A Text Book Of

MOBILE AND WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION
(22533)

Semester - V
THIRD YEAR DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING GROUPS

As Per MSBTE's ‘I’ Scheme Syllabus

VIJAY G. YANGALWAR Mrs. NIRMALA N. KAMBLE

M.Sc., LL.B., L.M.I.S.T.E. Pursuing Ph.D., M.E. (D.E.), MBA
Ex Head, Deptt. of Electronics Engineering, Education Management
Govt. Polytechnic, Sadar, Nagpur. HOD - Electronics Engineering,
Thakur Polytechnic,
Mumbai.

Price ` 160.00

N4537
Mobile and Wireless Communication ISBN 978-93-89108-05-7
First Edition : June 2019
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Preface …
NAMAN TO LORD SHREE GANESHA !

I am happy to present this book for Third Year Diploma students of Electrical Stream as per
‘I’ Scheme.

The Mobile and Wireless Communication is growing fast due to expanding technical activities.
To make the system more reliable, Mobile and Wireless Communication plays important role.

This subject deals with facts, concepts, principles and procedural aspects of Mobile and
Wireless Communication.

By studying this subject we expect that students will know about principles, concepts,
procedural aspects of Mobile and Wireless Communication. They will be able to identify various
components of Mobile and Wireless Communication.

We are thankful to Shri Dineshbhai Furia, Shri Jignesh Furia and Nirali Prakashan team
members especially Mr. Ilyas Shaikh, Mr. Kiran Velankar, Mrs. Yojana G. Deshpande and Mrs. Anjali
Muley for helping us to bring out this book.

Errors might have crept in despite of utmost care to avoid them and authors shall be grateful if
these errors are pointed out alongwith other suggestions for improvement of this Book.

Authors
Syllabus ...
1. Wireless Communication Systems (Hrs. 10; Marks 12)
1.1 Wireless Network Generations
1.2 Mobile Radio Standards - AMPS, N-AMPS, IS-95, GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000
1.3 Mobile Wireless Systems : Cordless Telephone System and Cellular Telephone System
1.4 Fixed Wireless Networks : Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS)
1.5 Mobile Phone and Unit : Block Diagram, Working, Features of Transmitter and Receiver Sections,
Frequency Synthesizer, Control Unit and Logic Unit of Mobile Phone Sensors : Speakers, Camera, Touch
Screen, Motion Sensors and Other Common Sensors.
2. Fundamentals of Cellular Systems (Hrs. 12; Marks 12)
2.1 Cellular Concept Fundamentals : Cell, Cell Structure, Cluster, Reuse Factor, Minimum Reuse Distance,
Basic Cellular System : Mobile Station, Base Station, Traffic Channel (Forward and Reverse), Control
Channel (Forward and Reverse), Frequency Reuse, Channel Assignment Strategies
2.2 Handoff Strategies : Concept of Handoff, Types of Handoffs : Hard, Soft, Queued, Delayed, MAHO
(Mobile Assisted Hand-Off), Proper and Improper Hand-Off, Umbrella Cell Approach
2.3 Interference and System Capacity : Co-channel Interference, Adjacent Channel Interference, Channel
Planning for Wireless Systems
2.4 Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems : Cell Splitting, Sectoring, Microcell Zone
Concept, Repeaters for Range Extension
3. Digital Cellular Mobile Standards (Hrs. 12; Marks 16)
3.1 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) : Features and Services, GSM Radio Aspects, GSM
Architecture, GSM Channel Types, Security Aspects
3.2 GSM Call Routing : Mobile Terminated Call and Mobile Originated Call Sequence, Stages of Call
Processing in GSM
3.3 IS-95/CDMA One : Features, Radio Aspects, Comparison with GSM Standards
3.4 Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) : Network Services Part (NSP), Message Transfer Part (MTP), Signaling
Correction Control Part (SCCP), Services and Performance of SS7
4. Advanced Wireless Standards (Hrs. 18; Marks 18)
4.1 Need for 3G and 4G Technology.
4.2 IMT-2000 Global Standards: Vision, Compatibility, Service and Spectrum Requirements.
4.3 UMTS/W-CDMA Standard : Features, Architecture, UMTS Air-Interface Specifications, Security Procedure.
4.4 CDMA 2000, Features and Advanced Versions, Advantages of CDMA 2000 over 3G-GSM Standards.
4.5 Next Generation Mobile Standards: Features of 4G and 4G LTE, VoLTE, 4.5G, 5G.
5. Wireless Network Technologies (Hrs. 12; Marks 12)
5.1 Bluetooth Technology : Features, Architecture, protocol applications, Personal Area Network (PAN)
Frequency band, IEEE 802.15.1 and other wireless.
5.2 RFID : Concept, Frequency band, Classification of RFID Tags, Applications.
5.3 WLAN Technology : IEEE 802.11, WLAN system architecture, Radio spectrum
5.4 WMAN/Wi-Max/ : IEEE 802.16 WMAN and IEEE 802.16a Wi-Max
5.5 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) : MANET Topologies, Applications.

