2009 11 10

2000

• Stadard Theory:ST(1957-1965)

• Extended Standard Theory:EST(1965-1973)

• Rivised Extended Standard Theory:REST(1973-1976)

• Government and Binding:GB/Principles and Parameters Theory:P&P(1981-

1990)

• Minimalist Program:MP(1990-present)

2.1

1
 1 Who do you love?
1 love who you
SVO

2 you love who?

SVO
2

2.2 wh–
1 2 who,
what

wh– 1

2.3 –

3 * Who you love?

You (do) love who? do
who Who you do
love? do you
Who do you love? –

you (do) love who? SVO

↓
Who you (do) love? wh–
↓ –
Who do you love?

2.4

Sentence(S)

2
 Noun Phrase(NP)

Verb Phrase(VP)

Noun(N)

Verb(V)

Adjective(Adj)

Article(A)

Adverb(Adv)

S→NP VP

NP→A N

NP→Adj N

VP→V NP

VP→V AdvP

phase structure grammar vocabulary

deep structure

transformational grammar

surface structure

1:

3
4 Standard Theory:ST
1957 Syntactic Structures, 1965 Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
Standard theory

4 All the students love their teacher.

5 The students all love their teacher.

all all

(4) the student

(5)
(5) (4)

all both, each

7
Three ladies stood on the stage. three
*Ladies three stood on the stage.

It seems that Betty is happy.( )

Betty seems to be happy.

It is tough to answer the question.( )

The question is tough to answer. It is ...

tough

4.1

8 Ann hit Jack.

4
 9 Jack was hit by Ann.

50

5 Extended Standard Theory:EST

5.1
“John gave the book to Bill.” “John gave Bill
the book.”

10 Did John give the book to Bill?

11 Did John give Bill the book?

Yes No

10
11

12 Every boy loves a girl.

5
 13 A girl is loved by every boy. 12

13

12 13

5.2

Ann hit Jack. Jack

was hit by Ann. 2

NP VP

V NP AdvP

Adv NP

Ann was hit Jack by ∆

2:

2
3

6
 S

NP VP

V NP AdvP

Adv NP

∆ was hit Jack by Ann

3:

Jack 3

NP VP

V NP AdvP

Adv NP

Jack was hit ∆ by Ann

4:

2 3 Ann
3
4 Jack

7
5.3 Universal Grammar:UG

Universal grammar (UG)

5.3.1 poverty of the stimulus:POTS

1.
positive evidence
2

2.

3.

5.4 X

wh-

2 Elman

8
X

X
3

Tom accepted the plan. 5

Tom’s acceptance of the plan

NP VP

N V NP

Tom accepted A N

the plan

5: Tom accepted the plan

rejection
6

NP

N NP

Tom’s N PP

acceptance P NP

of A N

the plan

6: Tom’s acceptance of the plan

UG

X
X

3 X X
X’

9
 S VP
X

X’’ =XP

spec X’

X Complement
head

7: X-bar

X V N P A head Com-
plement X’
Specifier, Spec X” X”
X maximal projection
XP VP V
4
X

”He studies linguistics at the university.”

8 IP inflectional
phase (NP)
IP complement VP inflectional phase

6 Revised Extended Standard

Theory:REST
X

6.1 trace

14 Who will you see?

4 :ST

10
 IP

NP I’

N’ I VP
[-Pst]
N V’ PP

V NP P’
He
studies N’ P NP
N at Det N’
linguistics the N

university

8: X-bar

15 You will see who

15 who see see

14 who

who
trace

15 X 9
9
who wh-
who
10 t
t
(i,j )

Revised
Extended Standard Theory:REST

11
 S’’

C S’

∆ C S

∆ NP V’’

N AV V’

you will V N

see who

9: you will you see who

7 Principles and Param-

eter Theory:P&P
X
5

Principles
1980

12
 S’’

C S’

who i C S

will j NP V’’

N AV V’

you tj V N

see ti

10:

7.1

∼ 6

hit make
2

kill be killed be killed

11 InflectionP object(
) Tom
12 e
Tom

6 thematic role th θ

13
 InflectionP’

N InflectionP

N without theta role inflection V’

ed V NP

be killed N of object

11: be killed

InflectionP’=S

N InflectionP

e inflection V’
(no theta role)
ed V NP

be killed Tom(object)

12: Tom was killed

8 Government and Binding The-

ory:GB
8.1 Government
A B govern

• A B

• A B m-

• A B barrier

16 John meets her.

7
John s meet her8
7
8

14
 13

InflectionP’

N InflectionP

John inflection V’

s V NP

meet her

13: John meets her

V meet her V’
meet V’
inflectionP meet s

inflection

inflection s V’ meet
her barrier

UG
binding

8.2 Binding
himself each other

17 Tom hates himself.

18 John knows Tom hates him.

17 himself Tom 18
him Tom 17 Tom himself

15
 Tom himself
c
Tom s hate himself c s hate himself
c hate himself c
binding
c
UG
binding theory

8.3

19 John seems to hate Ann.

19 14 ’InflectionP’

InflectionP’

appoint InflectionP

e inflection V’

s V InflectionP’

seem N InflectionP

John Inflection VP’

to V N

hate Ann

14: John seemes to hate Ann

InflectionP John

John e
John

16
John Inflection s
John seemts to hate Ann.

Ann,
Tom, kicked Ann
Tom kicked ed

Principles and Paramter Theory

’ kicked
Tom( ) ’ Ann ’
”

15 correspond element tense

Correspond element’’

assignment correspond element’

(nominative)
corr. elem. tense’

tense V’’

N V’

Ann V N

kicked Tom

15: Ann kicked Tom

17
 Principles and Parameter inflection
s

2
15 Ann

16

Correspond element’’

assignment correspond element’

(nominative)
corr. elem. tense’

tense V’’

N V’

V N
Ann t kicked Tom

16: Ann kicked Tom

10

NP

18