.8+0.8) x 3
= 9.6sq-m
Note: L-type columns are constructed in corners of boundary wall.
Compared to other columns they are very rarely used and often have
the features of square and rectangular columns.
 16

5. T-Type Column
The column which is in T shape is known as T-Type column.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of T-Type
Column:

Fig.(2.12) Top view of T-Type column Fig.(2.13) Elevated view of T-Type column
Given:
Refer fig (2.12) and fig (2.13)
Solution:
Area 1 (A1) = 0.8 x 0.3 = 0.24sq-m
Area 2 (A2) = 0.3 x 0.3 = 0.09sq-m
Total Area = A1+A2 = 0.24+0.09 = 0.33sq-m
Volume of concrete = area x height = 0.33 x 3 = 0.99cu-m
Shuttering area of column = perimeter x height
= (0.8+0.3+0.25+0.3+0.3+0.3+0.25+0.3) x 3
= 8.4sq-m
6. Hexagonal Column
The column with six equal sides is known as Hexagonal column. Just
like other columns they can be easily identified from the top view of
column.
Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of Hexagonal
Column:
 17

Fig.(2.14) Top view of Hexagonal column

Given:
Side (S) = 0.3m,
Height (H) = 3m
Fig.(2.15) Elevated view of Hexagonal column
Solution:
Area of Hexagon = √3/4 x (S²) = √3/4 x (0.3)² = 0.038sq-m
Volume of concrete = area x height = 0.038 x 3 = 0.116cu-m
Shuttering area of column = perimeter x length x height
= 6 x (0.3) x 3 = 5.4sq-m

Did You Know?

What is honeycomb?

Honeycomb is the rough surface that appears after removal of

shuttering. This happens because a improper compaction of concrete.
 18
3
BEAMS OF A BUILDING

Beam is the horizontal RCC member that bears the entire load of slab.
They are used to support the load of ceilings and roofs of a building.
They transfer the load to a vertical load bearing member of building.
TYPES OF BEAM
1. Tie beam
2. Strap beam
3. Plinth beam
4. Lintel beam
5. Cantilever beam
6. Concealed beam
7. Drop beam
Details Of Beam
1. Tie Beam
It is the beam which always lies below the ground level. Tie beam
generally connects from one footing to another footing, such that it can
bear the shocks coming from an earthquake. Tie beam generally
prevents disruption from seismic forces and helps maintain the
balance of the structure.

Fig.(3.1) Front view of Tie beam

 19

2. Strap Beam
A strap beam connects
two footings in an inclined
manner. This beam is
used for irregular hard
surface and especially
when the level of two
footings is not same and
we have to provide a
column which connects
two columns in ground Fig.(3.2) Front view of Strap beam

level. Strap beam is used in hilly areas where the level of two footings
is not same.
3. Plinth Beam
It is the first beam with respect to ground level of the surface. It is the
platform of the superstructure. It is used to maintain the stability of the
structure in order to protect the brickwork of the substructure. It is
constructed between the wall and its foundation.

Fig.(3.3) Front view of Plinth beam

 20

4. Lintel Beam
It is used for windows, doors, and ventilator frames. It protects the
framework of doors, windows and ventilators by bearing the load
above it.

Fig.(3.4) Front view of Lintel beam

5. Cantilever Beam
It is the beam which is fixed from one side and free from the other
side. This beam is used to provide support to cantilever slab, so that
the bars of the slab can rest on the beam

Fig.(3.5) Front view of Cantilever beam

Note: Cantilever beams allow for overhanging of structures without

any external support. They are very rigid compared to other beams
because of its depth.
 21

6. Concealed Beam
It is the beam which cannot be seen by naked eyes. It lies below the
slab and above the brick wall, therefore this beam gets hidden
between the brick wall and the slab after plastering is done. This is
why the beam is not visible after plaster work.

Fig.(3.6) Top view of Concealed beam Fig.(3.7) Front view of Concealed beam
7. Drop Beam
It is the beam which is visible to naked eyes. It is used below the slab
to provide support to the middle portion of the slab. It is used when
the frame structure of the building is under construction.

Fig.(3.8) Front view of Drop beam

Calculation of concrete quantity and shuttering area of roof beam:

In this plan (fig (3.9)), there are two types of beams, i.e. B1 and B2.
These beams are roof beams. B1 is concealed beam in which there is
brickwork at the bottom of the beam. B2 is drop beam which is
provided at the middle of the hall.
 22

We need to find out the

quantity of concrete in beams,
for this we need to see the
cross sectional view of the
beams which is given below
(refer fig (3.10) & fig (3.11)).
Volume of Concrete
In the cross section view, we
can see the depth of beam B1
is 0.38 m and B2 is 0.75 m.
For volume of concrete we
need to first add all the
lengths of the beam.
Fig.(3.9) Ground floor layout plan of roof beam
BEAM B1
Length= 3.5+2.5+2.5+3.5+2.5+2.5 = 17m
Breadth of beam = 0.3 m
Depth of beam = 0.38 m
Quantity of concrete = length x breadth x depth
= 17 x 0.3 x 0.38
= 1.938cu-m
Fig.(3.10) Cross section view B1
BEAM B2
Length of beam = 3.5-0.3-0.3 = 2.9m
Breadth of beam = 0.4m
Depth of beam = 0.75m
Quantity of concrete = length x breadth x depth
= 2.9 x 0.4 x 0.75
= 0.87cu-m
Fig.(3.10) Cross section view of B2
 23

Total quantity of concrete in Beam 1 and Beam 2 = 1.938+0.87

= 2.808cu-m
Shuttering Area of Beam
Beam B1
Outer Shuttering Area
For this we add all the outer dimensions of beam B1
Length = 3.5+6+3.5+6 = 19
Depth = 0.38m
Outer shuttering area of B1 = 17 x 0.38 = 6.46sq-m
Inner Shuttering Area
For this we need to add all inner dimensions of beam B1
Length = (3.5-0.3-0.3)+2.5+2.5+(3.5-0.3-0.3)+2.5+2.5 = 15.8m
Depth = 0.38m
Inner shuttering area of B1 = 15.8 x 0.38 = 6.004sq-m
Beam B2
Length (both faces) = 2.9+2.9 = 5.8 m
Depth = 0.75m
Shuttering area of beam B2 = 5.8 x 0.75
= 4.35sq-m
Total shuttering area of beam B1 and beam B2 = 4.35+6.004+6.46
= 16.814sq-m
 24
4
SLABS OF A BUILDING

Slabs are constructed to provide flat horizontal surface to building

floors, roofs, bridges and other structures. It may be supported by wall
or by reinforced concrete beam which is usually casted monolithically
with the slab.
TYPES OF SLAB
1. Flat slab
2. Conventional slab
3. Hollow Core Ribbed slab
4. Arch slab
5. Low roof slab
6. Projected slab
7. Waffle slab
8. Pitch Roof slab
9. Hardy slab
10. Ground slab
11. Sunken slab
Details Of Slab
1. Flat Slab
It is a reinforced concrete slab
supported directly by concrete
column or caps. They do not
have beam and take the
support of column itself and the
load is directly transferred to the
column. Flat slab is easier to
construct and requires less
formwork (shuttering). Fig.(4.1) Types of Flat slab
 25

Flat slabs are used to provide plain ceiling surface giving better
diffusion of light. Its thickness varies from 8 inches to 9 inches. They
have easy constructability with economy in the formwork.They are
used in parking areas.
2. Conventional Slab
The slab which is supported by beams and columns is called
conventional slab. In this kind of slab the thickness of slab is small
whereas the depth of beam is large. The load is first transferred to
beam and then from beam to column. It requires more formwork
compared to flat slab. There is no need of providing column cap in
conventional slab. The thickness of conventional slab is 4 inches.

Fig.(4.2) Two way slab Fig.(4.3) One way slab

Reinforced cement is provided in conventional slabs and are basically

of two types. The bars that are set in horizontal direction are called
main reinforcement bars and the bars that are set in vertical direction
are called distribution bars. These types of slabs are used in
construction of floors of multistory buildings. Conventional slabs are of
two types based on length and breadth (refer fig (4.2) and fig (4.3)).
 26

3. Hollow Core Ribbed Slab

Its name is derived from the
voids or cores which run through
the units. The core can function
as service duct and significantly
reduce the pressure on slab, thus
maximizing structural efficiency.
Standard length of this slab is
1200 mm and its depth is from
110 mm to 400 mm.
Fig.(4.4) Hollow core ribbed slab

4. Arch Slab
This type of slab is generally
adopted in construction of
bridges. Bridges are subject to
two types of load (moving load
from vehicle and wind load). It is
used in places with steep slopes
and where there is a need of
redirecting wind load. They
were originally built with stones
or bricks, but in the present Fig.(4.5) Arch slab structure

generation they are built using reinforced concrete or steel.

5. Low Roof Slab
It is provided above the door for storage purpose. It is open at one
side and closed from all other sides. These slabs lie below the actual
slab and above the sill level of windows. They are most commonly
used in houses.
 27

6. Projected Slab
The slabs with one side
fixed and other side free
are called projected
slabs. They are generally
constructed in hotels,
university and function
halls etc.
Fig.(4.6) Building with Projected slab
7. Waffle Slab
It is a slab with waffle type
pattern. It is usually used in
large spaces like auditorium
and cinema hall to avoid
multiple columns. It can hold
a greater amount of load
compared to conventional
concrete slab.
Fig.(4.7) Waffle slab
8. Pitch Roof Slab
It is an inclined slab, generally
constructed in resorts for a
natural look. Compared to
traditional roofing materials tile
sheet used in pitch roof slab is
extremely light in weight. The
thickness of the slab depends
on the thickness of tiles used. Fig.(4.8) Pitch roof slab
 28

9. Hardy Slab
This slab is constructed using hardy bricks. Hardy bricks are hollow
bricks and are made of concrete hollow blocks used for filling portion
of the thickness of the slab. It saves the amount of concrete used for
making the slab, thus reducing the weight of the slab. It is most
commonly used in countries like Dubai and China.

Fig.(4.9) Hardy slab

Its thickness is more compared to other slabs. The thickness of hardy
slab is 0.27m and the standard size of hardy brick is (40x20x20) cm.
10. Grade Slab
The slab which is casted on surface of earth is called grade slab. This
type of slab is used for making floor of the basement. Grade slabs
contain lines that are filled with caulk or putty to change their outer
appearance.
 29

Fig.(4.10) Grade slab

11. Sunken Slab
Slab which is provided below the washroom to hide the sewage pipes
is called sunken slab. Since the pipes that carry water are concealed
below the floor, care must be taken to avoid leakage problems.

Fig.(4.11) Sunken slab

After casting sewage pipes in the slab, the slabs are filled with coal
or broken pieces of bricks.
 30
5
UNIT CONVERSION

Conversion of units is the conversion between different units of

measurement for a quantity through multiplicative conversion factors.

One Dimensional Unit:

The measurement of distance between two points is called linear
measurement. One dimensional unit is the measurement in meter,
centimeter, feet, inch, millimeter, etc. All dimensions are in one-
dimension unit.

