APPLIED

MATHEMATICS
in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

Lecture notes
Ha Le Nhu Ngoc Thanh, Ph.D.
Chapter 6:
LINEAR ALGEBRA

1. Matrix and Linear system

2. Determinant
3. Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
4. System of Linear Differential Equation

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation

MATRICES DEFINITION
Matrices definition
An n by m (or n × m) matrix is a rectangular array of objects arranged in n rows and m columns.

a11 a12 a1n

a21 a22 a2n
A aij , or A , A Rm n

am 1 am 2 amn
aij : called components or entries, with ith row, jth column
If n m, A is square matrix

Example:
2 1
A A R2 3
1 2 5
et 1 1 cos(t )
B B R2 4
0 4t 7 1 t

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Matrices definition
Diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all entries which are not on the diagonal equal to zero. Meaning
that, a matrix A is diagonal if it is an matrix 𝑛 × 𝑛 and 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗

a11 0 0
0 a22 0 Diagonal
A

0 0 ann

3 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0
Question: Which of these matrices are diagonal A 0 2 1 ,B 0 1 0 ,C
0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 2
Solution: B is diagonal matrix

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Equality of Matrices
Given two matrices A [aij ], and B [bij ],
A, B Rm n
A B
aij bij

Addition of Matrices

Given two matrices A [aij ], and B [bij ],

A B aij bij , A, B Rm n

Ex .
1 2 3 1 6 3 0 8 0
4 0 2 8 12 14 12 12 16

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Multiplication by a Scalar

Given two matrices A [aij ], and c is a scalar cA [caij ]

Ex .

3 3 2
4 4 2 2 et 2 cos t et cos t
2 , cos t
2t 2t 2 sin t 4 sin t cos t 4 cos t
sin(2t ) 2 sin(2t )

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Multiplication of matrices

Given two matrices Am n [aij ] Rm n , Bn p [bij ] Rm n

Am n Bn p C m p ai1b1j ai 2b2 j ainbnj

Explain :
b1j
b2 j
row i of A ai 1 ai 2 ain

bnj
Column j of B

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Multiplication of matrices
Example:

1 1 1
3 0
2 0 1 𝑐11 = 1 3 +1 1 + 1 −1 = 3
A ,B 1 1
1 2 4 𝑐21 = 2 3 +0 1 + 1 −1 = 5
1 3 𝑐31 = 1 3 +2 1 + 4 −1 =1
2 2 1 𝑐41 = 2 3 +2 1 + (−1) −1 = 9

1 1 1 c11 c12
3 0 3 4 
2 0 1 c21 c22  
A4 B3 C 1 1  C( 42 ) =  5 3 
3 2 4 2 1 2 4 c31 c32 1 14
1 3  9 −1
2 2 1 c41 c42  

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Multiplication of matrices
Example 2:

1 8
2 1 1 1 2 1
A ,B
1 1 4 1 6 2
12 6
Compute : AB, BA ?

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Multiplication of matrices from another perspective

Example:

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Properties of matrices

A B C A (B C) Zero matrix: Identity matrix:

AB A B 0 0 0 1 0 0
AB C A BC 0 0 0 0 1 0
O In In n

A B C AB AC 0 0 0 0 0 1

B C A BA CA A O A AI IA A
A A O
A B A B
OA O; AO O
Can we conclude: OA AO ?
Note that : AB BA

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Properties of matrices

Question 1: if we have 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶, can we conclude that B=C?

The answer is “No”

Example:

Question 2: if λ𝐵 = 𝜆𝐶, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜆 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟, can we conclude that B=C?

The answer is “Yes”

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Transpose of matrices and its properties
If A=[aij ] is an n m matrix, the transpose of A is the m n matrix defined by: AT [a ji ]
Example :
1 0
1 6 3 4 6
A2 4 AT R4 2
0 12 5 3 12
4 5
Properties
T T
In In A AT
T T
T
A A A B AT BT
T 1 T
T T T 1
AB B A A A
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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Powers of matrices
If A=[aij ] is an n n square matrix: Ar AA A
r times
Properties:
1 r
r 1
A A
Ar As Ar s

s
r
A Ars
Symmetric of matrices
a matrix A is symmetric if it is equal to its transpose, A=AT
Note that: Only square matrices can be a symmetric. If A is symmetric, then 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 . And all
diagonal matrix are symmetric.
1 4 5
A 4 2 7
5 7 3

