AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Test Booklet

Unit 2 Test

1. Which of the following describes a concern for a country with an aging population?
As a country’s population ages, the life expectancy for the younger population of the country decreases and
(A)
healthcare costs decline.
As a country’s population ages, the infant mortality rate decreases and there is an increased need for daycare
(B)
centers.
As the proportion of older people in the country increases, fewer young workers are available to contribute
(C)
tax revenues to support programs that provide services to the older population.
As the proportion of older people in the country increases, the sex ratio becomes disproportionally skewed
(D)
toward males.
As the proportion of older people increases, the total population decreases because older people do not have
(E)
children.

2.

Source: NASA, Columbia University, Natural Earth GIS

The map shows the number of people per unit of land. Which of the following types of data are shown in the map?
(A) Arithmetic density
(B) Physiological density
(C) Agricultural density
(D) Urban density
(E) Suburban density

3. There has been an increase in asylum seekers from Syria to the European Union in recent years. Which of the
following best describes the reason for this migration?

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(A) A large rural-to-urban population shift within Syria

(B) A continuing rise in employment for asylum seekers in the European Union
(C) A continuing issue of conflict and political unrest within Syria
(D) The tightening of asylum policies by the European Union
(E) The tightening of guest-worker policies by the European Union

4.
Country Female Life Expectancy Male Life Expectancy Percent Over Age 65
Germany 83 78 21%
Italy 85 81 22%
Japan 87 81 28%

Source: Population Reference Bureau

Based on the data shown, which of the following describes the most likely population context for the countries
listed?
(A) High youth dependency ratio and a lack of economic resources to provide for large families
(B) Rapid population growth in cities as people migrate from rural to urban areas for industrial jobs
(C) Shortage of arable land on which to raise crops and other food products to support the population
(D) Unstable food supply due to a rapidly growing population
(E) Stage five of the demographic transition model due to very low birth rates

5. Which of the following explains an unintended consequence of China’s antinatalist one-child policy?
A dramatic reduction of the birth rate and a decline of the rate of natural increase rate, resulting in lower
(A)
population growth.
Agricultural families were forced to relocate to the nearest city to search for employment, resulting in
(B)
increased urban population.
A projected shortage of working-age people to care for the rising elderly population, resulting in an increase
(C)
in the cost of living for older people.
Decreased spending on childhood expenses, such as education and nursery supplies results in a drop in
(D)
domestic economic productivity.
A decreased emphasis on education due to the decreasing numbers of school-age children results in a loss of
(E)
international competitiveness.

6. Country A is a more developed country with a low birth rate, a low total fertility rate, a high life expectancy, and a
high percentage of urban population. Based on this information, which of the following outcomes is most likely to
occur in Country A?
(A) Guest workers from less developed countries are needed to fill the labor shortages in urban areas.
(B) Falling birth rates and declining youth populations result in an increase in school construction in urban areas.
(C) Pressures on pension and social security programs are at critical levels as the number of elderly increases.
(D) Provincial and national politicians must tailor their political campaigns to appeal to rural voters.
Suburban house construction declines as elderly populations downsize and seek to be closer to urban
(E)
amenities.

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7.

Which of the following countries is best described as being at Stage 3 of the demographic transition model?
(A) China: birth rate = 13, death rate =7
(B) Democratic Republic of the Congo: birth rate = 44, death rate = 10
(C) Bolivia: birth rate = 24 , death rate = 7
(D) Ivory Coast: birth rate = 37, death rate = 13
(E) Hungary: birth rate = 10, death rate = 13

8. Which of the following country demographics would be used to explain the need for the pronatalist policies shown?
A country with a birth rate of , a death rate of , and a rate of natural increase of , passes a law that
(A)
requires paid maternity leave.
A country with a birth rate of , a death rate of , and a rate of natural increase of , legislates tax
(B)
credits for working parents
A country with a birth rate of , a death rate of , and a rate of natural increase of , establishes long
(C)
maternity leave periods from work
A country with a birth rate of , a death rate of , and a rate of natural increase of , requires full-day
(D)
kindergarten.
A country with a birth rate of , a death rate of , and a rate of natural increase of , provides state-
(E)
subsidized day care centers.

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9.

The low birth and death rates for a country in stage 4 of the demographic transition model are best explained by
(A) the rural population and agricultural livelihood of a less developed country.
(B) the level of education and traditional roles for women in a less developed country
(C) the resource-based economy and life expectancy of a less developed country
(D) the level of urbanization and technological advancement of a more developed country
(E) the environmental pollution and manufacturing infrastructure of a more developed country

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10.