✍✍✍
Contents ...
1. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1.1 − 1.34
1.1 Communication Systems 1.1
1.1.1 Introduction 1.1
1.1.2 Definition 1.1
1.1.3 Types 1.2
1.2 Conventional Telephone Systems 1.2
1.2.1 Evolution of Radio Telephony 1.2
1.2.2 Limitations 1.3
1.2.3 Disadvantages 1.3
1.3 Mobile Radio Communication 1.3
1.3.1 History 1.3
1.3.2 Evolution 1.3
1.3.3 Introduction 1.4
1.3.4 Concept 1.4
1.3.5 Frequencies Used 1.5
1.3.6 Advantages 1.5
1.3.7 Applications 1.5
1.4 Wireless Networks 1.5
1.4.1 Definition 1.5
1.4.2 Features 1.6
1.4.3 Types 1.6
1.5 Wireless Network Generations 1.6
1.5.1 Introduction 1.6
1.5.2 Different Generations 1.6
1.5.3 First Generation (1G) 1.6
1.5.4 Second Generation (2G) 1.7
1.5.5 2.5 Generation and 2.75 Generation System 1.7
1.5.6 Third Generation (3G) System 1.7
1.6 Mobile Radio Standards 1.7
1.6.1 Introduction 1.7
1.6.2 Types 1.8
1.6.3 AMPS Standards 1.8
1.6.4 N-AMPS Standards 1.8
1.6.5 IS-95 Standards 1.9
1.6.6 GSM Standards 1.9
1.6.7 UMTS Standards 1.10
1.6.8 CDMA-2000 Standards 1.10
1.7 Comparison of Various Mobile Radio Standards 1.10
1.8 Wireless Communication Systems 1.11
1.8.1 Introduction 1.11
1.8.2 Definition 1.11
1.8.3 Practical Examples 1.11
1.9 Radio Paging Systems 1.11
1.9.1 Introduction 1.11
1.9.2 Block Diagram 1.12
1.9.3 Operational Description 1.12
1.9.4 Messages to Paging Systems 1.13
1.9.5 Applications 1.13
1.10 Cordless Telephone Systems 1.13
1.10.1 A Brief History 1.13
1.10.2 Concept 1.14
1.10.3 Block Diagram 1.14
1.10.4 Basic Principle 1.15
1.10.5 Working 1.15
1.10.6 Features 1.15
1.10.7 Operating Frequency 1.15
1.10.8 Application 1.15
1.11 Cellular Telephone Systems 1.16
1.11.1 Introduction 1.16
1.11.2 Concept 1.16
1.11.3 Definition 1.17
1.11.4 Overview Diagram 1.16
1.11.5 Block Diagram 1.17
1.12 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) 1.17
1.12.1 Introduction 1.17
1.12.2 Definition 1.17
1.12.3 Need 1.17
1.12.4 Features 1.17
 1.12.5 WLL Architecture 1.18
1.12.6 Advantages 1.18
1.12.7 Applications 1.18
1.13 Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) 1.18
1.13.1 Introduction 1.18
1.13.2 Definition 1.18
1.13.3 Block Diagram of a LMDS System 1.19
1.13.4 Architecture of LMDS 1.19
1.13.5 Advantages of LMDS 1.19
1.14 Cellular Handset (Mobile Phone Unit) 1.20
1.14.2 Features 1.20
1.14.3 Block Diagram 1.20
1.14.4 Functions 1.20
1.14.5 Operating Principle 1.20
1.15 Mobile Phone Transmitter 1.21
1.15.1 Introduction 1.21
1.15.2 Block Diagram 1.21
1.15.3 Operating Principle 1.21
1.15.4 Functions 1.22
1.16 Mobile Phone Receiver Unit 1.22
1.16.1 Introduction 1.22
1.16.2 Block Diagram 1.22
1.16.3 Operating Principle 1.23
1.16.4 Functions 1.23
1.17 Mobile Phone Frequency Synthesizer Unit 1.24
1.17.1 Introduction 1.24
1.17.2 Block Diagram 1.24
1.17.3 Operating Principle 1.24
1.17.4 Functions 1.25