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Row operations

RO1: Multiply a row of A by a non-zero constant

RO2: Interchange two rows of A
RO3: Add a scalar multiple of one row to another row of A

Example :
2 1 6 2 1 6
RO 2: R2 R3
A 1 1 2 B 2 3 4
2 3 4 1 1 2 If A and B are m n matrices, we say that A
2 1 6
RO 1: 3R2 R2 is row equivalent to B if an only if there is a
B 3 3 6
sequence of elementary row operations to
2 3 4
2 1 6
transform A into B
RO 3: 2R1 R2 R2
B 3 3 14
2 3 4
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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Reduced row echelon form (Reduced form)
An n m matrix A is in reduced row echelon form (reduced form) if it satisfies the
following condition:
1. The leading entry of each nonzero row is 1.
2. If any row has its leading entry in column j, then all other elements of column j are zero
3. If row i is a nonzero row, and row k is a zero row, then i k
4. If the leading entry of row r1 is in column c1, and the leading entry of row r2
is in column c2 , and r1 <r2 , then c1 <c2

Define the leading entry of a row of

a matrix to be its first nonzero
element, reading from left to right. 1 0 0 3
0 1 0 2
0 0 1 2
Leading entry
Leading entry must be 1
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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Reduced row echelon form
Example :
2 0 1
Given matrix, C 0 4 6 , find reduced matrix?
2 2 5
Solution :
2 0 1 1 1 0 12 1 0 12
R R1 2R1 R3 R3
0 4 6 2 1 0 4 6 0 4 6
2 2 5 2 2 5 0 2 4
1 1 0 12 1 0 12 1 1 0 0
R R2 2R2 R3 R3 R1 R R1
4 2 0 1 32 0 1 32 2 3 0 1 32
0 2 4 0 0 1 0 0 1
3 1 0 0 1 0 0
R2 R R2
2 3 0 1 0 Reduced form : AR 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Reduced row echelon form
Example :
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0
A , find reduced matrix?
0 1 0 1 1
0 0 3 0 4

Solve :
0 0 0 0 0 R3 R1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
R1 R4
0 0 2 0 0 R4 R3 0 0 2 0 0 1 2R2 R2 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 4 0 0 3 0 4
0 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
1
3R2 R3 R3 0 0 1 0 0 R
4 3
R3 0 0 1 0 0 R1 R3 R1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
AR
0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Reduced row echelon form
Theorem:
Let Am n be any matrix. Then there is a matrix m m such that: A AR
m n

3 1 0
Example: find , and AR such that A AR , where A
4 2 1
Solve :
3 1 0 1 0
Consider a augmented matrix: A I 2
4 2 1 0 1
1 3R1 R1 1 13 0 13 0 4R1 R2 R2 1 13 0 13 0
4 2 1 0 1 0 2 3 1 4 3 1
3 2R2 R2 1 13 0 13 0 3 2R2 R2 1 13 0 13 0
0 1 32 2 32 0 1 32 2 32
1 3R2 R1 R1 1 0 12 1 12
0 1 32 2 32
1 0 12 1 12 1 12 3 1 0 1 0 12
AR , Check : A AR
0 1 32 2 32 2 32 4 2 1 0 1 32

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Exercises of reduced form

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
MATRICES DEFINITION
Rank of matrix
Exercises: find the reduced form of the matrix and
Rank of matrix A given by: rank(A)
use this to determine the rank of the matrix
rank(A) = rank(AR )
= number of nonzero rows of AR
1 2 1 1
Example : Find rank of matrix M, where M= 2 3 0 5
3 5 1 6
Solve : 1 2 1 1 2R1 R2 R2 1 2 1 1
3R1 R3 R3
M= 2 3 0 5 0 1 2 3
3 5 1 6 0 1 2 3
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
R2 R3 R3
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 3 7
R1 2R2 R1
0 1 2 3 Rank (M ) 2
0 0 0 0
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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
LINEAR SYSTEMS
Linear system (system of linear equation)
A system of m linear equations in n unknowns x1, x 2 , , x n is a set of m equations of the form:
a11x1 a12x 2 a1n x n b1
a21x1 a22x 2 a2n x n b2

am1x1 am 2x 2 amn x n bm
This equation called a linear system
It can be re-written by: where
a11 a12 a1n x1 b1 T
A (aij )is the coeeficient matrix, x x 1, x 2 , , xn be the vector
a21 a22 a2n x 2 b2
of unknowns
am 1 am 2 amn x n bm
If b = 0: Homogeneous system
If b 0: Nonhomogeneous system
Ax b