BRAZIL

Source: Natural Earth GIS

Which of the following best explains a likely effect of Brazil’s population distribution?
(A) More uniform economic growth throughout the entire country as urban areas expand westward
(B) Increased cultural unity as more people live in close proximity to one another in eastern Brazil
Uneven economic development as eastern Brazil experiences more growth than the sparsely inhabited
(C)
western regions
(D) The expansion of available farmland as people move to the cities, allowing more rural land to be farmed
(E) More efficient political administration and improved governance as the population becomes more clustered

11. Which of the following types of migration are correctly explained by the example given?

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International migration and forced migration: Family from Beijing moves to Minneapolis so that the
(A)
parents can attend graduate school.
International migration and voluntary migration: Family from Mumbai has convinced their close friends
(B)
Family to emigrate to London as they did in order help start up their business.
Internal migration and forced migration: Couple from Berlin has convinced their close friends Couple
(C)
to move to Greece and live in the same retirement community.
Internal migration and voluntary migration: Family from Baghdad are resettled by the United States for
(D)
political asylum in Detroit.
Internally displaced persons and forced migration: Couple from rural Brazil move to São Paulo to find
(E)
better job opportunities.

12. A refugee enters the European Union in Italy and is temporarily housed in Germany. He is then granted asylum and
is permanently settled in Sweden. Which of the following describes this type of migration that is facilitated by the
European Union’s open border policies?
(A) Chain migration within the refugee’s family and social network
(B) Guest worker migration based upon the free movement of labor
(C) As an internally displaced person within a single state
(D) Step migration across member states to a final destination
(E) As a rural-to-urban migrant seeking employment opportunities

13. Which of the following best explains why, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Thomas Malthus
proposed his population theory?
Malthus theorized that, if left unchecked by regular cycles of famine and misery, population would increase
(A)
beyond the ability to feed itself.
Malthus theorized that the ability of a population to feed itself would increase with the expansion of the
(B)
population; more people would mean greater knowledge invested in expanding food production.
Malthus theorized that reductions of infant mortality would eventually result in slower population growth
(C)
rates.
Malthus theorized that agricultural developments in the mid-to-late eighteenth century would result in a
(D)
significant expansion of food production, therefore alleviating the threat of overpopulation.
Malthus theorized the only way to prevent overpopulation would be to create policies that would limit the
(E)
number of children a family could have.

14. Which of the following explains a significant positive impact that the immigration of large populations of Chinese
people had on places like Vancouver and Los Angeles?
The increase of large populations of Chinese people established Cantonese as the lingua franca, allowing
(A)
immigrants and local people to communicate.
The assimilation of Chinese immigrants created stability in their new city neighborhoods, giving the
(B)
immigrants political power.
Most Chinese immigrants converted to the dominant religions of their new cities, prompting the construction
(C)
of many new churches.
Chinese immigrants established businesses and religious centers that provided their new cities with greater
(D)
access to elements of Chinese culture such as arts, cuisine, and religion.
Chinese neighborhoods were established on the outskirts of these cities as agricultural trade centers,
(E)
introducing Asian crops to North America.

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15. Which of the following explains the major effect of migration flow to Southwest Asia from other regions in Asia?
(A) Students migrate to attend school in the region, increasing the technology labor force.
Women and children migrate to reunify with male relatives living in the region, forming permanent urban
(B)
settlements.
People with chronic illnesses travel as medical tourists to obtain medical care, growing the health care
(C)
industry.
Guest workers migrate to the region for jobs in construction and the oil fields, increasing the volume of
(D)
exports from the region.
Older adults migrate to areas with warmer climates after retiring from their jobs, growing the service
(E)
industry.

16. Which of the following would be most likely to increase life expectancy in a less developed country, resulting in an
aging population in that country?
(A) An increase in the country’s birth rate
(B) Rural-to-urban migration within the country
(C) Improvements in transportation and communication networks
(D) Improvements in access to health care and sanitation
(E) A decrease in the country’s total fertility rate

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17.

BRAZIL

Which of the following describes information a geographer could identify from the map of urban populations in
Brazil?
(A) Urban areas with rapid population growth
(B) Distribution of high and low incomes
(C) Areas with negative population growth
(D) Patterns of arithmetic density within specific regions
(E) Urban areas most at risk for overpopulation

18. In the early part of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, Thomas Malthus developed a theory that population
increases exponentially, while food production can increase only arithmetically. Which of the following statements
best explains how the Industrial Revolution reduced the threats forecast by Malthus?

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The resulting rural-to-urban migration for jobs in factories led to a decline in birth rates and lowered
(A)
population growth rates below what Malthus predicted.
Industrialization led to the manufacture of weaponry used in warfare, resulting in higher mortality during the
(B)
conflicts of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that dramatically reduced populations.
The migration of people from rural areas to factory cities allowed farmers to expand their farm size and
(C)
increase food production above Malthus’ predictions.
Industrialization enabled and promoted European imperialism, and Europeans migrated to overseas colonies,
(D)
reducing the European population.
Mechanization expanded to agriculture, increasing the need for agricultural labor to run the equipment,
(E)
leading rural families to have more children and increasing population growth.

19. In which of the following contexts could a neo-Malthusian perspective most successfully explain population
characteristics?
(A) A country experiencing population decline, where birth rates are low
A country with a low rate of natural population increase, where a small percentage of citizens work in
(B)
agriculture
(C) A country with a high rate of natural population increase, where food supplies are at risk
A country experiencing significant out-migration, where economic conditions lead many job seekers to move
(D)
to other countries
(E) A country recovering from an environmental disaster, where infrastructure must be rebuilt

20. Which of the following explains why a country with a high physiological density (e.g., Japan, Egypt, or the
Netherlands) risks exceeding its carrying capacity?
The population is clustered in key areas, so rural populations will not have easy access to public services
(A)
such as schools and hospitals.
The population places a large amount of pressure on the arable land to produce enough food without risking
(B)
severe environmental degradation.
The population is evenly dispersed throughout the country, so it is difficult to maintain infrastructure such as
(C)
roads and telecommunication networks for the entire country.
There is a large number of people per unit of total land area, so there is no available land for farmers to raise
(D)
crops and other food products.
The amount of farmers per unit of land area in these countries is too low to be able to support their
(E)
populations.

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21.

Which of the following best identifies the data for the Eastern Great Rift Valley, shown on the map?
(A) High arithmetic density
(B) Low arithmetic density
(C) Low carrying capacity
(D) High total fertility rate
(E) Low total fertility rate

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22.

Source: United Nations and Population Reference Bureau

Based on the graph, predicted population growth in which of the following regions is explained by a high total
fertility rate?
(A) Asia
(B) Africa
(C) Latin America and Caribbean
(D) Europe
(E) United States and Canada

23. In 2018, a large number of migrants from Afghanistan and Iraq applied for asylum in the European Union. Which of
the following is a pull factor that explains this migration?
(A) A high rate of natural increase in the Middle East, leading to overpopulation
(B) Armed conflict, driving many people from their home regions in the Middle East
(C) Drought and food shortages in the Middle East, leading many people to search for food security
(D) Immigration reforms and fenced borders around Europe, controlling the flow of migrant workers
(E) Economic growth and employment opportunities in Europe, attracting immigrant workers

24. The international Syrian refugee crisis that started in 2011 is best explained by which of the following migration
factors?

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(A) An economic pull factor from the European Union, where jobs and housing are available in cities
(B) A demographic push factor from Syria, where the total fertility rate is high
(C) A political pull factor from the United States, where there is a history of Syrian immigration
(D) A political pull factor from Turkey, where there are free and open elections
(E) A political push factor from Syria, where armed conflict imperils personal safety

25. Which of the following best describes a country with a rate of natural increase of 0.4 ?
(A) Negative population growth
(B) Low life expectancy
(C) Slow population growth
(D) Increasing fertility rates
(E) Decreasing percent elderly population

26. Country has a high youth-dependency ratio. Country has fears of running out of agricultural resources. Which
of the following explains why Countries and would implement anti-natalist policies?
(A) Antinatalist policies promote higher birth rates so the country will have an adequate future workforce.
(B) Antinatalist policies promote immigration so the country will be able to sustain its population.
(C) Antinatalist policies correct skewed sex ratios so the number of each sex will be relatively even.
(D) Antinatalist policies promote health and sanitation to lower the number of deaths from infectious diseases.
Antinatalist policies promote family planning strategies to reduce fertility rates and discourage population
(E)
growth.

27. The early United States population was predominantly Protestant. In the nineteenth century, urban populations
became increasingly Roman Catholic, especially in the cities of the Northeastern United States. This shift in the
pattern of religion was caused by
(A) internal rural-to-urban migration from farming areas of the eastern United States
(B) transnational migration from Ireland, southern Germany, and Italy
(C) transnational migration from Latin America and the Caribbean
(D) religious conversion of urban residents
(E) out-migration of Protestants to rural farming areas of the Midwestern United States

28. Which term best describes the majority of voluntary migrants from South Asia to the Persian Gulf countries of
Bahrain, Qatar, and Kuwait during the 1990s and 2000s?
(A) Guest workers
(B) Refugees
(C) Rural-to-urban migrants
(D) Internally displaced persons
(E) Asylum seekers

29. The increasing percentage of urban dwellers in more-developed countries is best explained by

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(A) greater access to job opportunities, resources, and facilities

(B) a critical need for workers in the primary economic sector
(C) an abundance of arable land for agricultural use
(D) a desire for more living space and a slower lifestyle
(E) inadequate health care and few educational resources

30. Which of the following types of countries are most likely challenged with the problems associated with a large
youth-dependent population, such as providing public primary education for all children?
(A) More developed countries
(B) Less developed countries
(C) Free market countries
(D) Landlocked countries
(E) Island countries

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