The distance between point A and B which is 10 cm is called one

dimensional unit.
Two Dimensional Unit:

sq-m
The measurement of any part bounded by two dimensions like X and
Y is known as area and is called two dimensional unit. Its
measurement is in meter2, centimeter2, feet2, inch2, millimeter2 etc.
 31

Three Dimensional Unit:

m3

The measurement of any part bounded by three dimensions like X, Y

and Z is known as volume and is called three-dimensional unit. Its
measurement is in meter3, centimeter3, feet3, inch3, millimeter3 etc.
Two systems of Unit

M.K.S. F.P.S
Meter. Kilogram. Second Foot . Pound .Second
In this system, the In this system , the
fundamental units are fundamental units are
meter, kilogram, second. foot, pound, second.
This system was used in This system is used
France and number of other commonly in Britain and
European countries. its commonwealth.
It served as the basis of the Also known as Stroud
development of modern system of units, it had limited
system of units called contribution to the
Standard International units international community.
 32

(5.1) STANDARD UNITS

One Dimensional Units
 33

Two Dimensional Units

 34

Three Dimensional Units

 35

(5.2) LAND MEASURMENT

Plot (Square–Feet or Gaj)
 36

Plot (Square–Meter)

Plot (Square–Millimeter)

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL MEASURMENT UNITS

DESCRIPTION UNIT DESCRIPTION UNIT

 37
6 DETAILED BUILDING ESTIMATIONS

In this chapter we will calculate the quantity of excavation, concrete,

plain cement concrete (PCC) and shuttering of various RCC members
of a building using drawing. We will make use of Excel sheet for
storing our measurements and calculations.
(6.1) CALCULATION OF EXCAVATION QUANTITY OF FOOTINGS
To find out the excavation quantity we need to first see the top view of
the foundation plan which is given below.

Foundation Layout Plan

The foundation plan is a drawing showing the location and size of
footings, columns, foundation walls, and beams etc.
 38

The footing details are given in the schedule table below:

In this foundation plan we can see three types of isolated footings F1,
F2 and F3. So from top view we only get length & breadth of
excavation. For finding the depth we need to see the front elevation
view which is given below.
In front elevation view the depth of
the foundation is 1.5m.
Note: Now that we have found all the
dimensions that are required for
calculation, we will now start
calculating the excavation quantity of
footings.
Footing F1
Length of footing F1 = 1.4m
Add 75mm from both sides for
PCC and that will we our
required length of excavation.
Therefore, length of
excavation = 1.55m
Breadth of footing F1
= 1.2+0.75+0.75 = 1.35m Front View of Isolated Footing
 39

Depth of excavation = 1.5m

Quantity of excavation = l x b x d
= 1.55 x 1.35 x 1.5
= 3.138cu-m
The total number of F1 footing is 4. Therefore, we multiply the above
quantity by 4.
Total excavation quantity of all F1 footings = 4 x 3.138 = 12.552cu-m
.
Similarly we solve the remaining two footings i.e, F2 and F3.
Footing F2
Length of excavation F2 = 1.0+0.075+0.075
= 1.15m
Breadth of excavation F2 = 1.0+0.075+0.075
= 1.15m
Depth of excavation F2 = 1.5m
Quantity of excavation = l x b x d
= 1.15 x 1.15 x 1.5
=1.983cu-m
The total number of F2 footing is 2. Therefore, we multiply the above
quantity by 2.
Total excavation quantity of all F2 footings = 2 x 1.983
= 3.966cu-m
Footing F3
Length of excavation F3 = 1.2+0.075+0.075
= 1.35m
Breadth of excavation F3 = 1.0+0.075+0.075
= 1.15m
Depth of excavation F3 = 1.5m
 40

Quantity of excavation = l x b x d
= 1.35 x 1.15 x 1.5
= 2.328cu-m
The total number of F3 footing is 4. Therefore, we multiply above
quantity by 4.
Quantity of excavation of all the F3 footings = 4 x 2.328
= 9.312cu-m
Total quantity of excavation of all the footings = F1+F2+F3
=12.552+3.966+9.312
= 25.83cu-m
Note: We can make use of excel sheet for performing all our
calulations in a systematic and organised manner. Below is the excel
sheet format.
 41

(6.2) CALCULATION OF PCC QUANTITY OF FOOTINGS

We will make use of the same plan used in the previous calculation
for calculating the PCC quantity of footing. Refer the plan in the
previous topic for details of drawing.

Footing F1
Length of PCC = length of excavation = 1.55m
Breadth of PCC = 1.35m
Depth of PCC = 0.15m (Refer front elevation view)
Quantity of PCC = l x b x d
= 1.55 x 1.35 x 0.15
= 0.313cu-m
Number of F1 footings = 4
Total PCC quantity of all F1 footings = 4 x 0.313
= 1.255cu-m
Footing F2
Length of PCC = length of excavation = 1.15m
Breadth of PCC = 1.15m
Depth of PCC = 0.15m
Quantity of PCC = l x b x d
= 1.15 x 1.15 x 0.15
= 0.198cu-m
 42

Number of F2 footings = 2
Total PCC quantity of all F2 footings = 2 x 0.198
= 0.396cu-m
Footing F3
Length of PCC = Length of excavation = 1.35m
Breadth of PCC = 1.15m
Depth of PCC = 0.15m
Quantity of PCC = l x b x d
= 1.35 x 1.15 x 0.15
= 0.232cu-m
Number of F3 footings = 4
Total quantity of all F3 footings = 4 x 0.232
= 0.928cu-m
Total PCC quantity of all the footings = F1+F2+F3
= 1.225+0.396+0.928
= 2.58 cu-m
Note: We can make use of excel sheet for performing all our
calulations in a systematic manner. Below is the excel sheet for the
above estimation.
 43

(6.3) CALCULATION OF CONCRETE QUANTITY OF ISOLATED

FOOTING

Foundation Layout Plan Front View of Isolated Footing

Refer the below schedule for the details of above drawing.

Now we will start calculating the concrete quantity of isolated footings

of the above plan.
 44

Footing F1
Length of footing = 1.4m
Breadth of footing = 1.2m
Length of pedestal (L1) = 0.55m
Breadth of pedestal (B1) = 0.38
Height (h1) = 0.25m
Height (h2) = 0.6m
The calculation of quantity of isolated footing is done in two parts:
1. Bottom or base part
2. Top or tapered part
1st part
Quantity of concrete V1 = l x b xh
= 1.4 x 1.2 x 0.25
= 0.42cu-m
2nd part
Quantity of concrete V2 = h/3 (A1+A2+√(A1 x A2)),
Where h = h2-h1 = 0.6-0.25 = 0.35m
A1 = area of bottom part of tapered portion
A1 = 1.4 x 1.2
= 1.68 sq-m
A2 = area of top pedestal part of tapered portion
A1 = 0.55 x 0.38
= 0.209sq-m
Quantity of concrete V2 = 0.35/3((1.68+0.209+√(1.68 x 0.209))
= 0.289cu-m
Total quantity of concrete in F1 footing = V1+V2
= 0.42+0.289
= 0.709cu-m
 45

Number of F1 footings = 4
Total concrete quantity of all F1 footings = 0.709 x 4
= 2.836cu-m
Footing F2
Length of footing = 1.0m
Breadth of footing = 1.0m
Length of pedestal (L1) = 0.38m
Breadth of pedestal (B1) = 0.38m
Height (h1) = 0.25m
Height (h2) = 0.6m
1st part
Quantity of concrete V1 = l x b xh
= 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.25
= 0.25cu-m
2nd part
Quantity of concrete V2 = h/3 (a1+a2+√(a1 x a2)),
Where h = h2-h1 = 0.6-0.25 = 0.35m
A1 = area of bottom part of tapered portion
A1 = 1.0x 1.0
= 1.0 sq-m
A2 = area of top pedestal part of tapered portion
A1 = 0.38 x 0.38
= 0.144sq-m
Quantity of concrete V2 = 0.35/3((1+0.144+√(1 x 0.144))
= 0.178
Total quantity of concrete in F2 footing = V1+V2
= 0.25+0.178
= 0.427cu-m
 46

Number of F2 footings = 2
Total concrete quantity of all F2 footings = 0.427 x 2
= 0.856cu-m
Footing F3
Length of footing = 1.2m
Breadth of footing = 1.0m
Length of pedestal (L1) = 0.55m
Breadth of pedestal (B1) = 0.38m
Height (h1) = 0.25m
Height (h2) = 0.6m
1st part
Quantity of concrete V1 = l x b xh
= 1.2 x 1.0 x 0.25
= 0.3cu-m
2nd part
Quantity of concrete V2 = h/3 (a1+a2+√(a1 x a2)),
Where h = h2-h1 = 0.6-0.2 = 0.35m
A1 = area of bottom part of tapered portion
A1 = 1.2 x 1.0
= 1.2 sq-m
A2 = area of top pedestal part of tapered portion
A2 = 0.55 x 0.38
= 0.209sq-m
Quantity of concrete V2 = 0.35/3((1.2+0.209+√(1.2 x 0.209))
= 0.222cu-m
Total quantity of concrete in F3 footing = V1+V2
= 0.3+0.222
= 0.522cu-m
 47

Number of F3 footings = 4
Total concrete quantity of all F3 footings = 0.522 x 4
= 2.091cu-m
Total concrete quantity of all isolated footings = F1+F2+F3
= 2.836+0.856+2.091
= 5.783cu-m
Note: We can make use of excel sheet for performing all our
calulations in a systematic and organised manner. Below is the excel
sheet format for the above estimation.

(6.4) CALCULATION OF SHUTTERING AREA OF ISOLATED

FOOTING
We will make use of the same plan used in the previous estimation for
calculating the shuttering area of isolated footing. Refer the plan in the
previous topic for details of drawing.
 48

Footing F1
Length of footing = 1.4m
Breadth of footing = 1.2m
Depth of footing = 0.25m
Shuttering area of F1 footing = 2(l+b) x h1
= 2(1.4+1.2) x 0.25
= 1.3sq-m
Number of F1 footings = 4
Total shuttering area of all F1 footings = 4 x 1.3
= 5.2sq-m
Footing F2
Length of footing = 1.0m
Breadth of footing = 1.0m
Depth of footing = 0.25m
Shuttering area of F2 footing = 2(l+b) x h1
= 2(1.0+1.0) x 0.25
= 1.0sq-m
Number of F2 footings = 2
Total shuttering area of all F2 footings = 2 x 1.0
= 2.0sq-m
Footing F3
Length of footing = 1.2m
Breadth of footing = 1.0m
Depth of footing = 0.25m
Shuttering area of F3 footing = 2(l+b) x h1
= 2(1.2+1.0) x 0.25
= 1.1 sq-m
Number of F3 footings = 4
Total shuttering area of all F3 footings = 4 x 1.1
= 4.4sq-m
 49

Total shuttering area of all the footings = F1+F2+F3

= 5.2+2+4.4
= 11.6sq-m
Note: We can make use of excel sheet for performing all our
calulations in a systematic and organised manner. Below is the excel
sheet format for the above estimation.

Did You Know?

How to inspect shuttering on site?
1. Check inner to inner dimensions along with diagonals as per
drawing.
2. Check if the plates are vertically fixed at 90 degrees through
plumb bob and horizontally through thread.
3. Oiling on the surface of plates should be done and supports
should be tighten properly.
4. Cover blocks should be fixed between reinforcement and
shuttering plates.
 50

(6.5) CALCULATION OF CONCRETE QUANTITY OF COLUMNS

UPTO PLINTH BEAM

Column Layout Plan

In the column layout plan there are two types of columns, Column
C1 and column C2. The dimension of all the columns is given in the
below schedule. The number of C1 column is 8 and the number of
C2 column is 2. Refer the schedule of column in the next page for
column details.
 51

To find out the quantity of concrete in

column below plinth beam we need to
first find the depth of column below
plinth beam. Refer the front view of
isolated footing for knowing the depth.
Given,
NGL to excavation level = 1.5m
NGL to road level = 300m
Road level to plinth = 750mm
So, we add all these lengths
= 1.5+0.3+0.75 = 2.55m
Subtract H2 and PCC thickness
in order to get depth of column
= 2.55-0.6-0.15
Depth of column below plinth
level = 1.8m Front View of Isolated Footing
 52

Now that we know the depth upto plinth level we need to subtract
50mm for DPC and 375mm for plinth beam depth from the total depth
of column upto plinth level.
Depth below plinth beam = 1.8-0.05-0.375
= 1.375m
Now we can calculate the quantity of concrete in columns:
Column C1
Length of column = 0.4m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Depth below plinth beam = 1.375m
Quantity of concrete in column C1 = lxbxh
= 0.4 x 0.23x 1.375
= 0.1265cu-m
Number of C1 columns = 8
Total quantity of concrete in all C1 columns = 0.1265 x 8
= 1.012cu-m
Column C2
Length of column = 0.23m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Depth below plinth beam = 1.375m
Quantity of concrete in column C2 = l x b x h
= 0.23 x 0.23x 1.375
= 0.0727cu-m
Number of C2 columns = 2
Total quantity of concrete in all C2 columns = 0.0727 x 2
= 0.145cu-m
Total quantity of concrete in columns C1 and C2 = 1.012+0.145
= 1.157cu-m
 53

Note: We can make use of excel sheet for performing all our
calulations in a systematic and organised manner. Below is the excel
sheet format for the above estimation.

(6.6) CALCULATION OF SHUTTERING AREA OF COLUMN

BELOW PLINTH BEAM
Note: Refer the previous estimation for drawing details and
calculation of depth.
Below is the calculation of shuttering area of column below plinth
beam.
Column C1
Length of column = 0.4m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Depth of column = 1.375m
Shuttering area of column C1 = 2(l+b) x d
= 2(0.4+0.23) x 1.375
= 1.732sq-m
Number of C1 columns = 8
Total shuttering area of all C1 columns = 8 x 1.732
= 13.86sq-m
 54

Column C2
Length of column = 0.23m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Depth of column = 1.375m
Shuttering area of column C2 = 2(l+b) x d
= 2(0.23+0.23) x 1.375
= 1.265sq-m
Number of C2 columns = 2
Total shuttering area of all C2 columns = 2 x 1.265
= 2.53sq-m
Total area of shuttering of columns C1 and C2 = 13.86+2.53
= 16.39sq-m
Note: We can make use of excel sheet for performing all our
calulations in a systematic and organised manner. Below is the excel
sheet format for the above estimation.
 55

(6.7) CALCULATION OF CONCRETE QUANTITY OF PLINTH BEAM

Plinth Beam Layout Plan

In this layout plan, there are two types of plinth beams, i.e. plinth PB1
and plinth beam PB2. Plinth beam PB1 runs along the outer
boundaries and plinth beam PB2 connects the interior part of the
plan. To find the quantity of concrete we need to know the
dimensions of plinth beam which is given in the reinforcement detail
of plinth beam in the next page.
 56

Note: While finding the concrete quantity of columns in sub-structure

we took the depth of the column below plinth beam and here we will
take the entire length of plinth beam.
Plinth Beam PB1
Length of PB1 (LHS & RHS) = 12.1m+12.1m = 24.2m
Length of PB1 (Hall front and back) = 8.23m+8.23m = 16.46m
Total length of PB1 = 24.2+16.46
= 40.66m
Breadth of PB1 = 0.23m
Depth of PB1 = 0.375m
Quantity of concrete in PB1 = l x b x d
= 40.66 x 0.23 x 0.375
= 3.506cu-m
Plinth Beam PB2
Length of PB2 = 16.46 ( There are 2 PB2 beams, length = 2 x 8.23)
Breadth of PB2= 0.3m
Depth of PB2 = 0.375m
 57

Quantity of concrete in PB2 = l x b x d

= 16.46 x 0.3 x 0.375
= 1.851cu-m
Total quantity of concrete in PB1 and PB2 = PB1+PB1
= 3.50+1.85
= 5.359cu-m
Note: We can make use of excel sheet for performing all our
calulations in a systematic and organised manner. Below is the excel
sheet format for the above estimation.

(6.8) CALCULATION OF SHUTTERING AREA OF PLINTH BEAM

Note: Refer the previous estimation for drawing details.
In plinth beam the shuttering plates are used on both inner and outer
sides of shuttering. Therefore, we need to calculate both inner and
outer area of shuttering.
Plinth Beam PB1
PB1 outer length (front and back side) = 8.69m(front)+8.69m(back)
= 17.38m
PB1 outer length (LHS and RHS) = 12.1m(LHS)+12.1m(RHS)
= 24.2m
 58

Total outer length = 17.38+24.2 = 41.58m

Depth of PB1 = 0.375m
Total outer shuttering area of PB1 = length x depth
= 41.58 x 0.375
= 15.592sq-m
PB1 inner length (front and back) = 8.23m(front)+8.23m(back)
= 16.46m
PB1 inner length (LHS and RHS) = 3 x (3.5m(LHS)+3.5m(RHS))
= 21m
Total inner length = 16.46+21 = 37.46m
Depth of PB1 = 0.375m
Inner shuttering area of PB1 = length x depth
= 37.46 x 0.375
= 14.047sq-m
Plinth Beam PB2
There are two PB2 beams connected from column to column. In
each of them shuttering will be done on both sides of the beam. This
makes it 4 sides of shuttering for two PB2 beams. Therefore,
Total length of PB2 = 4 x 8.23
= 32.92m
Depth of PB2 = 0.375m
Total Shuttering area of PB2 = length x depth
= 32.92 x 0.375
= 12.345 sq-m
Total shuttering area of both PB1 and PB2 beams
= PB1(outer)+PB1(inner) +PB2
= 15.592+14.047+12.345
= 41.984sq-m
 59

Note: We can make all our calculations in a systematic manner in an

excel sheet. Below is the excel sheet format for the above estimation.

Did You Know?

After the casting of plinth beam we have to do DPC (damp proof
course) with bitumen paint in order to avoid dampness of beam.
The primary objective of damp proof coating is to avoid building up of
moisture which in turn helps protect the building from water damage.
Damp proofing also ensures that the water does not rise above plinth
level.
 60

(6.9) CALCULATION OF CONCRETE QUANTITY OF COLUMNS

ABOVE PLINTH BEAM

Roof Beam Layout Plan

In the Roof Beam layout plan there are two types of columns, i.e C1
and C2. We can also see two types of roof beams, i.e. B1 and B2.
 61

In the sectional view of hall,

we can see that the ceiling
height is given as 3.5m from
plinth level to bottom of slab.
We have to take the height of
the column below roof beam
so that we can check as to
which beam lies above
specific column. This is done
in order to find the height of
the columns.
We will first find the height of Sectional View of Hall

all columns above plinth beam.

Height of C1 below beam B1
= ceiling height
–B1 depth
+50mm DPC
= 3.5-0.3+0.05 = 3.25m
Height of C1 below beam B2
= ceiling height
–B2 depth
+50mm DPC
= 3.5-0.45+0.05 = 3.1m
Height of C2 below beam B1
= ceiling height
–B1 depth
+50mm DPC
= 3.5-0.3+0.05 = 3.25m
 62

Column C1
Below Beam B1
Length of column = 0.4m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Depth of column = 3.25m
Quantity of concrete in C1 below B1 = l x b x h
= 0.4 x 0.23x 3.25
= 0.299cu-m
Number of C1 columns below beam B1 = 4
Total concrete quantity of all C1 columns below B1 = 0.299 x 4
= 1.196cu-m
Below Beam B2
Length of column = 0.4m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Depth of column = 3.1m
Quantity of concrete in C1 below B2 = l x b x h
= 0.4 x 0.23x 3.1
= 0.285cu-m
Number of C2 columns below beam B2 = 4
Total concrete quantity of all C1 columns below B2 = 0.285 x 4
= 1.140cu-m
Column C2
Length of column = 0.23m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Depth of column = 3.25m
Quantity of concrete in C2 below B1 = l x b x h
= 0.23 x 0.23x 3.25
= 0.171cu-m
 63

Number of C2 columns below beam B1 = 2

Total concrete quantity of all C2 columns below B1 = 0.171 x 2
= 0.343cu-m
Total quantity of concrete in columns C1 and C2
= 1.196+1.140+0.343
= 2.681cu-m
Note: We can make use of excel sheet for performing all our
calulations in a systematic and organised manner. Below is the excel
sheet format for the above estimation.

Did You Know?

Column concrete should be casted part by part at 1.5m height to
avoid segregation.
Segregation is the separation of sand and aggregate from concrete
when poured above the height of 1.5m.
 64

(6.10) CALCULATION OF SHUTTERING AREA OF COLUMNS

ABOVE PLINTH BEAM
Note: Refer the previous estimation for drawing details.
The height of columns vary from beam to beam and therefore, the
shuttering area will also change accordingly. Because of this we
have calculated the shuttering area of column in three parts.
Column C1
Below Beam B1
Length of column = 0.4m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Height of column = 3.25m
Shuttering area of column C1 below B1 = 2(l+b) x h
= 2(0.4+0.23) x 3.25
= 4.095 sq-m
Number of C1 columns below beam B1 = 4
Total shuttering area of all C1 columns below B1 = 4 x 4.095
= 16.38sq-m
Below Beam B2
Length of column = 0.4m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Height of column = 3.1m
Shuttering area of column C1 below B2 = 2(l+b) x h
= 2(0.4+0.23) x 3.1
= 3.906 sq-m
Number of C1 columns below beam B2 = 4
Total shuttering area of all C1 columns below B2 = 4 x 3.906
= 15.624 sq-m
 65

Column C2
Length of column = 0.23m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Height of column = 3.25m
Shuttering area of column C1 below B1 = 2(l+b) x h
= 2(0.23+0.23) x 3.25
= 2.99 sq-m
Number of C2 columns below beam B1 = 2
Total shuttering area of all C2 columns below B1 = 2 x 2.99
= 5.98sq-m
Total shuttering area of all columns C1 and C2
= 16.38+15.624+5.98
= 37.984sq-m
Note: We can make use of excel sheet for performing all our
calulations in a systematic and organised manner. Below is the excel
sheet format for the above estimation.
 66

(6.11) CALCULATION OF CONCRETE QUANTITY OF ROOF BEAM

Roof Beam Layout Plan

In this drawing there are two types of beams, i.e. beam B1 and beam
B2. To find the quantity of concrete we need to know the dimensions
of roof beam which is given in the reinforcement detail of roof beam
in the next page.
 67

To find out the quantity of concrete we first need to find out the length
of beams. Refer the above drawings for details of various dimensions
used in calculations.
Length of beam B1(Hall front & back) with cantilever beam
= 9.89m+9.89m
= 19.78m
Length of beam B1(Hall LHS & RHS) with cantilever beam
= 3.67+3.5+3.67+0.6+0.6
= 24.08m
Total length of beam B1 = 19.78+24.08
= 43.86m
Length of beam B2 = 8.23+0.23+0.23+0.6+0.6
= 9.89m
Total length of beam B2 = 2 x 9.89m (Since, there are 2 beams B2)
= 19.78m
Therefore, we get the total length of beam B1 as 43.86m and beam
B2 as 19.78m.
 68

