Module 1

Q.1. Explain Terms

a)web clients

b) web Servers

c) HTTP Request Message

d) HTTP Response Message

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a) Web Clients:

Web clients are software applications, typically web browsers (like Chrome, Firefox, or
Safari), that interact with web servers to request and display web content. They send
requests to web servers and receive responses, which are then rendered to users. Web
clients can also be mobile apps, API clients, or any application that interacts with web
services.

b) Web Servers:

Web servers are software systems that handle incoming HTTP requests from web
clients. They process these requests, access necessary resources (like HTML files,
databases), and send back the appropriate HTTP responses. Apache, Nginx, and
Microsoft IIS are examples of web servers.

c) HTTP Request Message:

An HTTP request message is sent by a web client to a web server to request specific
resources. It consists of:

• Request Line: Includes the HTTP method (GET, POST, etc.), the URL of the
resource, and the HTTP version.
• Headers: Provide additional information like content type, user agent, and
cookies.
• Body: (Optional) Contains data sent with POST or PUT requests, such as form
data.

d) HTTP Response Message: An HTTP response message is sent by a web server back
to the client in response to an HTTP request. It consists of:
 • Status Line: Includes the HTTP version, status code (e.g., 200 for success, 404 for
not found), and status message.
• Headers: Provide metadata about the response, such as content type and length.
• Body: Contains the requested resource (e.g., HTML, image, JSON) or an error
message.

Q2. Explain Basic Internet Protocols

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Basic Internet Protocols include:

• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The foundation of data communication on

the web, used for transmitting web pages from servers to clients.
• HTTPS (HTTP Secure): An extension of HTTP, it encrypts data to ensure secure
communication between the client and server.
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The fundamental
suite of protocols that govern how data is transmitted over the internet. TCP
ensures reliable data transmission, while IP handles addressing and routing.
• DNS (Domain Name System): Translates human-readable domain names (like
www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other
on the network.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used to transfer files between a client and a server
on a network.

Q.3. Explain Web Essentials: client , servers & Communication.

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Web Essentials involve the basic components and communication processes that enable
the functioning of the World Wide Web:
 • Clients: These are the end-user devices and software (e.g., web browsers) that
request web content. Clients interact with servers by sending HTTP requests.
• Servers: These are the systems that store web content and respond to client
requests. They process the HTTP requests from clients and provide the necessary
resources (HTML, images, videos, etc.).
• Communication: Communication between clients and servers follows the client-
server model, primarily using the HTTP protocol. The client sends an HTTP
request to the server, and the server processes it, sending back an HTTP response
containing the requested content or an error message.

This communication is stateless, meaning each request-response cycle is independent,

with no memory of previous interactions unless managed through cookies or session
data.

Q.4. Explain <audio>, <video> controls of HTML5.

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HTML5 <audio> and <video> tags allow for the embedding of audio and video
content directly in web pages without requiring external plugins like Flash. Both
elements support several controls that enhance the user experience:

<audio> Tag: Used to embed sound content in a web page.

o Controls Attribute: Adds basic playback controls like play, pause,

volume, and seek.
o Source Elements: <source> tags can be used inside the <audio> tag to
define multiple audio formats (e.g., MP3, OGG), ensuring browser
compatibility.
Example:
<audio controls>
<source src="audiofile.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>

<video> Tag: Used to embed video content in a web page.

 o Controls Attribute: Adds basic playback controls such as play, pause,
volume, seek, and fullscreen.
o Source Elements: <source> tags can be used inside the <video> tag to
define multiple video formats (e.g., MP4, WebM).
o Poster Attribute: Displays an image before the video starts playing.
Example:
<video controls poster="posterimage.jpg">
<source src="videofile.mp4" type="video/mp4">
Your browser does not support the video element.
</video>

