University of Asia Pacific

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

LAB Report

Course Title: Computer Networks Lab

Course Code: CSE 320

LAB No.: 3

LAB Task: Network Topology

Submitted to: Khaled Zinnurine

Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Asia Pacific

Submitted by: Mumtaheena Binte Ahmed

Reg no.: 21201198
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Asia Pacific

Date of Submission: 22.09.2024 (Sunday)

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 Network Topology

Theory
The network topology is the arrangement of the various elements that make up a computer
network, that is, nodes and links. These are usually known to come in several forms, which
include bus-topology, or one single cable, the star topology, where there is a central host, the
ring topology, where all devices are in a circular connection, the mesh topology, for
interconnected devices, and hybrid, which combines any of two topologies. Each has unique
advantages and disadvantages affecting performance, reliability, and cost.

Bus Topology
In a bus topology, all the network devices are connected to one central cable known as a bus.
Each device taps into the bus and sends data in both directions. This topology is so simple and
easy to establish because the requirement for cables is minimal. However, there are some
significant restrictions on this topology: the number of devices is restricted, and the total cable
length cannot exceed certain limits. One major disadvantage is the fact that if the host bus cable
happens to be damaged, then the entire network will not work, which may lead to huge losses of
time and therefore paralyze communication.

Use Case: Small office networks where simplicity and low cost are priorities. Bus topology can
be used for connecting a few computers and printers without the need for extensive cabling,
making it suitable for small setups.

Star Topology
In the star topology, all devices are interconnected with the central hub or switch, which
mediates the data transmission between them. Since it is modular, adding or removing any
device does not affect the entire network. One of the major advantages is the fact that individual
cable failures affect only the device itself and do not hamper the rest of the network. But the use
of a central hub makes them vulnerable because if the central one happens to crash, then the
whole network will be down. The star topology requires cabling more than bus topology, since
one needs to connect every device with a central device-a potential disadvantage, but once
completed, the system is easier to manage and maintain.

Use Case: Modern office environments. Star topology is ideal for connecting multiple devices to
a central switch, allowing easy management and scalability. If a device fails, it won’t affect
others, ensuring reliable communication.
Ring Topology
In ring topology, every device is connected to two others, which in effect creates a circle of flow
for the data. Since the data travel in only one direction, this increases the transmission speed
and minimizes the possibility of data collision. An important advantage here is that it is relatively
simple to handle the data, preventing faults since the network can be monitored very well.
However, the critical disadvantage is that the failure of a device or of a connection can bring
down an entire network and result in considerable downtime. Thus, while ring topology may
prove to be fairly efficient for small networks, it does not stand to be quite as reliable for large
network setups.

Use Case: Token Ring networks. Used in scenarios where predictable performance is required,
such as in certain industrial settings where data needs to flow in a specific order to maintain
system integrity.

Mesh Topology
In the mesh topology, there is a lot of interconnection between devices; this means providing
several routes between devices. Since the concept enhances reliability and fault tolerance one
connection fails, the rerouting of data takes place. The workability of Mesh networks that involve
heavy traffic is very good for critical applications with imperative uptime. This type of topology
may not be that feasible on a small network due to the big cost involved in cabling and
installation. Another challenge of the mesh network is managing the complexity, and skilled
personnel are required to monitor the operations of every event and dissatisfaction arising in the
whole interconnected system.

Use Case: Critical applications like data centers or military networks. Mesh topology ensures
high reliability and redundancy, allowing data to reroute if a connection fails, making it suitable
for environments where uptime is crucial.

Hybrid Topology
Hybrid topology combines topologies such as star, bus, and ring, providing the most flexible and
scalable network design. This flexibility makes it easy to adapt an organization to a specific
need for better performance and reliability. For instance, a hybrid design may integrate the ease
of star topology with the cost-effectiveness of bus topology. This versatility is a great advantage,
but it can also make the use of hybrid topologies complex and highly expensive. They may also
inherit limitations from the constituent topologies; this therefore requires careful planning and
management to ensure full functionality and proper resource utilization.

Use Case: Large enterprises with diverse networking needs. Hybrid topology can integrate
different topologies to accommodate various departments or functions, allowing for tailored
solutions that optimize performance and resource use across the organization.
Packet Tracer Topology

Bus Topology

Design

Simulation

Message Transfer
Star

Design

Simulation

Message Transfer
Ring

Design

Simulation

Message Transfer
Mesh

Design

Simulation

Message Transfer
Hybrid

Design

Simulation

Message Transfer
Discussion and Conclusion
We have connected the Pc with Network devices through Copper Straight-Through wires and
made connections among the network devices using Copper Cross-Over wires. The IP address
of each of the pc is set within the same class and mentioned in notes for each. The simulation
refers to the demonstration of the message sent and received and the Message transfer shows
whether a connection is successful or not.