Beam B1
Length of beam = 43.86m
Breadth of beam = 0.23m
Depth of beam = 0.3m
Quantity of concrete in beam B1 = L x B x H
= 43.86 x 0.23x 0.3
= 3.026cu-m
Beam B2
Length of beam = 19.78m
Breadth of beam = 0.4m
Depth of beam = 0.45m
Quantity of concrete in beam B2 = L x B x H
= 19.75 x 0.4 x 0.45
= 3.560cu-m
Total quantity of concrete in beams B1 and B2
= 3.026+3.560
= 6.587cu-m
Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the above estimation.
 69

(6.12) CALCULATION OF SHUTTERING AREA OF ROOF BEAM

Note: Refer the previous estimation for drawing details of roof beam.
Below is the calculation of shuttering area of roof beam.
Beam B1
Length of beam B1 (hall front and back with cantilevers)
= 8.23+0.6+0.6
= 18.86m
Note: For every beam, shuttering is done on two faces, i.e. inside
and outside so we multiply the length with 2.
Total length of beam B1 (hall front and back with cantilevers)
= 18.86 x 2
= 37.72m
Length of beam B1 (LHS and RHS with cantilevers)
= 3.67+3.5+3.67+0.6+0.6
= 24.08m
Note: For every beam, shuttering plates are used on two faces,
inside and outside, so we multiply the length with 2.
Total length of beam B1(Inside face and outside face)
= 24.08 x 2
= 48.16m
Total length of beam B1 = 37.72+48.16
= 85.88m
Depth of beam = 0.3m
Shuttering area of beam B1 = length x depth
= 85.88 x 0.3
= 25.764sq-m
Now we will calculate the stopper area of beam B1. The number of
stoppers used in beam B1 is 8.
 70

Stopper Area of Beam B1

Breadth of beam = 0.23m
Depth of beam = 0.3m
Numbers of stoppers used in B1 = 8
Shuttering area = breadth x depth x number of stoppers
= 0.23 x 0.3 x 8
= 0.552sq-m
Beam B2
Length of beam B2 (with cantilevers) = 8.23+0.6+0.6
= 9.43 x 2 (for both B2 beams)
= 18.86m
Note: For every beam, shuttering is done on two faces, i.e. inside
and outside so we multiply the length with 2.
Total length of B2 (with cantilevers) = 18.86 x 2
= 37.72m
Depth of beam B2 = 0.45m
Shuttering area of beam B2 = length x depth
= 37.72 x 0.45
= 16.974sq-m
Stopper Area of Beam B2
Breadth of beam = 0.4m
Depth of beam = 0.45m
Number of stoppers used in B2 = 4
Shuttering area = breadth x depth x number of stoppers
= 0.4 x 0.45 x 4
= 0.72sq-m
Note: The shuttering area at the bottom of beams can be taken along
the slab bottom.
 71

Total shuttering area of both beams B1 and B2

= 25.764+16.974+0.552+0.72
= 44.01sq-m
Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the above estimation.

Did You Know?

The minimum diameter of bars used in bottom beams is 12mm. The
clear cover used in beam is from 25mm to 30mm. We also have to
do lapping of bars alternatively i.e, the position of lapped bars
should not be on the same side.
 72

(6.13) CALCULATION OF CONCRETE QUANTITY OF SLAB

Roof Slab Layout Plan

We will make use of this layout plan of roof slab for knowing the
details required for calculation of concrete quantity of roof slab.
Roof Slab
Length of slab = 13.3m
Breadth of slab = 9.89m
Thickness of slab = 0.15m
 73

Quantity of concrete in slab = l x b x t

= 13.3 x 9.89 x 0.15
= 19.73cu-m
Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the above estimation.

(6.14) CALCULATION OF SHUTTERING AREA OF SLAB

Note: Refer the previous estimation for drawing details of slab.
Below is the calculation of shuttering area of slab. We can know the
slab details from the drawing given in previous estimation.
Slab
Length of slab = 13.3m
Breadth of slab = 9.89m
Thickness of slab = 0.15m
Shuttering area of slab (bottom part) = l x b
= 13.3 x 9.89
= 131.53sq-m
Shuttering area of slab (side face) = 2(l+b) x t
= 2(13.3+9.89) x 0.15
= 6.957sq-m
Note: We need to deduct the area of column from the total area of
slab in order to get the actual shuttering area of slab.
Below is the calculation of area of columns. There are two type of
columns in the plan. The number of columns of C1 is 8 and C2 is 2.
 74

Column C1
Length of column = 0.4m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Number of columns C1 = 8
Total area of column C1 = 0.4 x 0.23 x 8 = 0.736sq-m
Column C2
Length of column = 0.23m
Breadth of column = 0.23m
Number of columns C2 = 2
Total area of column C2 = 0.23 x 0.23 x 2 = 0.1058sq-m
Total shuttering area of slab = (bottom area+side area)-column areas
= 131.537+6.957-0.1057-0.736
= 137.652sq-m
Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the above estimation.
 75
7 BRICKWORK ESTIMATION

In this topic we are going to calculate the quantity of brickwork in the

foundation of building using drawing. Brickwork is masonry produced
by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar. Typically, rows of bricks
called courses are laid on top of one another to build up a structure
such as a brick wall.
(7.1) INTRODUCTION TO BRICKWORK CALCULATION
Before proceeding to brickwork calculation we have to first find the
volume of brick according to various standards.
Indian Standard Of Bricks
Actual brick size
Length of brick = 190mm
Breadth of brick = 90mm
Height of brick = 90mm
Volume of actual brick = l x b x h = 190 x 90 x 90
= 0.19 x 0.09 x 0.09
= 0.001539cu-m
Nominal brick size
Adding 10mm of mortar to all
dimensions of actual brick.
Length of brick = 200mm
Breadth of brick = 100mm
Height of brick = 100mm
Volume of nominal brick = l x b x h = 200 x 100 x 100
= 0.2 x 0.1 x 0.1
= 0.002cu-m
Number of bricks required for 1cu-m brickwork = 1/.002
= 500 bricks
 76

Site Standard Of Bricks

Actual brick size
Length of brick = 228mm
Breadth of brick = 114mm
Height of brick = 76mm
Volume of actual brick = l x b x h = 228 x 114 x 76
= 0.228m x 0.114m x 0.076m
= 0.001975cu-m
Nominal brick size
Adding 10mm of mortar to all dimensions of actual brick.
Length of brick = 200mm
Breadth of brick = 100mm
Height of brick = 100mm
Volume of nominal brick = l x b x h = 238 x 124 x 86
= 0.238 x 0.124 x 0.086
= 0.002538cu-m
Number of bricks required for 1cu-m brickwork = 1/.002538
= 394 bricks
Note: Now that we have calculated the quantity of bricks required for
brickwork, we can now start calculating the brickwork of the foundation
of a building. Refer the upcoming estimation for the calculation of
brickwork of a foundation wall.
Brickwork Foundation is the foundation provided for the walls of a
building. It is constructed below the plinth level, i.e. below the ground
level. This foundation is made of brick masonry. Brickwork of a
foundation wall increases the stability and durability of the structure.
 77

(7.2) CALCULATION OF BRICKWORK OF BUILDING FOUNDATION

For calculating the quantity of brickwork in the foundation of a building,
we have to first analyse the given drawing of foundation and get the
measures of various dimensions for calculation purpose.

Foundation Wall Layout Plan

In this layout plan of foundation wall we can see that FW1 represents
the foundation wall. Refer the cross section view of foundation for
more details.
 78

In the cross sectional view you

can see the foundation of 9 inch
thick brick wall. The foundation
is constructed in steps above
PCC. There are 4 steps of
various width and thickness.
To find out the quantity of
brickwork, we have to first find
the below three dimensions.
Length of brick wall
Width of brick wall
Depth of brick wall
First we have to find the length
of the wall, the length of the wall
can be found from the top view
of drawing using AutoCAD.
The below figure shows the
length of the wall in AutoCAD. Cross Section View Of Foundation

Foundation Layout Plan with dimensions

 79

Now we know that the brickwork is done from column to column. So

by using dimension command in AutoCAD we can find the length
between column to column and then we add all the lengths.
In the above figure you can see that the distance between the column
of F1 footing and column of F3 footing is 10 feet 2 inches. The
distance between the column of F3 footing and F2 footing is 18 feet 3
inches.
Similarly we will find the distance between all the columns. The
complete length of the wall is 215.33 feet.
Now, to find the breadth and thickness of wall are given in the cross
sectional view of the foundation, the breadth and thickness of each
step is given in the drawing.
So all the three dimensions, i.e. length, breadth and thickness are
available now to find the quantity of brick work.
Brickwork Of 1st Step
Length of step = 215.33ft
Breadth of step = 1ft 10.5inch = 1.875ft
Thickness of step = 6 inch = 0.5ft
Quantity of brickwork in 1st step = l x b x d
= 215.33 x 1.875 x 0.5
= 201.87cu-ft (or) 5.72cu-m
Brickwork Of 2nd Step
Length of step = 215.33 ft
Breadth of step = 1ft 6 inch = 1.5ft
Thickness of step = 6 inch = 0.5ft
Quantity of brickwork in 2nd step = l x b x d
= 215.33 x 1.5 x 0.5
= 161.49cu-ft (or) 4.577cu-m
 80

Brickwork Of 3rd Step

Length of step = 215.33ft
Breadth of step = 1ft 1.5inch = 1.125ft
Thickness of step = 6 inch = 0.5ft
Quantity of brickwork in 3rd step = l x b x d
= 215.33 x 1.125 x 0.5
= 121.12cu-ft (or) 3.433cu-m
Brickwork Of 4th Step
Length of step = 215.33ft
Breadth of step = 9inch = 0.75ft
Note: In 4th step we have to calculate the thickness/depth as it is not
given directly.
Thickness of step = total depth above 3rd step–beam depth–DPC
thickness
= 4ft–1ft 3inch-2inch
= 2.5834ft
Quantity of brickwork in 4th step = l x b x d
= 215.33 x 0.75 x 2.5834
= 417.21cu-ft (or) 11.825cu-m
Total quantity of brickwork of all the steps
= Step1+Step2+Step3+ step4
= 5.72+4.577+3.433+11.825
= 25.555cu-m
According to Bureau of Indian Standards, 1cu-m of brickwork
contains 500 bricks.
Therefore, 25.555 cu-m quantity of brickwork contains
= 25.555 x 500
= 12777.5 bricks
 81

Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the previous estimation.

(7.3) ESTIMATION OF BRICKWORK ABOVE PLINTH LEVEL

To find out the estimation of brickwork above plinth level we need to
first find out the length, breadth and height of the wall in the given
drawing. For length and breadth of the wall we need to see the top
view of the drawing which is given below.
To find out the total length of wall
we need to add all the lengths of
wall from column to column.
Total length of wall = 4+3.5+4+3.5
= 15m
Breadth of the wall = 230mm
Note: Height of the wall can be
found in the front elevation view of
the drawing in the next page.
Top View Of Room
 82

Here, in the front view,

Height of the wall = 3m.
Sill height of window = 0.7m
Note: Sill height is the
distance between the plinth
level and the window
bottom. Front View Of Room
First we find the area of wall so that we can easily deduct the door
and window areas.
Wall Area
Length of wall = 15m
Height of wall = 3m
Area of wall = 45sq-m
Now we have to deduct the area of doors and windows. The
dimensions of doors and windows is given in the joinery details
below.

Door Area Window Area

Length of door = 0.8m Length of window = 1.5m
Height of door = 2m Height of window = 1.2m
Area of door = 0.8 x 2 Area of window = 1.5 x 1.2
= 1.6sq-m = 1.8sq-m
Total area of deduction = 1.6+3.6 (area of 2 windows)
= 5.2sq-m
 83

Total area of wall after deductions = wall area-total deductions

= 45-5.2
= 39.8sq-m
To find the volume of brickwork we have to multiply the breadth of
wall to the area of wall.
Quantity of Brickwork = 39.8 x 0.23
= 9.154cu-m
We have to calculate the number of bricks in the above quantity.
According to Bureau of Indian Standards, 1cu-m of brickwork
contains 500 bricks.
Therefore, 9.154cu-m quantity of brickwork contains = 9.154 x 500
= 4577 bricks
Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the above estimation.
 84
8
PLASTERWORK

Plaster is a thin layer of mortar applied over the masonry surface and
it acts as a damp-proof coat over the brick masonry work.
To find the estimation of
plasterwork we need to first find
the length, breadth and height of
the wall in given drawing. For
length, we need to see the top
view of drawing.
In the top view we can see that
the dimension of the room is
4 x 3.5 from inner to inner side.
To find the height of the wall Top View Of Room
we have to refer the front
elevation of wall in the drawing.
Here in the front view, the
height of the wall is 3m.
First we find the area of wall so
that we can deduct the area of
doors and windows easily. Front View Of Room
Interior Plaster
We will take inner dimensions of room for calculating interior plaster.
For this we need to add all the lengths of wall from column to column.
Total length of wall = 4+3.5+4+3.5 = 15m
Length of wall = 15m
Height of wall = 3m
Area of wall = 45sq-m
Now we have to deduct the area of doors and windows using the
joinery details.
 85

Door Area Window Area

Length of door = 0.8m Length of window = 1.5m
Height of door = 2m Height of window = 1.2m
Area of door = 0.8 x 2 Area of window = 1.5 x 1.2
= 1.6sq-m = 1.8sq-m
Total area of deduction = 1.6+3.6 (area of 2 windows)
= 5.2sq-m
Total area of wall for plasterwork = wall area-total deductions
= 45-5.2
= 39.8sq-m
To find the volume of plaster we have to multiply the breadth of wall
to the area of wall. For internal plaster the minimum thickness is
10mm. Therefore,
Quantity of plaster for internal plasterwork = 39.8 x 0.010
= 0.398cu-m
Exterior Plaster
We will take outer dimensions of room for calculating exterior plaster.
For this we need to add all the lengths of wall from column to column.
Total length of wall = 2{(4+0.230+0.230)+(3.5+0.230+0.230)} = 16.84m
where 0.230 x 0.230 is the size of column which is added to the wall
length.
Length of wall = 16.84m
Height of wall = 3m
 86

Area of outer wall = 16.48 x 3 = 50.52sq-m

Now we have to deduct the area of doors and windows in order to
get the plaster area of the wall. We have already calculated the total
deductions in the exterior plaster calculation.
Total area of wall for plasterwork = wall area-total deductions
= 50.52-5.2
= 45.32sq-m
To find the volume of plaster we have to multiply the breadth of wall
to the area of wall. For external plaster the minimum thickness is
12mm. Therefore,
Quantity of plaster for exterior plasterwork = 45.32 x 0.012
= 0.543cu-m
Total quantity of plaster = interior plaster+exterior plaster
= 0.398+0.543
= 0.941cu-m
Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the above estimation.
 87
9
STAIRCASE

A stair is a set of steps, leading from one floor to other to establish the
means of ascent or descent between the various floors of a building.
The room or enclosure of building in which the stair is located is
known as stair-case.
CALCULATION OF CONCRETE QUANTITY OF STAIRCASE

Top View Of Staircase

In the top view of staircase you will see that it is a dog leg staircase of
span 4.5m. To find out the quantity of concrete in staircase we need
to refer its sectional view.

Sectional View Of Staircase

 88

The calculation of quantity of concrete in staircase is as follows:

Waist Slab
Length of waist can be calculated as 10 times the hypotenuse of one
step of stair = 0.291 x 10 (because number of steps are 10)
Length of waist slab = 2.91m
Breadth of waist slab = 1.2m
Thickness of waist slab = 0.075m
Quantity of concrete in waist slab = l x b x d
= 2.91 x 12 x 0.075
= 2.619cu-m
Landing Of Staircase
Length of landing = 1.2m
Breadth of landing = 1.0m
Thickness of landing = 0.125m
Quantity of concrete in landing = l x b x d
= 1.2 x 1 x 0.125
= 0.15cu-m
Number of landings in one stair = 2
Total Quantity of concrete in landings = 2 x 0.15
= 0.3cu-m
Steps Of Staircase
The steps of stairs are mainly made of bricks. Therefore, we have to find
the total numbers of bricks required in staircase. The steps are in
triangular form, therefore we have to first find the area of triangle.
Length of one step = 1.2m
Area of triangle = 0.5 x base x height
= 0.5 x 0.25 x 0.15
= 0.0187sq-m
 89

Volume of one step = area of step x length of step

= 0.0187 x 1.2
= 0.0225cu-m
Number of steps = 10
The total volume of all steps = 0.0225 x 10
= 0.225cu-m
Number of bricks required for all the steps = 0.225 x 500
= 112.5 bricks

Did You Know?

Starter of a column is the lowest
portion of a column. It is cast before
the casting of the whole column.
Generally starters are provided on
plinth beams and roof slabs for casting
column.They give proper alignment to
shuttering of column.
 90
10
CEMENT, SAND & AGGREGATE

In this topic we are we will learn the estimation of quantity of cement,

sand and aggregate. Correct estimation of this is very important as it
decides the quality of concrete.
Cement
Weight of cement bag = 50kg
Density of cement (OPC) = 1440kg/cu-m
Density = mass/volume
Volume of 1 cement bag = weight of cement bag/density of cement
= 50/1440 = 0.035cu-m
= 1.23cu-ft
Note: Expiry date of cement bag is 90 days (3 months)
Sand
Density of sand is = 1400 to 1600kg/cu-m
Aggregate
Density of Aggregate is = 1450 to 1700kg/cu-m
Concrete Mix
Concrete mix is basically of two types (i) Nominal mix (ii) Design mix
It is designated as Mx, where
Mx = M denotes mixure, cement+sand+aggregate
x denotes characteristic compressive strength
Nominal mix is ≤ M25
Design mix is > M25 Concrete Grade

The table on the right shows the

various grades of concrete,
Mx = Grade of concrete
C:S:A = ratio of cement ,sand
and aggregate
 91

Some formulas for calculating cement, sand and aggregate:

Cement: Dry volume x Quantity x Cement ratio 0.035
Sum of ratio
We multiply the below formula by 35.28 in order to get the unit in cu-ft
Sand: Dry volume x Quantity x Sand ratio
x 35.28
Sum of ratio
We multiply the below formula by 35.28 in order to get the unit in cu-ft
Aggregate: Dry volume x Quantity x Agg. ratio
x 35.28
Sum of ratio
Let us solve one example to understand this topic.
Let quantity = 1 cu-m
Dry volume = 1.54
Grade M25 ratio = 1:1:2
Cement quantity = (1.54 x 1 x 1) ÷ 0.035 = 11 bags
4
Sand quantity = (1.54 x 1 x 1) x 35.28 = 13.58cu-ft
4
Aggregate quantity = (1.54 x 1 x 2) x 35.28 = 27.17cu-ft
4
Square Column
Length of square column = 0.3m
Height of column = 3m
Volume of square column = l x l x h
= 0.3 x 0.3 x 3
= 0.27cu-m
Grade M20 ratio = 1:1.5:3
Now we will calculate the quantity of cement, sand and aggregate in
this square column.
 92

Cement quantity of column = (1.54 x 0.27 x 1) ÷ 0.035 = 2.16 bags

5.5
Sand quantity of column = (1.54 x 0.27 x 1.5) x 35.28 = 4.1cu-ft
5.5
Aggregate quantity of column = (1.54 x 0.27 x 3) x 35.28 = 8.1cu-ft
5.5
Note: Below are the standard quantities of cement, sand & aggregate.
 93
11 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

Bar Bending Schedule or BBS is the Schedule prepared for the

detail of reinforcement which is provided in the concrete structure.
The details such as cutting length, numbers of bars, unit weight of
bars and the total weight of the bars is made in this schedule.
This schedule is prepared for billing work as well as for site work as
the engineers have to give a proper bar bending schedule to the bar
benders so that they can have idea of the cutting length of bars and
also know the number of bars required on site.
The diameter of bar starts from:
6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm,
40mm, 50mm and so on.
Here 6mm & 8mm are used for making rings for column and beams.
The minimum diameter of the bar used in the column is 12mm.
Clear Cover
The clear cover is defined as the space provided between the
reinforcement bar and the shuttering surface so that the bars are not
visible after the removal of shuttering.
The clear cover for different RCC structures is given below.
Footing: 50mm-75mm
Column: 40mm
Beam: 25-30 mm
Slab: 20mm
Staircase: 15mm

Note: Bar bending schedule is prepared before the commencement

of construction, to know the quality of steel required for construction
site and also to know the diameter of bars. This helps in ordering the
correct quantity of construction material.
 94

Difference Between Main Bar and Distribution bar

Main Bar Distribution Bar
The main bar is always The distribution bars is always
placed along shorter span of placed along longer span of
the structure. the structure.

The diameter of main bar is The diameter of distribution

either equal to or greater bar is either equal to or less
than distribution bar. than main bar.
The spacing of main bars are The spacing of distribution
either less than or equal to bars are either greater than or
distribution bars. equal to main bars.

The bottom bars are always The top bars are always the
the main bars. distribution bars.
 95

(11.1) PROCEDURE OF BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

The procedure of bar bending schedule is as follows:
Step-1 : First we have to find the cutting length of the bar.
For this, we have to refer the section view in the diagram below.

Top View Sectional View

This is the section of footing, in this the main bar is along the shorter
span and the distribution bar is along the longer span.
The size of footing is 1200x1500. We will take cover as 50mm for
footing.
The cutting length of the bar without deductions
= 1400+100+100
= 1600mm
Step-2 : Find the number of bars.
To find out number of bars we have to apply a formula ie.
Number of bars = opposite length (-covers both side)
+1
spacing
The opposite length of footing is 1200mm. Therefore,
Number of bars = 1200-(50+50)
+1
150
= 1100/150+1
= 8.33
= 9 bars
 96

Step 3 : Find the unit weight of bar.

To find the unit weight of bar we have to apply the below formula.
Unit weight of bar = D²/162
Where D is the diameter of bar. The unit weight tells us the weight
of bar per meter length.
Step 4 : Total weight of the bar.
The total weight of the bar is calculated using the below formula.
Total weight = cutting length x number of bars x unit weight.
Deduction
When we bend the reinforcement bars upto some angle, the bars get
stretched and results in the length of the bar getting increased. So we
need to deduct the increased length otherwise our steel consumption
is more than the required steel as per drawing. We will make this
deduction on-site for finding the exact cutting length of the bar.
The deduction that we do is according to bend angles.
Bars With 45º Bend
We deduct 1D from the cutting length, i.e. 1D 45º Bend
for 45º bend, where D is the diameter of the
bar will be deducted from the cutting length.
Bars with 90º Bend
For bars with 90º bend, we deduct 2D from
90º Bend
the cutting length, i.e. 2D for 90º bend,
where D is the diameter of the bar.
Bars with 135º Bend
For bars with 135º bend, we deduct 3D from
135º Bend
the cutting length, i.e. 3D for 135º bend,
where D is the diameter of the bar.
 97

(11.2) RINGS
Rings are used in columns and beams to hold the primary
reinforcement bars in place. They are used to prevent the columns
and beams from buckling.
Rings used in vertical members (columns) are known as ties .
Rings used in horizontal members (beams) are known as stirrup
. TYPE OF RINGS

Rectangular Ring Circular Ring

Diamond Ring Triangular Ring

Hook Bar
 98

Legged Rings

Two Legged Ring Four Legged Ring

Six Legged Ring

(11.3) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS
Rectangular Ring
Given,
D = diameter of bar = 8mm
A = length of column (cover is deducted from both side) = 300mm
B = breadth of column (cover is deducted from both side) = 400mm
 99

l = length of ring
= A-2 x cover = 300-2 x 40 = 220mm
b = breadth of ring
= B-2 x cover = 400-2 x 40 = 320mm
Cutting length of rectangular ring = 2(l+b)+20D = 2(220+320)+20 x 8
= 1240mm = 1.24m
Circular Ring
Given,
D = diameter of column = 300mm
Clear cover = 40mm
d = diameter of ring = 8mm
Formula to find cutting length of
circular ring
= circumference of circle+20D
D = diameter of column-2 x cover both side
= 300-2 x 40
= 220mm
Cutting length of circular ring = πD+20d
= 3.14 x 220+20 x 8
= 851mm = 0.851m
Diamond Ring
Given:
Clear cover = 40mm
Diameter of ring = 8mm
A = length and breadth of column
= 400mm (both sides cover deduced)
b = A-2 x cover = 400-2 x 40 = 320mm
Value of b when divided by 2 = b/2 = 320/2 = 160mm
 100

According to pythagorus theorem:

C is the inclined length of Diamond Ring
C = √(160²+160²) = 226mm
Cutting length of diamond ring = 4C+20D
= 4 x 226+20 x 8
= 1064mm = 1.064m
Triangular Ring
Given,
Clear cover = 40mm ,
Diameter of ring = 8mm
A = length of column (cover deducted from both sides) = 300mm
B = breadth of column (cover deducted from both sides) = 600mm
Formula to find cutting length of triangular ring = 2C+l+20D
l = length of main ring
b = breadth of main ring
Finding length and breadth
of main ring:
l = A-2 x cover
= 300-2 x 40
= 220mm
e = B-2 x cover
= 600-2 x 40
= 520mm
So the value of e is
divided by 3 portions = e/3 = 520/3 = 173mm
And also the
Value of l is dividing by 2 = l/2 = 220/2 = 110mm
 101

According to pythagorus theorem:

l/2 = 320/2 = 160mm ,e/3 = 520/3 = 173mm

C is the inclined length of triangular ring
C= √(173²+110²) = 205mm
Therefore, we put these value in the formula = 2C+l+20D
Cutting length of triangular ring = 2C+l+20D
= 2 x 205+220+20 x 8
= 790mm = 0.79m

Did You Know?

The minimum diameter of bars used in making rings of beams and
columns is 6mm and 8mm. The spacing of rings is less at the
supports when compared to the spacing in the middle of beams and
columns.
 (11.4) BAR
102
BENDING SCHEDULE OF FOOTING

In the structural drawing, the top plan of footing is given and a section
is cut from either side.

Top View Of Footing Reinforcement Detail Of Footing

Here bar A is the main bar of diameter 12mm & spacing 150mm c/c.
First, we have to find the cutting length of the main bar.
Bar A (Main Bar)
Step 1:
Cutting length of bar A = 1200[-(50+50)] (50mm of cover deducted)
= 1100mm (or) 1.1m
Add bend length on both sides = 1.1+01+0.1 (bend length = 0.1m)
= 1.3m
On site we will make some deductions as if we are to bend a bar at
90º, then as the bar gets stretched we deduct 2D from both sides,
where D is the diameter of the bar.
Here, 2D = 2 x 12 = 24mm (from both sides of bar)
Actual cutting length of bar = 1.3-0.024-0.024
= 1.252m
Note: Refer the sectional view in the next page for bend length details.
 103

Step 2:
Number of bars = opposite length(-covers)
+1
spacing
= 1500-(50+50)
+1
150
= 10.33 bars
Step 3:
Unit weight of bar = D²/162
= 12²/162
Section X-X'
= 0.888kg/m
Step 4:
Total weight of bars = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 1.252m × 10.33 × 0.888
= 11.484kg
Bar B (Distribution Bar)
Bar B is distribution bar of diameter 12mm & spacing 150mm c/c.
First, we have to find the cutting length of distribution bar B.
Step 1:
Cutting length of bar B = 1500[-(50+50)] (50mm of cover deducted)
= 1400mm (or) 1.4m
Add bend length of both sides = 1.4+01+0.1 (bend length = 0.1m)
= 1.6m
On site we will make some deductions as if we are to bend a bar at
90º, then as the bar gets stretched we deduct 2D from both sides,
where D is the diameter of the bar.
Here 2D = 2 x 12 = 24mm (from both sides of bar)
Actual cutting length of bar = 1.6-0.024-0.024
= 1.552m
 104

Step 2:
Number of bars = Opposite length(-covers)
+1
spacing
= 1200-(50+50)+1
150
= 7.33 bars
Step 3:
Unit weight of bar = D²/162
= 12²/162
Section Y-Y'
= 0.888kg/m
Step 4:
Total weight of bars = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 1.552m × 7.33 × 0.888
= 10.10kg
Note: In the current estimation we calculated the BBS for a single
footing. In the upcoming estimation we will calculate the BBS of all
the footings, in the entire plan of a building.

Did You Know?

While placing the vertical bars of
column we should bind the bend of
all the vertical bars diagonally to the
bars of footing. This is done to
transfer the load in all directions.
 105

(11.5) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF FOOTINGS OF A PLAN

In the previous estimation we calculated the BBS of a single footing.
In this topic we will calculate the BBS of all the footings of a building.

Foundation Layout Plan Front View Of Isolated Footing

Here is the plan showing footings F1, F2 and F3 of a building, we

have to calculate the bar bending schedule of all the footings directly
into excel sheet. We have a total of 10 footings in the layout plan. We
can refer the front view of the footing for getting the dimensions of the
footing.
Note: Revise the previous estimation for calculation of footing and try
solving this plan on your own. You can check your calculation from
the excel format of the estimation given in the next page.
 106

According to drawing, a bend

mesh is provided in the footings
of bend length 150mm from both
side of bars. In the sectional view
of the footing:
M represents main bars of
diameter 10mm.
D represents distribution bars of
diameter 10mm.
The clear cover for footing is
50mm.
The reinforcement details of bar
is given in the right schedule.
Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the above BBS estimation.
 107

(11.6) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF COLUMN

Bar bending schedule of the column
is described below. Refer both the
views for getting the details
for calculation.

Top View Of Footing and Column Reinforcement Detail Of Footing and

Column
The top view shows the length and breadth of the footing and
column. The length of footing is 15m and the breadth of the footing is
1.2m. Whereas, the length of the column is 0.4m and breadth of the
column is 0.3m.
To view the reinforcement detail of the footing and column we have
to cut a section, i.e. (Section X-X’) which is shown in the figure of
reinforcement. In the
reinforcement details,
the height of the column
is 5m and thickness of
the footing is 0.3m. Bar
number and ring details Section X-X'
are given along the section.
 108

First, we have to find the cutting length of vertical bars.

Step 1:
Cutting length of vertical bars = 5m+0.3m
(Deduct 50mm cover, 12mm bottom bar, 10mm top bar)
= 5.3–0.05–0.012-0.01
= 5.228m
Take bend = 0.3m (given)
Actual cutting length of vertical bars = 5.228+0.3
= 5.5288m
Step 2:
Number of bars = 4 bars of 16mm and
4 bars of 20mm
Step 3:
Unit weight of bar = D²/162
When D = 16mm,
Unit weight of bar = 16²/162
= 1.58kg/m
When D = 20mm,
Unit weight of bar = 20²/162
= 2.46kg/m
Step 4:
Total weight of vertical bar = cutting length × no. of bars × unit wt.
For 16mm bar = 5.528 × 4 × 1.58 = 34.936kg
For 20mm bar = 5.528 × 4 × 2.46 = 54.39kg
 109

(11.7) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF COLUMN

Given clear cover of the column is 40mm.
Formula to find cutting length of ring is
= [2x(l+b)+ 20D]
Where,
l = Length of ring
b = Breadth of ring
D = Diameter of bar Section X-X'
Note: Cover of both sides should be subtracted from length and
breadth.
Step 1:
Here, length = 0.320m, breadth = 0.220m and diameter = 8mm
Cutting length of ring = [2x(l+b)+20D]
= [2(0.320+0.220)+20 x 0.008]
= 1.24m
Step 2:
Here length would be taken as the vertical length of column where
the rings are placed.
Number of bars = (length/spacing)+1
= (5.228/ 0.15)+1
= 35.38 (or) 36 rings
Step 3:
Unit weight of bars = D²/162
= 8²/162 = 0.395kg/m
Step 4:
Total weight of bars = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 1.24 X 36 X 0.395
= 17.63kg
 110

(11.8) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF COLUMNS OF A PLAN

In the previous estimation we calculated the BBS for a single column.
In this topic we will calculate the BBS for all the columns of a building.

Column Layout Plan Front View Of Isolated Footing

Here is the plan showing columns C1 and C2 of a building, we have
to calculate the bar bending schedule of all the columns directly into
excel sheet.
In order to find the total height of vertical bars we have to refer the
cross sectional view of columns below plinth level and above plinth
level. For knowing the details of column below plinth level refer the
front view given above. For details of column above plinth level refer
the sectional view given in the next page.
Note: Revise the previous estimation of column and try solving this
plan on your own.
 111

Sectional View Of Hall

According to drawing, there are two type of columns C1 and C2.
Size of column C1 is 400mm x 230mm.
Size of column C2 is 230mm x 230mm.
The clear cover for footing is 40 mm.
The details of reinforcement is given in
the column schedule. Details of number
of bars and rings is given in the schedule.
Now we can start calculating directly
on excel.
Vertical height of bar
= 1.5m (excavation level to NGL)
+0.3m (NGL to road level)
+0.75m (road level to plinth level)
+3.5m (plinth level to slab bottom)
+015m (slab thickness)
= 1.5+0.3+0.75+3.5+0.15 = 6.2m
 112

Deductions
= 0.15m (pcc thickness)
+50mm (cover)
+10mm (diameter of main bar)
+10mm (diameter of distribution bar)
= 0.15+0.05+0.01+0.01 = 0.22
Total height of vertical bar of columns = 6.20-0.22
= 5.980m
We will make rest of the calculations directly on excel sheet.
Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the above BBS estimation.
 113

(11.9) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF PLINTH BEAM

The estimation of bar bending schedule of plinth beam is described
below.

Reinforcement Details Of Plinth Beam

In the reinforcement details of plinth beam in, the length of the beam
is 5m from column to column. The plinth beam is always connected
from column to column at the ground level. Therefore, the bars of
plinth beam are interconnected with vertical column bars so that the
load can be easily distributed.
To find the bar bending schedule of plinth beam we need to cut one
section as shown in the figure below.