Q5.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
</head>

<body>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Title</th>
<th>Author</th>
<th>Year of publishment</th>
<th>Cost</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Web XML</td>
<td>XYZ</td>
<td>2005</td>
<td>100.00</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
<td>JQuery</td>
<td>PQR</td>
<td>2008</td>
<td>30.00</td>
</tr>
</table>
<style>
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 2px solid black;
}

th,
td {
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 8px 10px;
}
</style>
</body>
</html>

Q6. Embed Inline Stylesheet for an Anchor Tag

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An inline stylesheet is applied directly within an HTML element using the style
attribute. Here’s how to apply an inline stylesheet to an anchor (<a>) tag:

Example:

<a href="https://www.example.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; font-

weight: bold;">
Visit Example
</a>

In this example:
 • color: blue; changes the text color to blue.
• text-decoration: none; removes the underline from the link.
• font-weight: bold; makes the link text bold.

Q7. Embed External Stylesheet for an Image Tag

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An external stylesheet is a separate CSS file linked to the HTML document. You can
apply styles to an image tag (<img>) using an external stylesheet.

Step 1: Create an External Stylesheet (styles.css)

img.custom-style {
border: 2px solid black;
border-radius: 10px;
width: 200px;
height: auto;
}

Step 2: Link the External Stylesheet in the HTML Document

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>

Step 3: Apply the Class to the Image Tag

<img src="image.jpg" alt="Example Image" class="custom-style">

In this example:

• The custom-style class is defined in the styles.css file.

• The image is styled with a black border, rounded corners, and a width of 200
pixels.

Q8. Embed Inline Stylesheet with Example

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An inline stylesheet is used directly within an HTML element via the style attribute.
This method is useful for applying quick, specific styles to an element without needing
a separate CSS file or a <style> block.

Example:

<p style="color: green; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; background-color: yellow;">

This is an example of an inline stylesheet.
</p>

In this example:

• color: green; sets the text color to green.

• font-size: 16px; sets the font size to 16 pixels.
• text-align: center; centers the text within the paragraph.
• background-color: yellow; sets the background color of the paragraph to yellow.

This inline stylesheet directly applies the styles to the <p> element.

Q. Explain basic Internet Protocols which are essential for Transferring data &
Sending Emails.

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1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

• Purpose: TCP is a core protocol of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite, responsible for
establishing a connection between a client and a server and ensuring reliable
data transmission.
• Function: TCP breaks down messages into packets, transmits them, and
reassembles them at the destination. It provides error-checking, ensuring that all
data is sent and received in the correct order and without corruption.

2. Internet Protocol (IP)

• Purpose: IP is responsible for addressing and routing packets of data so they can
travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination.
• Function: IP assigns unique addresses (IP addresses) to devices on a network,
ensuring that data is sent to the correct location. It works in tandem with TCP to
deliver data packets.
3. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

• Purpose: SMTP is the protocol used to send emails from a client to a mail server
and between mail servers.
• Function: SMTP handles the sending and routing of emails. It connects with the
mail server using TCP and then transfers the email data, ensuring the correct
delivery to the recipient's mail server.

4. Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3)

• Purpose: POP3 is used to retrieve emails from a remote server to a local client.
• Function: When an email is received, POP3 downloads the message from the
server to the client, usually deleting it from the server afterward. It’s a simple
protocol that helps users manage their inbox locally.

5. Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

• Purpose: IMAP is another protocol for retrieving emails from a mail server, but
unlike POP3, it allows users to manage their emails directly on the server.
• Function: IMAP synchronizes emails across multiple devices, allowing users to
view and organize their emails without downloading them. Changes made on
one device are reflected on all others.

6. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• Purpose: HTTP is used to transfer data over the web.

• Function: HTTP enables the fetching of resources, such as HTML documents,
and is the foundation of any data exchange on the web. It’s the protocol that web
browsers use to communicate with web servers.

7. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

• Purpose: HTTPS is the secure version of HTTP, ensuring that data transferred
between a client and a server is encrypted.
• Function: HTTPS uses SSL/TLS to encrypt data, providing security for sensitive
transactions, such as online banking or email exchanges. It helps protect against
eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks.