ARTS AND SCIENCES DEPARTMENT

Properties and Changes in

Matter
Experiment 3 and 4
CHEM 101 LAB
OBJECTIVES of the Experiment

❑ Distinguish physical properties from chemical properties.

❑ Differentiate physical change from chemical change.

❑ Discuss the differences of the properties of elements and

compounds.

❑ Explain homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

❑ Perform different types of separation techniques in mixtures

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It includes things we can see
and touch (such as water, earth, and trees), as well as things we cannot (such as air).
Thus, everything in the universe has a “chemical” connection.

Chang, R. and Goldsby, K. (2016) Chemistry, 12th International Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill
A substance is a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and distinct
properties. It differ from one another in composition and can be identified by their
appearance, smell, taste, and other properties. Substances can be either elements or
compounds.

Most elements can interact with other elements to

An element is a substance that cannot be form compounds. For example, when hydrogen
separated into simpler substances by gas burns in oxygen gas and the elements
chemical means. hydrogen and oxygen combine to form the
compound water.
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct
identities. Some familiar examples are air, soft drinks, milk, and cement. Mixtures are either
homogeneous or heterogeneous.

When a spoonful of sugar dissolves in water we

obtain a homogeneous mixture in which the
composition of the mixture is the same
throughout..

If sand is mixed with iron filings, however, the

sand grains and the iron filings remain separate.
This type of mixture is called a heterogeneous
mixture because the composition is not uniform
Many different methods can be used to separate the components of a mixture from
one another. A couple of methods that you may have carried out in the laboratory are:

❑ Filtration - Filtering Coffee, Spaghetti, a window screen, an air filter, a sand sieve

❑ Evaporation - Obtaining sea salt from sea water

❑ Decantation - To decant a liquid from a precipitate or water from rice.

❑ Magnetic - Separating Metals in a Scrap Yard

❑ Distillation - the distillation of alcohol or oil

❑ Crystallization - Growing Rock Candy or the Crystallization of a Magma Chamber

❑ Sorting/ Selection - often by hand; Ex: Recycling Plastic

❑ Chromatography - the separation of plant pigments and dyes

❑ Centrifugation - The separation of blood or DNA from blood

Matter occurs commonly in three physical forms called states: solid, liquid, and gas.
Depending on the temperature and pressure of the surroundings, many substances
can exist in each of the three physical states, and they can undergo changes in state
as well.

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Changes in temperature and pressure causes matter to change from one state to
another. This change is called a phase transition or phase change.
❑ Melting: Phase transition from solid to liquid.

❑ Freezing: Phase transition from liquid to solid.

❑ Vaporization: Phase transition from liquid to gas.

❑ Condensation: Phase transition from gas to liquid.

❑ Sublimation: Phase transition from solid to gas.

❑ Deposition: Phase transition from gas to solid.

❑ Ionization: Phase transition from gas to plasma.

❑ De-ionization or recombination: Phase transition from

https://sciencenotes.org/states-of-matter/
plasma to gas.
Changes Involving Temperature
❑ Exothermic change
- Involves given off heat to the surroundings
- If heat is removed from a substance, such as in freezing and condensation.
- Heat is decreasing the speed of the molecules causing them move slower.
- ΔH value negative (energy release)
- The temperature of the surroundings increases.
- Examples: formation of snow, burning candle, burning wood, gas burner in use, and reaction of
fuels
- Most chemical reactions are exothermic.

❑ Endothermic change
- Involves the absorption or taking up of heat from the surroundings
- If heat is added a substance such as in melting, vaporization and sublimation.
- The hat is increasing the speed of the molecules causing them move faster.
- ΔH value positive (energy absorbed)
- The temperature of the surroundings decreases.
- Examples: evaporation of liquid water, forming water vapor, sublimation of solid CO2, baking of
bread, cooking an egg, melting ice, and photosynthesis
Properties of Matter
❑ Intrinsic Properties
▪ Qualities that are characteristics of any sample a substance regardless of the size or shape of the
sample.
▪ This depends on the kind of material and not on the amount.
▪ properties that are within the substance
▪ These may be grouped into:
a. Physical properties – boiling point of alcohol is 78 °C, diamond is very hard, and metal wire
conducts an electric current
b. Chemical properties – sugar ferments to form alcohol
❑ Extrinsic Properties
▪ Properties that are not characteristics of the substance itself
▪ Depend on the amount of matter or Quality of matter
▪ properties that depend on the amount of the substance you have
▪ Example: the length of a piece of wire depends on how much wire you have
Physical properties are properties that can be measured or observed without
changing the chemical nature of the substance.

❑ color (intensive) ❑ boiling point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance boils
❑ density (intensive) ❑ melting point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance melts
❑ volume (extensive)
❑ mass (extensive)

Intensive properties, such as density and color, do not

depend on the amount of matter.

Extensive properties, such as mass and volume,

depend on the amount of matter that is being measured.
Chemical properties are those that a substance shows as it changes into or interacts
with another substance (or substances).

❑ Heat of combustion is the energy released when a compound undergoes

complete combustion (burning) with oxygen. The symbol for the heat of
combustion is ΔHc.

❑ Chemical stability refers to whether a compound will react with water or air
(chemically stable substances will not react). Hydrolysis and oxidation are two
such reactions and are both chemical changes.

❑ Flammability refers to whether a compound will burn when exposed to flame.

Again, burning is a chemical reaction—commonly a high-temperature reaction in
the presence of oxygen.

❑ The preferred oxidation state is the lowest-energy oxidation state that a metal will
undergo reactions in order to achieve (if another element is present to accept or
donate electrons).
A physical change leads to a different form of the same substance (same
composition), whereas a chemical change leads to a different substance (different
composition).

EVIDENCES:
• Change in color;
• Formation of bubbles/gases
• Production of heat and light
• Formation of precipitate https://examples.yourdictionary.com/main-difference-between-a-chemical-and-physical-change.html
LAB RESULTS: Experiment 3
Group the procedures done into physical and chemical change. Then identify if it is endothermic or
exothermic change.
P1: Melting of ice cubes P2: Heating of iodine crystals P3: Heating of magnesium ribbon

P4: Mixing calcium chloride and P5: Evaporating salt solution

sodium carbonate
LAB RESULTS: Experiment 4
Procedure 1: Elements and Compound (Magnesium ribbon)
LAB RESULTS: Experiment 4
Procedure 2 and 3: Mixtures and Separation method

Salt and Water Calcium carbonate Sand and iron fillings Oil and Water
and Water