1.18 Mobile Phone Logic Unit 1.25
1.18.1 Introduction 1.25
1.18.2 Block Diagram 1.25
1.18.3 Operating Principle 1.25
1.18.4 Functions 1.26
1.19 Mobile Control Unit With Handset 1.26
1.19.1 Introduction 1.26
1.19.2 Block Diagram 1.26
1.19.3 Operating Principle 1.27
1.19.4 Functions 1.27
1.20 Comparison of CTZ and DECT 1.27
1.21 Mobile Phone Sensors 1.27
1.21.1 Definition 1.27
1.21.2 Commonly Used Sensors 1.27
1.22 Troubleshoot of Mobile Handset 1.30
1.22.1 Introduction 1.30
1.22.2 Common Problems and Solutions 1.30
1.22.3 Basic Trouble Shooting Steps 1.31
1.23 Mobile Phone Repairing Testing Methods 1.31
1.23.1 Introduction 1.31
1.23.2 Cold Testing Method 1.32
1.23.3 Hot Testing Method 1.32
1.24 Definitions of Important Terms 1.32
• Practice Questions 1.34
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS 2.1 − 2.52
2.1 Mobile Radio Telephone System 2.1
2.1.1 Introduction 2.1
2.1.2 Limitations 2.2
2.1.3 Disadvantages 2.2
2.2 Cellular Concepts 2.2
2.2.1 Introduction 2.2
2.2.2 Fundamental Concept of a Cell 2.3
2.2.3 Definition 2.3
2.2.4 Shape of a Cell 2.4
2.2.5 Cell Cluster 2.4
2.2.6 Advantages 2.5
2.3 Cellular Radio Telephone Systems 2.5
2.3.1 Need 2.5
2.3.2 Introduction 2.5
2.3.3 Concept 2.6
2.3.4 Basic Principle 2.6
2.3.5 Description 2.6
2.4 Cellular System 2.7
2.4.1 Architecture 2.7
2.4.2 Operation 2.7
2.5 Cellular Telephone System 2.8
2.5.1 Introduction 2.8
2.5.2 Schematic Diagram 2.8
2.5.3 Description 2.8
2.5.4 Operation 2.11
2.5.5 Performance Criteria 2.12
2.6 Frequency Reuse Concept 2.12
2.6.1 Definition 2.12
2.6.2 Significance 2.13
2.6.3 Need 2.13
2.6.4 Concept 2.13
2.6.5 Frequency Reuse Scheme 2.14
2.6.6 Analysis 2.14
2.6.7 Frequency Reuse Factor 2.14
2.6.8 Frequency Reuse Distance 2.15
2.6.9 Frequency Reuse Channels 2.16
2.6.10 Frequency Reuse Patterns 2.16
2.6.11 Advantages 2.16
2.6.12 Channels in a Cluster 2.17
2.6.13 Demerits 2.17
2.6.14 Definition of Important Terms 2.17
2.7 Channel Assignment Strategies 2.18
2.7.1 Introduction 2.18
2.7.2 Types 2.18
2.7.3 Fixed Channel Assignment Strategy 2.18
2.7.4 Dynamic Channel Assignment Strategy 2.18
2.8 Hand-Off Mechanism 2.18
2.8.1 Need 2.18
2.8.2 Concept 2.19
2.8.3 Definition 2.19
2.8.4 Hand-Off Strategies 2.20
2.8.5 Advantages 2.20
2.8.6 Types 2.20
2.8.7 Soft Hand-Off 2.20
2.8.8 Hard Hand-Off 2.21
2.8.9 Delayed (Two Level) Hand-Off 2.22
2.8.10 Queued Hand-Off 2.23
2.8.11 Mobile Assisted Hand-Off (MAHO) 2.23
2.9 Umbrella Cell Approach 2.24
2.9.1 Introduction 2.24
2.9.2 Concept 2.24
2.9.3 Definition 2.25
2.10 Comparison of Soft and Hard Hand-Offs 2.25
2.11 Cellular System Interference 2.25
2.11.1 Introduction 2.25
2.11.2 Concept 2.25
2.11.3 Sources 2.26
2.11.4 Effects 2.26
2.11.5 Types 2.26
2.11.6 Methods for Reducing Interference 2.26
2.12 Co-channel Interference 2.27
2.12.1 Introduction 2.27
2.12.2 Definition 2.27