Section X-X'
In the above figure, we see that there are 6 bars, 3 bars at the top and
3 bars at the bottom of 12mm diameter. All 6 bars are of 12mm
diameter.
Now that we have all the necessary details for calculation, we will
start with finding the cutting length of the bar.
 114

Step 1:
Length of beam including both columns = 5m+0.4m+0.4m = 5.8m
The cutting length of straight bar is 5.8m (-both column covers)
Let us take column cover = 40mm
Cutting length of the straight bar = 5.80-0.04-0.04
= 5.72m
Now we have to add the bend portion in the cutting length because
the straight bar is bent from both ends.
Case 1: In this case, the length is given in the drawing (say 300mm)
Then we simply add 2 bends in the
calculated cutting length.
Cutting length = 5.72+0.3+0.3
= 6.32m
Case 2: In this case, we have to find the cutting length manually.
Given thickness of beam = 400mm
Now, Subtract top and bottom cover from the thickness of the beam
(Note: Take beam cover = 30mm)
Therefore, after subtracting top and bottom cover from thickness we
get = 400-30-30
= 340mm
Now we have to subtract the
diameterof 12mm (of top and bottom bars) from the remaining
thickness.
Cutting length = 340-12-12
= 0.316m
Note: We will make use of the cutting length obtained in case-1 for
calculating the weight of bar.
 115

Step 2:
Number of bars: The number of bars in the plinth beam is judged by
seeing the section view of the beam.
Number of bars in the plinth beam = 6
Step 3:
Unit weight of bar = D²/162
= 12²/162
= 0.888kg/m
Step 4:
Total weight of bars = cutting length x no. of bars x unit weight
= 6.32 x 6 x 0.888
= 33.67kg
(11.10) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF PLINTH BEAM
Given clear cover of plinth beam is 30mm.
Formula to find cutting length of stirrup is
= [2x(l+b)+ 20D]
Where,
l = Length of ring
b = Breadth of ring
D = Diameter of bar Section X-X'
Note: Cover of both sides should be subtracted from length and
breadth.
Step 1:
Here, length = 0.340m, breadth = 0.240m and diameter = 0.008m
Cutting length of ring = [2x(l+b)+20D]
= [2(0.340+0.240)+20 x 0.008]
= 1.32m
 116

Step 2:
Here length would be taken as the length of plinth beam from column
to column, where the rings are placed.
Number of bars = (length/spacing)+1
= (5/ 0.15)+1
= 33.33 (or) 34 rings
Step 3:
Unit weight of bars = D²/162
= 8²/162 = 0.395kg/m
Step 4:
Total weight of bars = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 1.32 x 34 x 0.395
= 17.72kg
(11.11) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF PLINTH BEAMS OF A PLAN

Plinth Beam Layout Plan

 117

Sectional View Of Plinth Beam

Note: In the previous estimation we calculated the BBS for a single
plinth beam. In the current estimation we will calculate the BBS of all
the plinth beams, in the entire plan of the building.

In the plinth beam layout plan there are two types of plinth beams, i.e,
plinth beam PB1 and plinth beam PB2. The details of their
reinforcement is given in the above table. The plinth beam PB1 is all
around the hall and the plinth beam PB2 is in the mid portion
connecting the two opposite plinth beams. Refer the sectional view of
plinth beam for better understanding.
Note: Revise the previous estimation of plinth beam and try solving
this plan on your own.
 118

Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the BBS estimation of plinth
beam.
 119

(11.12) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF ROOF BEAM

The estimation of bar bending schedule of roof beam is described
below.

Sectional View Of Roof Beam

In the above reinforcement detail of roof beam, the length of roof

beam is 3m center to center of the column.The roof beam is always
connected from column to column and therefore, the bars of the
beam are interconnected with vertical column bars so that the load
can be easily distributed.
To find the bar bending schedule of roof beam we need to cut one
section as shown in the figure below.

Section X-X'
Now in the above figure we see that there are six bars, three bars at
the top and three bars at the bottom, where each bar is of 12mm
diameter. The length and breadth of the column is 400mm and
400mm respectively.
 120

Step 1:
Length of beam including both columns = 3+0.2+0.2 = 3.8m
Cutting length of straight bar = 3.4m (-both side column covers)
Note: Take column cover = 40mm
Cutting length of straight bar = 3.40-0.04-0.04
= 3.32m
Step 2:
Number of bars: The number of bars in the roof beam is judged by
seeing the sectional view of the roof beam.
Number of bars in roof beam = 6
Step 3:
Unit weight of bars = D²/162
= 12²/162
= 0.888kg/m
Step 4:
Total weight of bars = cutting length x no. of bars x unit weight
= 3.32 x 6 x 0.888
= 17.68kg
Note: In the current estimation we calculated the BBS for a single
roof beam. In the upcoming estimation we will calculate the BBS of
all the roof beams, in the entire plan of a building.
 121

(11.13) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF ROOF BEAM

Given clear cover of roof beam is 30mm.
Formula to find cutting length of stirrup is
= [2x(l+b)+20D]
Where,
l = Length of ring
b = Breadth of ring
D = Diameter of bar Section X-X'
Note: Cover of both sides should be subtracted from length and
breadth.
Step 1:
Here, length = 0.340m, breadth = 0.240m and diamater = 0.008m
Cutting length of ring = [2x(l+b)+20D]
= [2(0.340+0.240)+20 x 0.008]
= 1.32m
Step 2:
Here length would be taken as the vertical length of column where
the rings are placed.
Number of bars = (length/spacing)+1
= (3/0.15)+1
= 21 rings
Step 3:
Unit weight of bars = D²/162
= 8²/162 = 0.395kg/m
Step 4:
Total weight of bars = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 1.32 x 21 x 0.395
= 10.94kg
 122

(11.14) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF CONTINOUS ROOF BEAM

The estimation of bar bending schedule of continous roof beam is
described below.

Reinforcement Details Of Continous Roof Beam

In the reinforcement detail of roof beam there is a continuous beam of
length 5525mm and 5125mm center to center of the column.
The roof beam is always connected from column to column, therefore
the bars of the beam are interconnected with vertical column bars so
that the load can be easily distributed.

Section 1-1 Section 2-2

 123

To find the bar bending schedule of roof beam we need to cut one
section as shown in the previous figure.
In this figure, you will see that there are eight bars, four bars on top
and four bars at the bottom. Middle two bars on top are extra bars
with diameter 12mm. All four corner bars are straight bars of 25mm
diameter. Middle two bottom bars are also straight bars with 20mm
diameter.
Length and breadth of the column is 400mm & 400mm respectively.
The breadth and thickness of the beam is 300mm and 400mm
respectively.
Step 1:
Length of beam including both columns = 5525+5125+200+200
(200mm is center of column to the end of the column)
Cutting length of straight bar = 11050mm(-both side column covers)
Note: Take column cover = 40mm
Therefore, cutting length of the straight bar = 11050-40-40
= 10970mm
Now, we calculate bend length:
In this, we have to find the bend length manually.
Given thickness of beam = 300mm
(Subtract top and bottom cover from the thickness of the beam)
Note: Take beam cover = 30mm
Therefore, after subtracting top and bottom cover from thickness we
will get = 300-30-30 = 240mm
Now we have to subtract the diameter of top and bottom bar i.e.
25mm from the remaining thickness = 340-25-25 = 290mm or 300mm
Total cutting length of straight bars = 10970+300+300
= 11570mm
 124

Cutting length of extra bars:

There are two types of extra bars.
1.Bars that are provided at edges of beam:
Cutting length = 1670+400+300 = 2370mm
Where, bend length = 300 and
column breadth = 400
By subtracting the column cover
of 40mm from cutting length we
will get the actual cutting length.
Actual cutting length = 2370-40
= 2330mm
2.Bars that are provided in middle of beam:
Cutting length = 1550+400+1550
= 3500mm
Step 2:
The number of bars in the beam is judged
by seeing the section view of the beam.
There are six bars that are straight bars, two bars in the middle are
extra bars and four extra bars are provided on edges of the beam.
Total number of bars = 12
Step 3:
Unit weight of bar = D²/162
For 25mm bar = 25 x25/162
= 3.85kg/m
For 20mm bar = 20 x 20/162
= 2.46kg/m
For 12mm bar = 12 x12/162
= 0.888kg/m
 125

Step 4:
The total weight of bars = cutting length x no. of bars x unit weight
For straight bars of 25mm diameter = 11.570 x 4 x 3.85
= 178.178kg
For straight bars of 20mm diameter = 11.570 x 2 x 2.46
= 56.9244 kg
For extra bars 12mm (edges) = 2.330 x 4 x 0.888
= 8.276kg
For extra bars 12mm (middle) = 3.5 x 2 x 0.888
= 6.216kg
(11.15) CUTTING LENGTH OF RINGS OF CONTINOUS ROOF BEAM

Section 1-1 Section 2-2

Given clear cover of beam is 30mm.
Formula to find cutting length of stirrup = [2x(l+b)+ 20D]
Where, l = Length of ring, b = Breadth of ring, D = Diameter of ring
Note: Cover of both sides should be deducted from length & breadth.
Step 1:
Here, length = 0.340m, breadth = 0.240m and depth = 0.008m
Cutting length of ring = [2x(l+b)+20D]
= [2(0.340+0.240)+20 x 0.008]
= 1.32m
 126

Step 2:
We have to find the number of bars, but here the spacing is different
in middle part and edges of the beam. So we have to find the
number of bars simultaneously.
First we add all the lengths where the
spacing of rings is 100mm and then
we add other lengths where the spacing
is 150mm.Therefore,
S1 = 8mm @100mm c/c
S2 = 8mm @ 150mm c/c
For S1:
Number of bars = (length/spacing)+1
Here length would be taken where the S1 rings are placed.
i.e. 1100 + 1100 + 1100 + 1100 = 4400 mm
Number of bars = (4400/100)+1
= 45 rings
For S2:
Number of bars = (length/spacing)+1
Here length would be taken where the S2 rings are placed.
i.e. (5525+5125)- 4 x (1100)-4 x 200 = 5450mm
Number of bars = (5450/ 150)+1
= 37 rings
Therefore, total number of rings = 45+37
= 82 rings
Step 3:
Unit weight of bars = D²/162
= 8²/162 (diameter = 8mm)
= 0.395kg/m
 127

Step 4:
Total weight of bars = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 1.32 x 82 x 0.395
= 42.75kg
(11.16) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF ROOF BEAMS OF A PLAN

Roof Beam Layout Plan

Note: Revise the previous estimation of roof beam and try solving this
plan on your own.
 128

In the above layout plan we can

see that there are two roof
beams B1 and B2.
B1 beam is concealed beam
which is hidden between wall
and slab.
The reinforcement details of
roof beam can be referred
for calculations.
Note: Below is the excel sheet format of BBS estimation of roof beam.
 129

(11.17) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF ROOF SLAB

Reinforcement details of slab is given in the structural drawing.

Reinforcement Details Of Slab

Note: Length of extra bar at continuous support of slab will be L/4 on
both sides from center of support. Where, L is the span from center to
center.

