Assignment no.

Name: Rimsha Anwar

Class: BSCS 5

Reg no: 222201039

Subject :Operating System

Submitted to: Sir Masood Ahmed

A Comprehensive Look at Operating
Systems: DOS, Windows, Linux, and
macOS

1. macOS

 Developer: Apple Inc.

 Overview: macOS is a Unix-based operating system designed for

Apple's Macintosh computers. It is known for its sleek design,
stability, and integration with other Apple products.

Features:

 Intuitive Graphical User Interface (GUI) with a focus on aesthetics

and usability.

 Excellent integration with Apple devices (iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch).

 Built on a Unix-based foundation, providing strong stability and

security.

 Includes productivity tools like Finder, Safari, iCloud, and built-in

development tools (Xcode).

Advantages:

 Highly stable and secure.

  Seamless integration with other Apple products.

 Great for creative professionals (graphics, video editing, music

production).

Disadvantages:

 Limited software compatibility compared to Windows.

 Higher cost due to hardware restrictions (requires Apple devices).

 Less customizable compared to Linux.

Latest System Requirements:

 Processor: Apple M1 chip or later

 Memory: 8GB RAM (16GB recommended)

 Storage: 15GB of available storage (more for updates

 Graphics: Metal-compatible graphics card

2. Windows

 Developer: Microsoft Corporation.

  Overview: Windows is one of the most widely used operating
systems globally, known for its user-friendly interface and broad
compatibility with hardware and software.

Features:

 Easy-to-use Graphical User Interface (GUI) with support for

multitasking.

 Wide software compatibility and extensive gaming support.

 Strong networking capabilities and built-in security features like

Windows Defender.

 Frequent updates and improvements with new versions (e.g.,

Windows 10, Windows 11).

Advantages:

 Large software ecosystem, with support for a wide range of

applications.

 Regular updates and strong customer support.

 Excellent compatibility with most hardware.

Disadvantages:

 Vulnerable to malware and viruses due to its widespread use.

  Requires more system resources, making it slower on older
hardware.

 Can be more expensive, especially for enterprise editions.

Latest System Requirements (Windows 11):

 Processor: 1 GHz or faster with 2 or more cores on a compatible

64-bit processor

 Memory: 4 GB RAM

 Storage: 64 GB or larger storage device

 Graphics: DirectX 12 compatible graphics / WDDM 2.x

3. Linux

 Developer: Open-source community.

 Overview: Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating

systems. It is known for its flexibility, customization, and strong
security, widely used in servers, desktops, and embedded systems.

Features:

 Highly customizable with different distributions (distros) like Ubuntu,

Fedora, Debian, and CentOS.
  Strong command-line interface and scripting capabilities.

 Open-source, allowing users to modify and distribute the software

freely.

 Excellent performance and stability, especially for servers.

Advantages:

 Free to use and distribute (open-source).

 Highly secure and less prone to malware.

 Suitable for developers, programmers, and server environments.

Disadvantages:

 Steeper learning curve, especially for beginners.

 Less software compatibility compared to Windows and macOS.

 Limited support for high-end games and commercial applications.

Latest System Requirements:

 Processor: 2 GHz dual-core processor or better

 Memory: 4 GB RAM (8 GB recommended)

 Storage: 20 GB of free hard drive space

 Graphics: VGA capable of 1024x768 screen resolution

4. MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)

 Developer: Microsoft Corporation.

 Overview: MS-DOS is a command-line-based operating system used

in early personal computers. It was the foundation for many of
Microsoft's early software developments.

Features:

 Command-line interface for executing commands and running

applications.

 Single-user, single-tasking environment.

 Uses the FAT (File Allocation Table) file system for managing files
and directories.

 Lightweight and requires minimal system resources.

Advantages:

 Simple and efficient for basic tasks.

 Fast execution due to its low system resource requirements.

 Provides direct access to hardware and low-level system functions.

Disadvantages:
  No graphical user interface (GUI), making it difficult for beginners.

 Single-tasking, meaning it can only run one program at a time.

 Obsolete for modern computing needs and lacks support for

contemporary hardware.

Latest System Requirements:

 As DOS is not actively developed anymore, it does not have

contemporary system requirements. However, a typical
requirement for running DOS includes:

 Processor: Intel-compatible CPU (386 or higher)

 Memory: 640 KB RAM minimum

 Storage: A few MB of hard disk space depending on system.

Differences Among macOS, Windows, Linux,

and MS-DOS:
Feature macOS Windows Linux MS-DOS

Both graphical
Graphical, Graphical, Command-
User Interface and
user-friendly user-friendly line only
command-line

Security High Moderate Very high Low

Customization Limited Moderate High Very limited

Moderate to
Software Limited (mostly
Extensive extensive Minimal
Support Apple apps)
(varies)

Expensive
Moderate to Free or low-
Cost (Apple Free
expensive cost
hardware)

General
Developers, Legacy
Creative users,
Best For servers, power systems,
professionals gamers,
users basic tasks
businesses