2.12.3 Cause 2.27
2.12.4 Description 2.27
2.12.5 Methods for Reducing Co-channel Interference 2.28
2.12.6 Effects 2.28
2.13 Cellular System Capacity 2.28
2.13.1 Concept 2.28
2.13.2 Effect of Cluster Size 2.29
2.13.3 Limitations 2.29
2.13.4 Parameters Determining System Capacity 2.30
2.14 Channel Planning for Wireless Systems 2.31
2.14.1 Concept 2.31
2.14.2 Channel Planning for CDMA Systems 2.31
2.15 Adjacent Channel Interference 2.32
2.15.1 Definition 2.32
2.15.2 Basic Principle 2.32
2.15.3 Description 2.32
 2.15.4 Reduction Techniques 2.34
2.16 Improving Coverage Area of Cellular Systems 2.34
2.16.1 Necessity 2.34
2.16.2 Methods 2.35
2.17 Improvement of Channel Capacity 2.36
2.17.1 Concept 2.36
2.17.2 Techniques 2.36
2.18 Cell Splitting 2.36
2.18.1 Necessity 2.36
2.18.2 Concept 2.36
2.18.3 Description 2.37
2.18.4 Cell Splitting Techniques 2.38
2.18.5 Permanent Cell Splitting 2.38
2.18.6 Real Time (Dynamic) Cell Splitting 2.38
2.18.7 Limitations 2.38
2.18.8 Effects 2.38
2.19 Cell Sectoring 2.39
2.19.1 Concept 2.39
2.19.2 Definition 2.39
2.19.3 Necessity 2.39
2.19.4 Description 2.40
2.19.5 Advantages 2.40
2.19.6 Disadvantages 2.41
2.20 Repeaters for Range Extension 2.41
2.20.1 Definition 2.41
2.20.2 Necessity 2.41
2.20.3 Description 2.41
2.20.4 Advantages 2.41
2.21 Microcell Zone Concept 2.42
2.21.1 Necessity 2.42
2.21.2 Definition 2.42
2.21.3 Description 2.42
2.21.4 Advantages 2.43
2.21.5 Applications 2.43
2.22 Radio Channels 2.43
2.22.1 Concept 2.43
2.22.2 Channel Bandwidth 2.43
2.22.3 Modulation 2.44
2.22.4 Duplex Channel 2.44
2.22.5 Radio Channel Structure 2.44
2.22.6 Physical Channels 2.44
2.23 GSM Channels 2.45
2.24 GSM Logical Channels 2.45
2.24.1 Concept 2.45
2.24.2 Necessity 2.45
2.24.3 Types 2.46
2.24.4 GSM Traffic Channels (TCHs) 2.46
2.24.5 GSM Control Channels (CCHs) 2.48
2.24.6 Reverse Traffic Channels 2.51
• Practice Questions 2.51
3. DIGITAL CELLULAR MOBILE STANDARDS 3.1 − 3.34
3.1 Digital Mobile Telephony 3.1
3.1.1 Introduction 3.1
3.1.2 Digital Voice 3.1
3.1.3 Advantages 3.2
3.2 Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication 3.2
3.2.1 Introduction 3.2
3.2.2 Definition 3.2
3.2.3 Evolution of GSM Standards 3.3
3.2.4 Characteristics of GSM Standards 3.3
3.2.5 Specifications 3.4
3.2.6 Features 3.4
3.2.7 GSM Services 3.4
3.2.8 Description of GSM Services 3.4
3.3 GSM System Architecture 3.5
3.3.1 Architectural Diagram 3.5
3.3.2 Description of Subsystems 3.6
3.3.3 Functions of Each Subsystem 3.7
3.4 GSM System Block Diagram 3.8
3.4.1 Block Diagram 3.8
3.4.2 Description of Each Block 3.8
 3.5 GSM Radio Aspects 3.9
3.6 Security Aspect In GSM 3.11
3.6.1 Introduction 3.11
3.6.2 Necessity of Security in GSM 3.12
3.6.3 Security Features 3.12
3.6.4 Authentication 3.12
3.6.5 Temporary Mobile Station Identity (TMSI) 3.13
3.6.6 Encryption 3.13
3.7 GSM Signal Processing 3.14