PROBLEM : how to solve Ax b to find x

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
LINEAR SYSTEMS
Method to find a solution of a linear system
1. Create a Augmented matrix
a11 a12 a1n b1 a11 a12 a1n
a21 a22 a2n b2 a21 a22 a2n
If b 0, Aug.Matrix : A b , b = 0, Aug.Matrix : Ag

am 1 am 2 amn bm am 1 am 2 amn

2. Using row operation to reduce a matrix become a reduced echelon form

* * * * 1 * * * 1 * * * 1 * * *
* * * * 0 * * * 0 1 * * 0 1 * *
Ab

* * * * 0 * * * 0 0 * * 0 0 1 *

Final form we have to obtain:

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
LINEAR SYSTEMS
Example 1
2x 12y 17z 32
3x 7y 8z 6
x 4y 6z 7
Solve 2 12 17 32 1 4 6 7 1 4 6 7
R1 R3 R2 3R1 R2
Ab 3 7 8 6 3 7 8 6 0 5 10 15
1 4 6 7 2 12 17 32 2 12 17 32
1 4 6 7 1 1 4 6 7 1 4 6 7
R3 2R1 R3 R R2 4R2 R3 R3
0 5 10 15 5 2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
0 4 5 18 0 4 5 18 0 0 3 6
1 1 4 6 7 1 0 2 5 1 0 0 9
R R3 R1 4R2 R1
3 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 R1 2R3 R1 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2
1 0 0 9 1 0 0 9 1 0 0 x1 9 x1 9
0 1 2 3 R2 2R3 R2 0 1 0 7 0 1 0 x2 7 x2 7
0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 x3 2 x3 2
Reduced echelon form

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
LINEAR SYSTEMS
Example 2 x1 3x 2 2x 3 0 Example 3
2x1 x 2 3x 3 0 x1 3x 2 x 3 7x 4 4x 5 0
T x1 2x 2 3x 3 0
Find x x 1, x 2 , x 3
x 2 4x 3 x 5 0
Solution : T
Find x x 1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5
1 3 2 1 0 7 5
A AR
2 1 3 0 1 15
Solution :
7
x1 x 0 1 3 1 7 4 1 0 0 35 16 13 16
Reduced system: AR x O 5 3
1 A 1 2 3 0 0 AR 0 1 0 28 16 20 16
x2 x 0
5 3 0 1 4 0 1 0 0 1 7 16 9 16
x1 7 5 35 13 x1 35 13
x1 x4 x
x3 t x2 15 t 16 16 5 x2 28 20
x3 1 28 20
x2 x4 x x3 7 t 9 v
16 16 5
x3 t : called free variable 7 9 x4 16 0
x3 x4 x5
16 16 x5 0 16

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
LINEAR SYSTEMS
Example 4 x1 x 2 2x 3 3 Example 5
4x1 x 2 7x 3 5
2x1 x 2 11x 3 14
T
Find x x 1, x 2 , x 3

Solution :
1 1 2 3
Augmented matrix : A b 4 1 7 5
2 1 11 14
1 0 3 0
Ab 0 1 5 0
R
0 0 0 1
0x1 0x 2 0x 3 1 No solution

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
LINEAR SYSTEMS
Exercises
Nonhomogeneous system
Homogeneous system

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
INVERSE MATRIX
Inverse matrix definition

Let A be an n n matrix. An n n matrix B is an inverse of A if: AB BA In

1
we denote the inverse matrix of A as A

Example :
2 1 4 7 17 2 1 4 7 17 1 0
A , B AB
1 4 17 2 7 1 4 17 2 7 0 1
4 7 17 2 1 1 0
and, BA
17 2 7 1 4 0 1
AB BA I A is inverse matrix of B, or B is inverse matrix of A

A matrix that has an inverse is called nonsingular.

A matrix with no inverse is singular

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
INVERSE MATRIX
Properties of Inverse matrix

Let A be an n n matrix. Then,

1. I n is nonsingular and is its own inverse
1
2. If A and B are nonsingular n n matrix, then so is (AB ) B 1A 1

3. If A is nonsingular, so is A 1, and (A 1 ) 1
A
4. If A is nonsingular, so is its transpose AT , and (AT ) 1 (A 1 )T
5. If A is nonsingular if and only if AR I n
6. If A is nonsingular if and only if rank(A) n
7. A consistent nonhomogeneous system AX B has a unique solution
if and only if A is nonsingular, and solution obtained by: X A 1B

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
INVERSE MATRIX
Example 1:

1 5 1
Find A , A
6 8
Solve :
5 1 1 0
Consider agumented matrix A I 2
6 8 0 1
1
R
5 1
R1 1 15 15 0 R2 6R1 R2 1 15 15 0
6 8 0 1 0 46 5 6 5 1
5 1
R
46 2
R2 1 15 15 0 R R1
5 2
R1 1 0 8 46 1 46
0 1 6 46 5 46 0 1 6 46 5 46
5 1 8 46 1 46 8 46 1 46 5 1 1 0 1 8 46 1 46
A
6 8 6 46 5 46 6 46 5 46 6 8 0 1 6 46 5 46

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
INVERSE MATRIX
Example 2:
1 2 4
Find A 1, A 1 3 6
1 0 1
Solve :

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
INVERSE MATRIX
Example 3:
Solve equation

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
INVERSE MATRIX
Exercises

GUIDE:

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
LU FACTORIZATION (A=LU)
Matrix U (Upper triangular matrix)
A matrix is upper triangular if its only nonzero elements lie on or above the main diagonal
Diagonal
Note: In the case that the matrix is not square.
2 1 5 2 1 1 3 5
The main diagonal is 1,1; 2,2; 3,3; …; n,n
U 0 2 7 , U 0 2 5 4 1
0 0 3 0 0 12 10 37 2

Matrix L (Lower triangular matrix)

A matrix is lower triangular if its only nonzero elements lie on or below the main diagonal
Diagonal

2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
U 1 2 0 , U 1 2 0 0 0
5 7 3 7 3 12 0 0

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
LU FACTORIZATION (A=LU)
Factorization A=LU
Matrix A can be decomposed into a product of a lower and upper triangular matrix. This
process is called LU Factorization
Example 1: Let find a matrix L and U from matrix A Matrix L is obtaied from matrix D,
2 1 1 3 5 by a muliplication of each column of
A 2 3 6 1 4 matrix D by a scalar to obtain
6 2 1 1 3 1 along the main diagonal.
Solution:
Matrix U is obtained by a row operation
2 1 1 3 5 R2 R1 R2 2 1 1 3 5 2 0 0 1 0 0
R3 3R1 R2
A 2 3 6 1 4 0 2 5 4 1 L 2 2 0 1 1 0
6 2 1 1 3 0 1 2 8 18 6 1 12 3 12 1

1 2 1 1 3 5 2 0 0 12 12 2
R R3 R3
2 2 U 0 2 5 4 1 let D 2 2 0 Check LU = A ?
0 0 12 10 37 2 6 1 12
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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
LU FACTORIZATION (A=LU)
Exercises
GUIDE:

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
DETERMINANT
Determinant of matrix Solve: 6 3 7
5 9
Deterinant of matrix using row i Using row 12 5 9 a11M11 6
4 6
n i j 2 4 6
Choose row i, j A 1 aij M ij
j 1
n i j 3 6 3 7
Using row i 1 1 j 12 9
A= 1 a ij M ij A 1 a1j M1j 12 5 9 a12M12 3
2 6
j 1 2 4 6
j 1 1 1 1 2 1 3
1 a11M11 1 a12M12 1 a13M13
Deterinant of matrix using column j
5 9 12 9 12 5
Choose column j, i 6
4 6
3
2 6
7
2 4
6 30 36 3 72 18 7 48 10 172

n i j Using column:
A= 1 a ij M ij n i j 6 3 7
A 1 aij M ij 5 9
i 1 12 5 9 a11M11 6
i 1 4 6
3 2 4 6
Ex1: Find deterinant of matrix Using column j 1
A 1
i 1
ai1M i1 6 3 7
i 1 3 7
6 3 7 1
1 1
a11M11 1
1 2
a21M 21 1
1 3
a 31M 31
12 5 9 a21M 21 12
4 6
2 4 6
A 12 5 9 6
5 9
12
3 7
2
3 7
4 6 4 6 5 9
2 4 6 6 30 36 12 18 28 2 27 35 172

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
DETERMINANT
Exercises:

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
DETERMINANT
Inverse Matrix from determinant 1 1 2 1 4 1 29
b12 1 M 21
120 120 9 5 120
Let An n 0, A has an inverse or A is nonsingular 1 1 3 1 4 1 1
b13 1 M 31
1 120 3 3
Let B=[bij ] is an inverse matrix of A, B=A 120 8
1 2 1 1 6 3 1
1 i j b21 1 M12
bij = 1 M ji 120 120 2 5 5
A 1 2 2 1 2 1 1
b22 1 M 22
120 120 2 5 15
Ex.2 1 2 3 1 2 1
b23 1 M 32 0
2 4 1 120 120 6 3
A 6 3 3 A 120 1 3 1 1 6 3 2
b31 1 M13
2 9 5 120 120 2 9 5
1 3 2 1 2 4 13
b11 b12 b13 b32 1 M 23
120 120 2 9 60
1
A B b21 b22 b23 1 3 3 1 2 4 1
b33 1 M 33
b31 b32 b33 120 120 6 3 4

1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 10 29 120 18
b11 1 M11 A 1
15 1 15 0
120 120 9 5 10
2 5 13 60 14
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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
DETERMINANT
Inverse Matrix from determinant

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
DETERMINANT
Cramer’s rule for nonhomogeneous
(Cramer ' s rule) :If A is n  n matrix, A  0, b  n , then the solution x = ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) of the
T

linear system Ax = b is the given by:

A
xi = i ,
A
where Ai is matrix obtained form A by replacing the ith column with the vector b

Example:

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
DETERMINANT
Cramer’s rule for nonhomogeneous
Example 2: Exercises:

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
EIGENVALUE & EIGENVECTOR
Eigenvalue (trị riêng) & Eigenvector (vector riêng)
Let A is a square matrix n by n. The number 𝜆 is said to be an eigenvalue of A if for some non-
zero vectors x such that: 𝑨𝒙 = 𝝀𝒙
Any non-zero vector x in this equation is called an eigenvector of A.
• To find the eigenvalues, we solve the characteristic equation of A: 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 0
• To find the eigenvectors, we have to find a nontrivial solution of the equation of A:
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 𝐱 = 0, meaning that a solution other than the zero vector.

7 −15
Example: Let find the eigenvalues and eigenvector of the matrix: 𝐴 =
2 −4

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
EIGENVALUE & EIGENVECTOR
Eigenvalue (trị riêng) & Eigenvector (vector riêng)
Solution:

The matrix A has two eigenvalues: = 1, 2

(
*With = 1: ( A − I ) x = 0  7 −
2 ) ()
−15  x1  = 0 ⎯⎯⎯
−4 −  x2  0
=1
( ) ()
→ 6 −15  1  = 0
x
2 −5  x2  0
Aug .M .
⎯⎯⎯⎯ (
2 −5 ) (0 0 ) ()
→ 6 −15 → 1 −5 2   1  = 5 t , t 
x
 2 2
x

(
*With = 2 : ( A − I ) x = 0  7 −
2 ) ()
−15  x1  = 0 ⎯⎯⎯
−4 −  x2  0
=2
( ) ()
→ 5 −15  1  = 0
x
2 −6  x2  0
Aug .M .
⎯⎯⎯⎯ (
0 0 )  2 1
x ()
→ 1 −3 →  1  = 3 t , t 
x

x
 2 ()
2 ()
→ Eigenvalue : x =  1  = 5 t , and x =  1  = 3 t
x x
 2 1
x

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
EIGENVALUE & EIGENVECTOR
Eigenvalue (trị riêng) & Eigenvector (vector riêng)
Example: T
Let x x1 x 2 x3
Find eigenvalue and eigenvector of A 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 x1 0 0x1 x 2 0x 3 0
where A 0 1 1 I A x 0 0 0 1 x2 0 0x1 0x 2 x 3 0
0 0 2 x3 0 0x1 0x 2 2x 3 0
0 0 1
x1 t
Solution: x2 0
1 1 0 x3 0
I A 0 0 1 1 0 1

0 0 1 2 1 0 x1 0 2x1 x 2 0x 3 0
I A x 0 0 2 1 x2 0 0x1 2x 2 x3 0
2
1 1 0 0 0 0 x3 0 0x1 0x 2 0x 3 0
1 x1 t
1 x2 2t
x3 4t

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 Matrix and Linear system
Determinant
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization
System of Linear Differential Equation MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM
EIGENVALUE & EIGENVECTOR
Exercises

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