Cross Section Of Cranked Bar (Shorter Span)

First we have to find the cutting length of the bars in shorter span.
Shorter Span
Bars A are straight bars of diameter 10mm and spacing 150mm c/c.
Bars B are cranked bars of diameter 10mm and spacing 150mm c/c.
Bars C are extra bars of diameter 12mm and spacing 150mm c/c.
 130

Step 1:
Cutting length of bar A = 3000[-(25+25)]
(subtracting 25mm beam cover from both sides)
= 2950mm = 2.95m
Cutting length of bar B = 3000[-(25+25)]+0.42t+0.42t
(Where t = Thickness of slab-Top and bottom covers)
t = 150-(20+20)
t = 110mm
Therefore, cutting length = 2.950+2 x (0.42 x 0.11)
= 3.042m
Cutting length of bar C = 3-(0.125+0.125)
= 2.75m
According to drawing cutting length of extra bar is L/4.
Therefore, 2.75/4 = 0.6875 + 0.1
= 0.7875m
Step 2:
Number of bars A = opposite length(-covers)/spacing
= 10000-(25+25)/150
= 66.33
Number of bars B = Number of cranked bars is 1 more than straight
bar as they are placed alternatively.
Therefore, 66.33+1 = 64.33
Number of bars C = Same as Straight bars
= 63.33
Step 3:
Unit weight of bar = D²/162
For 12mm bars = D²/162
= 12²/162 = 0.888kg/m
 131

For 10mm bars = D²/162

= 10²/162
= 0.617kg/m
Step 4:
Total weight of bars A = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 2.95m × 63.33 × 0.617
= 115.27kg
Total Weight of bars B = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 3.042 × 64.33 × 0.617
= 120.74kg
Total Weight of bars C = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 0.6875 × 63.33 × 0.888
= 38.66kg
Now we have to find out the cutting length of the bars placed in
longer span.
Longer Span
Bars D are straight bars of diameter 10mm and spacing 150mm c/c.
Bars E are cranked bars of diameter 10mm and spacing 150mm c/c.
Bars F are extra bars of diameter 12mm and spacing 150mm c/c.

Cross Section Of Cranked Bar (Longer Span)

Step 1:
Cutting length of bar D = 10000[-(25+25)]
(subtracting 25mm beam covers of both sides)
= 9950mm = 9.95m
 132

Cutting length of bar E = 10000[-(25+25)]+0.42t+0.42t+042t+0.42t

(Where t = thickness of slab-top and bottom covers)
t = 150-(20+20)
t = 110mm
Therefore, cutting length = 10+4 x (0.42 x 0.11)
= 9.950+0.184
= 10.134m
Cutting length of bar F = 10-(0.125+0.125)
= 9.75m
According to drawing cutting length of extra bar is L/4
Therefore, 9.75/4 = 2.4375m
Step 2:
Number of bars D = opposite length(-covers)/spacing
= 3000-(25+25)/150
= 19.66
Number of bars E = Number of cranked bars is 1 more than straight
bars as they are placed alternatively
Therefore, 19.66+1 = 20.66
Number of bars F = Same as straight bars
= 19.66
Step 3:
The unit weight of bar = D²/162
For 12mm bars = D²/162
= 12²/162
= 0.888kg/m
For 10mm bars = D²/162
= 10²/162
= 0.617kg/m
 133

Step 4:
Total weight of bars D = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 9.95m ×19.66 × 0.617
= 120.69kg
Total weight of bars E = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 10.134m ×20.66 × 0.617
= 129.18kg
Total weight of bars F = cutting length × no. of bars × unit weight
= 2.437m ×19.66 × 0.888
= 42.54kg
(11.18) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF ROOF SLABS OF A PLAN

Roof Beam Layout Plan

 134

The given slab layout plan shows the two type of bars used in slab.
Main bar
Distribution bars
The main bar is of 10mm diameter and 150mm c/c spacing.The
distribution bar is of 10mm diameter and 200mm c/c spacing.
Note: The main bars are along shorter span and the distribution bars
are along longer span.
Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the BBS estimation of roof
slab.

Did You Know?

The binding of reinforcement bars of roof beam and roof slab is
done together at the same time. Also the shuttering of roof beam
and roof slab is done together, so that we can start the casting of
their concrete on the same day.
 135

(11.19) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF RAFT FOUNDATION

Raft foundation is provided in coastal areas. This foundation contain
double mesh at full depth of Raft. Generally there is no neck column
provided because the depth of foundation is up to the ground level.

Bottom Plan Of Raft Foundation Top Plan Of Raft Foundation

Section X-X
Given,
L = length of raft foundation = 5000mm
B = breadth of raft foundation = 4000mm
d = depth of raft foundation = 400mm
Cover = 50mm
Bottom Mesh
We need to find the cutting length of
bent bar along the L-axis.
Cutting length of bar = A+C+A = 2A+C
Now we need to find the length of A or C.
 136

C = L-2 x LHS & RHS cover = 5000-2 x 50 = 4900mm

A = D-2 x top & bottom cover = 400-2 x 50 = 300mm
Now, put the value of A & C in formula:
Cutting length of bar = 2A + C = 2 x 300 + 4900
= 5500mm = 5.5m
Number of bars = opposite length-2 x cover
+1
spacing
= 4000-2 x 50
+1
150
= 27
Unit weight of bar = d²/162
= 16²/162
= 1.58kg/m
Weight of bars = cutting length of bar x unit weight x no. of bars
= 5.5 x 1.58 x 27
= 234.63kg
Now we need to find the cutting length of bent bar along the
B-axis.
Cutting length of bar = A+C+A = 2A+C
Now we need to find the length of A or C.
C = L-2 x LHS & RHS cover = 4000-2 x 50 = 3900mm
A = D-2 x top & bottom cover = 400-2 x 50 = 300mm
Now, put the value of A & C in formula:
Cutting length of bar = 2A + C = 2 x 300+3900
= 4500mm = 4.5m
Number of bars = opposite length-2 x cover
+1
spacing
 137

= 5000-2 x 50+1
150
= 34
Unit weight of bar = D²/162
= 16²/162
= 1.58kg/m
Weight of bars = cutting length of bar x unit weight x no. of bars
= 4.5 x 1.58 x 34
= 241.74kg
Top Mesh
We need to find the cutting length of bent bar along the L-axis.
Cutting length of bar = A+C+A = 2A+C
Now we need to find the length of A or C.
C = L-2 x LHS & RHS cover = 5000-2 x 50 = 4900mm
A = D-2 x top & bottom cover = 400-2 x 50 = 300mm
Now, put the value of A & C in formula:
Cutting length of bar = 2A + C = 2 x 300 + 4900
= 5500mm = 5.5m
Number of bars = opposite length-2 x cover
+1
spacing
= 4000-2 x 50
+1 = 27
150
Unit weight of bar = D²/162
= 12²/162
= 0.888kg/m
Weight of bars = cutting length of bar x unit weight x no. of bars
= 5.5 x 0.888 x 27
= 131.87kg
 138

Now, we need to find the cutting length of bent bar along B-axis.
Cutting length of bar = A+C+A = 2A+C
Now we need to find the length of A or C.
C = L-2 x LHS & RHS cover = 4000-2 x 50 = 3900mm
A = D-2 x top & bottom cover = 400-2 x 50 = 300mm
Now, put the value of A & C in formula:
Cutting length of bar = 2A + C = 2 x 300 + 3900
= 4500mm = 4.5m
Number of bars = opposite length-2 x cover
+1
spacing
= 4000-2 x 50 +1 = 34
150
Unit weight of bar = D²/162
= 12²/162
= 0.888kg/m
Weight of bars = cutting length of bar x unit weight x no. of bars
= 4.5 x 0.888 x 34
= 135.86kg
 139

(11.20) BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF STAIRCASE

A staircase is a construction designed to bridge vertical distance by
making use of series called steps. Given below is the top view of
staircase.

Top View Of Staircase

Given below is the sectional view of staircase.

Sectional View Of Staircase

 140

Below is the shapes of bars used in the staircase. Let us calculate the
cutting length of all the three types.

Shape Of Bars

First, we have to calculate the number of bars that are

in shape(i) and normal bars in shape(ii).
Let us start with calculating the number of bars.
Number of bars = breadth of flight-clear cover
spacing
= 1400-2 x 15
+1
150
= 10
Number of normal bars = breadth of flight-clear cover
+1
spacing
= 1400-2 x 15
150
=9
Number of bars in shape(i) = 10
Number of normal bars in shape(ii) = 9
 141

Now we will calculate the cutting length of bars in shape(i):

Cutting length of a = L/7+0.42D = 5400/7+0.42 x 85

= 807mm
Cutting length of c by proportion theorem,
AB/DE = AC/DF
AB/361 = 2285/200
AB = Cutting length of c = 4124mm
BC/300 = 2285/200
BC(base length) = 3427mm
In ∆ JIK and ∆ DEF,

JI/DE = JK/FE
JI/361 = 60/300
JI = 177.2mm
Now, GI = GJ + JI
= (125- 20) + 72.2= 177.2mm
 142

Again, from ∆ GIH & ∆ DEF

GH/FE = GI/FD
GH/300 = (177.2)/200
GH = 265.8mm
Cutting length of d = 1200 -265.8
= 934.2mm
Cutting length of b = L-L/7-BC-d
= 5400-5400/7-3427-934.2 = 267.8mm
Total cutting length = length(a)+length(b)+length(c)+length(d)
= 807+267.8+4124+934.2
= 6133mm = 6.133m
Number of bars of shape(i) = 10
Total cutting length of bars in shape(i) = no. of bars x cutting length
= 10 x 6.133
= 61.33m
Now we will calculate the cutting length of bars in shape(ii):
Cutting length of e = L/7+b
= 5400/7+267.8 = 1.0388m
Cutting length of f = cutting length of C
= 4124mm = 4.124m
Cutting length of g = cutting length of D
= 934.2mm = 0.9342m
Total cutting length of normal bars = length(e)+length(f)+length(g)
= 1.0388+4.124+0.9342
= 6.097m
Number of bars of shape(ii)= 9
Total cutting length of all bars in shape(ii) = no. of bars x cutting length
= 9 x 6.097 = 54.897m
 143

We will now calculate the cutting length of bars in shape(iii):

In ∆ MNO & DEF,
MN/FE = MO/DE
MN/361 = 45/300
MN = 54.15mm
Again ∆ MNP & DEF,
MP/DE = MN/DF
MP/300 = (54.15)/200
MP = 81.23mm
Again ∆ PQR & DEF,
PR/DE = QR/DF
PR/300 = 125/200
PR = 187.5mm
Cutting length of i = MP+PR+cutting length of D
= 81.23 + 187.5 + 934.2
= 1202.93mm = 1.21m
Cutting length of k = 450mm = 0.45m
Total cutting length of shape(iii) bars = length(i)+length(k)
= 1.21+0.45 = 1.66m
Number of bars of shape(iii) = (1400-2 x 15)/200+1 = 8
Total cutting length of all bars in shape(iii) = 8 x 1.66 = 13.28m
Calculation Of Binder Bar
Cutting length of bar = breadth of flight-2 x cover
= 1400-2 x 15 = 1370mm = 1.37m
Number of bars in waist slab = number of waist slabs +1
spacing
= (3427/100)+1 = 35
Total cutting length = 35 x 1.37 = 47.95m
 144

Landing-1
Bottom binder bar:
Cutting length = length-cover
= 3000-2 x 20
= 2960mm = 2.96m
Number of binder bars = (e/spacing)+1
= (1038.8 )/100+1
= 11
Total length = 11 x 2.96 = 32.56m
Top binder bar:
Number of binder bars = (L/7)/spacing+1
= (5400/7)/100+1 = 9
Total length = 9 x 2.96 = 26.64m
Landing-2
Binder for extra bar:
Cutting length = 3000-2 x 20 = 2.96m
Number of binder bars = (PR+d)/spacing+1
= (1121.7)/100+1
= 12
Total length = 12 x 2.96 = 35.52m
Under waist slab = 450/100 +1 = 6
Total length = 6 x 1.37 = 8.22m
Top binder bar:
Cutting length = 2.96m
Number of bars = d/100 +1
= (934.2)/100+1
= 10
Total length = 10 x 2.96 = 29.6m
 145

Note: Below is the excel sheet format for the BBS estimation of
staircase