3.7.1 Block Diagram 3.14
3.7.2 Operation 3.14
3.8 Messages and Call Processing in GSM 3.15
3.8.1 Messages in GSM 3.15
3.8.2 Call Processing in GSM 3.16
3.9 Call Flow Sequences in GSM 3.17
3.9.1 Features 3.17
3.9.2 GSM Protocol Model 3.17
3.9.3 Mobile Originated Call 3.18
3.9.4 Mobile Terminated Call 3.19
3.9.5 Authentication and Encryption 3.19
3.9.6 Inter-MSC Hand-Off 3.20
3.10 IS-95 CDMA-1 System 3.21
3.10.1 Introduction 3.21
3.10.2 CDMA System Evolution 3.21
3.10.3 History of IS-95 3.21
3.10.4 Service Aspects 3.22
3.10.5 Features 3.23
3.10.6 Frequency Bands Used in IS-95 3.24
3.10.7 Frequency and Channel Specifications 3.24
3.10.8 Specifications 3.25
3.10.9 Architecture 3.25
3.10.10 Call Processing 3.27
3.10.11 Radio Aspects 3.28
3.10.12 Network Reference Model and Security Aspects 3.28
3.11 Comparison of GSM and IS-95 Systems 3.29
3.12 Signaling Network 3.29
3.12.1 Introduction 3.29
3.12.2 Signaling Network Elements 3.29
3.13 Signaling System Number 7 (SS7) 3.30
3.13.1 Introduction 3.30
3.13.2 History 3.30
3.13.3 Concept 3.30
3.13.4 Features 3.31
3.13.5 Classification 3.31
3.13.6 Characteristics 3.31
3.13.7 SS7 Protocol Architecture 3.31
3.13.8 SS7 Services 3.32
3.13.9 Performance 3.33
3.14 Network Services Port (NSP) MTP and SSCP 3.33
3.14.1 Congestion Control in SS7 Networks 3.33
3.14.2 Advantages of Common Channel Signaling 3.33
3.14.3 Important Terms Related to SS7 3.33
• Practice Questions 3.34
4. ADVANCED WIRELESS STANDARDS 4.1 − 4.28
4.1 Need for 3G Technology 4.1
4.1.1 Introduction 4.2
4.1.2 Need 4.2
4.1.3 Features 4.2
4.1.4 Advantages 4.2
4.1.5 Disadvantages 4.2
4.1.6 Applications 4.2
4.1.7 Standard Systems 4.3
4.2 3G CDMA Systems 4.3
4.2.1 Introduction 4.3
4.2.2 Concept of 3G CDMA 4.3
4.2.3 Features of 3G CDMA 4.4
4.2.4 Coding Methods 4.4
4.2.5 Demerits 4.4
4.3 IMT-2000 Global Standards 4.4
4.3.1 Introduction 4.4
4.3.2 Vision (Objectives) 4.5
 4.3.3 Features 4.5
4.3.4 Specifications 4.6
4.3.5 Scope 4.6
4.3.6 Architecture 4.6
4.3.7 Applications 4.7
4.3.8 Radio Spectrum 4.7
4.4 UMTS Standards 4.9
4.4.1 Introduction 4.9
4.4.2 Definition 4.10
4.4.3 Architecture 4.10
4.4.4 Air-Interface Specifications 4.11
4.4.5 UMTS Security Procedure 4.11
4.5 3G W-CDMA Standards 4.12
4.5.1 Introduction 4.12
4.5.2 Features 4.12
4.5.3 Protocol Layers of W-CDMA 4.13
4.5.4 Features of Processing Units of W-CDMA 4.14
4.5.5 Parameters of W-CDMA 4.14
4.6 CDMA-2000 4.15
4.6.1 Introduction 4.15
4.6.2 Features 4.16
4.6.3 Description 4.16
4.6.4 Processing Units 4.19
4.6.5 Phase Shifter Unit 4.20
4.6.6 Features of MS and BTS in CDMA-2000 4.20
4.6.7 Advantages 4.21
4.6.8 Advantages of CDMA-2000 Technologies 4.21
4.7 Need for 4G Technology 4.21
4.7.1 Introduction 4.21
4.7.2 Need 4.21
4.7.3 Concept of 4G 4.22
4.7.4 Definition 4.22
4.7.5 Advantages 4.22
4.7.6 Main Aspects 4.22
4.8 Comparison of UMTS with 3G CDMA-2000 4.23
4.9 Next Generation Wireless Networks 4.23
4.9.1 4G LTE Wireless Networks 4.23
4.9.2 VoLTE Wireless System 4.23
4.9.3 4.5G Wireless Network 4.24
4.9.4 Major Differences in 4G and 4.5G Wireless Networks 4.24
4.9.5 4.5G Wireless-Technological Features 4.25
4.10 Fifth Generation (5G) Wireless Technology 4.25
4.10.1 Introduction 4.25
4.10.2 Concept 4.26
4.10.3 Basic Requirements 4.26
4.10.4 Features 4.26
4.10.5 Conclusion 4.27
4.10.6 Advantages 4.27
4.10.7 Disadvantages 4.27
• Practice Questions 4.27
5. WIRELESS NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES 5.1 − 5.20
5.1 Wireless Networks 5.1
5.1.1 Introduction 5.1
5.1.2 Differences between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Network 5.2
5.1.3 Limitations of Wireless Networks 5.2
5.1.4 Definition 5.3
5.1.5 Types 5.3
5.1.6 Advantages 5.3
5.1.7 Disadvantages 5.3
5.2 Bluetooth Technology 5.3
5.2.1 Introduction 5.3
5.2.2 Concept 5.4
5.2.3 Definition 5.4
5.2.4 Features 5.4
5.2.5 Classification 5.5
5.2.6 Basic Principle 5.5
5.2.7 Functional Block Diagram 5.5
5.2.8 Principle of Operation 5.5
5.2.9 Advantages 5.6
5.2.10 Disadvantages 5.6
5.2.11 Limitations 5.7
 5.2.12 Frequency Band 5.7
5.2.13 Specifications 5.7
5.2.14 Applications 5.7
5.2.15 IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth Protocol 5.7
5.3 Bluetooth Pan (Personal Area Network) 5.8
5.3.1 Introduction 5.8
5.3.2 Concepts 5.8
5.3.3 Definition 5.8
5.3.4 Technologies Used 5.8
5.3.5 PAN Profile Roles Devices 5.9
5.3.6 Benefits / Advantages 5.9
5.3.7 Disadvantages 5.10
5.3.8 Examples 5.10
5.3.9 Applications 5.10
5.4 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 5.10
5.4.1 Concept 5.10
5.4.2 Introduction 5.10
5.4.3 Structure 5.11
5.4.4 Classification 5.11
5.4.5 Frequency Bands 5.12
5.4.6 Applications 5.12
5.5 Wide Local Area Networks (WLANs) Technology 5.12
5.5.1 Introduction 5.12
5.5.2 Definition 5.13
5.5.3 Advantages 5.13
5.5.4 Disadvantages 5.13
5.5.5 Radio Spectrum 5.13
5.6 IEEE 802.11 WLAN system 5.13
5.6.1 Introduction 5.13
5.6.2 General Description 5.14
5.6.3 History 5.14
5.7 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) 5.15
5.7.1 Introduction 5.15
5.7.2 Advantages 5.15
5.7.3 Features 5.15
5.8 WiMax 5.15
5.8.1 Introduction 5.15
5.8.2 Definition 5.16
5.8.3 Features 5.16
5.8.4 Applications 5.16
5.9 IEEE 802.16 WMAN 5.16
5.9.1 Introduction 5.16
5.9.2 Key Features of IEEE 802.16 5.16
5.10 IEEE 802.16a WiMax 5.17
5.10.1 Introduction 5.17
5.10.2 Features 5.17
5.10.3 Advantages 5.17
5.11 Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) 5.17
5.11.1 History 5.17
5.11.2 Concept 5.18
5.11.3 Characteristics 5.18
5.11.4 Challenges 5.19
5.11.5 Advantages 5.19
5.11.6 Applications 5.19
5.12 Wireless LAN in Ad-Hoc Network 5.19
5.12.1 Schematic Block 5.19
• Practice Questions 5.20

✤✤✤
Chapter 1…
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
Weightage of Marks = 12, Teaching Hours = 10
Syllabus
1.1 Wireless Network Generations
1.2 Mobile Radio Standards - AMPS, N-AMPS, IS-95, GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000
1.3 Mobile Wireless Systems : Cordless Telephone System and Cellular Telephone System
1.4 Fixed Wireless Networks : Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and Local Multipoint Distribution System
(LMDS)
1.5 Mobile Phone and Unit : Block Diagram, Working, Features of Transmitter and Receiver Section,
Frequency Synthesizer, Control Unit and Logic Unit of Mobile Phone, Sensors : Speakers, Camera,
Touch Screen, Motion Sensors and Other Common Sensors.

Learning Objectives
1a. Explain the features of the given mobile radio standards.
1b. Describe with relevant sketch the working of the specified application of the mobile/fixed wireless
communication system.
1c. Explain with relevant sketch the working principle of the given section of mobile handset unit.
1d. Describe with relevant sketch the working of the given fixed wireless network system.
1e. Describe step-by-step trouble shooting procedure for the given section of mobile phone.

1.1 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

1.1.1 Introduction
• Man is a social human being. It is his primary need to communicate with each other day-to-day
transactions. For short distances, we can talk directly. But for long distances, we cannot talk directly due
to attenuation of sound.
• The word 'Communicate' is illustrated in the English Dictionary “as an act of passing news,
information, feelings, heat, motion, illness etc.”
• In a broad sense, the purpose of communication is to establish a link between two points. These points
may be situated on the earth, or may not be on the earth and the other in space or both in space.
• A new era establishing a link between two distant points was born with the successful transmission of
the first telegraphic message by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1836. This is called electrical communication.
• The electrical communication means sending, processing and receiving information by electrical means.

( 1.1 )
Mobile and Wireless Communication (Electronics Engg. Gr.) 1.2 Wireless Communication Systems

1.1.2 Definition
• Communication is the process whereby the meaningful information is transferred from one point
(location) called source in space to the other point (location) called destination (or user).
• Communication is a two-way transmission and reception of data streams. Voice, data or
multimedia streams are transmitted as signals, which are received by a receiver.
• The signals from a system can be transmitted through a fibre, wire, or wireless medium.
• During the transmission process, the transmitter sends the signals according to the defined regulations,
recommended standards and protocols.
• The science of communication involving large distance is called Telecommunication. The word
‘tele’ means long distance.
• Now-a-days, satellite band fibre optics have made communication more widespread with an increasing
emphasis on computers and other data communications.
• Depending upon the type of information to be transferred and received, different electronic
communication systems, namely radio telephony, telegraphy, broadcasting, radar, radio telemetry, radio
navigation, computer communication, point-to-point and mobile communication systems such as
microwave links etc. have been developed over the years.
1.1.3 Types
• Depending on the type of communication used for transmission of electromagnetic signals, the
communication systems can be classified into two groups as under :
1. Wire (or Line) communication.
2. Wireless (or Radio) communication.
1. Wire (or Line) Communication :
• In the line communication, the mode of transmission is a pair of conducting wires or cables or
optical fibres known as transmission line. It is also known as wire communication.
2. Wireless Communication :
• Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are
not connected physically.
• Wireless operations permit services such as long range communications that are impossible or
impracticable to implement with the use of wires.
• The wireless communication is also known as radio communication, when radio waves are radiated
from the transmitter in free space the device called antenna.
•
1.2 CONVENTIONAL TELEPHONE SYSTEMS
1.2.1 Evolution of Radio Telephony
• By 1930, telephone customers in United States could place a call on a linear in the Atlantic Ocean.
• However, it was the 1940s onwards that sow the seeds of technological development which would
eventually produce the mobile phone that, we see today. Thus, mobile telephone services started in
1940.
• Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and a large hand-hold two-way
radio for the U.S. military. The battery powered Handi-Talkie was about the size of man’s arms.
• In 1946, in St. Louis, the Mobile Telephone Service was introduced. Only three radio channels were
available, and call set-up required manual operation by a mobile operation.
• In 1964, Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMS) was introduced with additional channels and more
automatic handling a calls of the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
 Mobile And Wireless Communication

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Author : Vijay G. Yangalwar, Mrs.

Publisher : Nirali Prakashan ISBN : 9789389108057
Nirmala N. Kamble

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