SQL Summary – Version5

SELECT <field(s)>

FROM <table(s)>

WHERE condition(s)

GROUP BY expression

HAVING condition – only works with GROUP BY

ORDER BY expression

==============================

SELECT ALL fields

1 SELECT * FROM tablename

SELECT . . . FROM . . . SELECT selects fields (only). Also the wildcard

2 SELECT * FROM tablename . . . . “ * “ wildcard selects everything – all fields.

3 SELECT * FROM tblName WHERE LastName LIKE “W*”

ORDER BY – ASC or DESC. ASC is default – smallest first, largest last. A first, Z last.

4 SELECT * FROM tblName ORDER BY LastName

5 SELECT * FROM tblName ORDER BY price DESC . . . the highest price is first

6 SELECT * FROM tblInventory ORDER BY price, make . . . cheapest to most expensive in alphabetical order by make

1
THE BEST . . . THE 5 BEST . . . THE WORST . . . THE HIGHEST . . . THE MOST (EXPENSIVE) (CHEAPEST) . . . EARLIEST . . . LATEST

7 SELECT TOP 1 * FROM tblName ORDER BY ASC / SELECT TOP 5 * FROM ORDER BY DESC.

8 SELECT TOP 20 * FROM tblPrintLogs ORDER BY TotalColourPages DESC

9 SELECT TOP 1 surname FROM tblPrintLogs ORDER BY HOUR(date) DESC

10 SELECT TOP 1 lastName, firstName FROM tblPrintLogs WHERE email LIKE “*student*” ORDER BY cost DESC

SELECT ONLY CERTAIN FIELDS AND THEN SORT BY A SPECIFIC FIELD

11 SELECT field1, field2, field3, fieldN FROM tblName ORDER BY Age

SELECT VALUES THAT ARE UNIQUE

12 SELECT DISTINCT fields FROM tblName ORDER BY . . . . eg SELECT DISTINCT LastName FROM tblStudents

PERFORM ARITHMETIC ON THE SELECTED FIELDS AND THEN NAME THIS “NEW” FIELD (called an Alias)

13 SELECT fields calculation FROM ORDER BY . . . . eg SELECT Name, (Math + Science + IT) AS Total FROM tblStudents

USE ARITHMETIC FUNCTION TO FORMAT A RESULT eg rounding to 1 decimal place

14 SELECT fields arithmetic function(calculation) . . . . . eg SELECT Name ROUND((Math + IT) /2, 1) AS Average FROM tblStudents

15 SELECT fields calculations (MOD) AS alias . . . . . eg SELECT totalPages MOD 4 AS Total

STRING MANIPULATION TO EXTRACT A PORTION OF A LONGER STRING eg finding a person’s initial

16 SELECT string manipulation (field) & field & field . . . . eg SELECT LEFT(firstName,1)

EXTRACT A PORTION OF A DATE - YEAR, MONTH, DAY FROM A FIELD THAT HAS THE DATA TYPE OF “Date”

17 SELECT date or time(field) . . . eg SELECT YEAR(DOB) . . . . SELECT MONTH(DOB) . . . .

2
PERFORMING AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS ON ALL THE VALUES IN A PARTICULAR FIELD. YEILDS A SINGLE VALUE.

18 SELECT aggregate function(field) . . . eg SELECT MIN(SizeKB) . . . . SELECT AVG(TotalPages) . . . . SELECT SUM(Cost)

WHERE - COMPARING VALUES IN A PARTICULAR FIELD TO A PARTICULAR CONDITION eg larger than 5

19 SELECT fields WHERE condition = < > <= >= <> . . . . eg SELECT surname FROM PrintLogs WHERE TotalPages > 5 . . . .

20 SELECT Name FROM Table WHERE Science > (SELECT AVG (Science) FROM Table ) . . . .

21 SELECT Name FROM tblStudents WHERE Address1 IS NULL

22 SELECT * FROM tblName WHERE ModelNumber LIKE “XC-450??” – wildcard ? for a single character

DETERMINING AGE AND DISPLAYING AGE FROM DATE OF BIRTH

23 SELECT Name, YEAR(NOW ( ) ) – YEAR(DOB) AS Age

COMPARING AGES TO A PARTICULAR CONDITION eg larger and equal to 30

24 SELECT fields FROM WHERE calculation condition . . . eg SELECT fields WHERE YEAR(NOW()) – YEAR(DOB) <= 30

COMPARING AGES TO MORE THAN ONE CONDITION eg larger than March but smaller than June

25 SELECT fields WHERE condition AND condition . . . eg SELECT fields WHERE MONTH(DOB) BETWEEN 3 AND 6.

DETERMINGING THE AVERAGE AGE FROM DATE OF BIRTH

26 SELECT Name, AVG( NOW( ) ) – YEAR(DOB)) AS AveAge

PERFORMING A SIMPLE CALCULATION ON A NUMBER OF FIELDS IN THE SAME RECORD

27 SELECT (TotalPages * Copies) . . . . . (Maths + Science + IT) . . . . (LeaveDaysPerYear – DaysTakenThisYear)

3
USING GROUP BY and HAVING with aggregate functions (aggregate function only provide one result unless . . . )

GROUP BY – The result of an aggregate function can offer more information if grouped into categories satisfying a condition

28 SELECT continent, COUNT(countryName) FROM tblWorld GROUP BY continent . . . for number of countries on each continent

29 SELECT continent, COUNT(countryName) FROM tblWorld WHERE population > 20000000 GROUP BY continent

30 SELECT continent, SUM(population) FROM tblWorld GROUP BY continent . . . the total population on each continent

31 SELECT continent, SUM(population) FROM tblWorld GROUP BY continent HAVING SUM(population) > 50000000

Arithmetic function: INT( ), ROUND( ), TRUNCATE( ). Formats the single parameter within the brackets. RND - a single random number.

Comparison operators: < > >= <= <> (not equal to)

Random numbers: RND(Upper bound – Lower bound ) + Lower bound

String manipulation: LEFT(x), RIGHT(x), MID(x, y), LEN, & - concatenation operator in Ms Access

Date and time: DATE, YEAR, MONTH, DAY, TIME, HOUR, MINUTE. Used with a field of the data type “date”. NOW( ) yields today from the PC.

Aggregate functions: MAX(), MIN(), AVG(), SUM(), COUNT(). Returns a single result (value) eg it adds all the values in a field when you SUM
They do not return any details from a specific record. Example: If you need maximum and minimum values with details use ORDER BY.

Most useful when used in conjunction with GROUP BY

COUNT does not count a record that has a NULL value in the specified field. The other aggregate functions ignore NULL values eg SUM

WHERE TotalPages > AVG(TotalPages) . . . does not work. You cannot compare a value to an aggregate.

WHERE TotalPages > (SELECT AVG(TotalPages) FROM PrintLogs) . . . this works because each statement presents a value.

SELECT make, model, price FROM tblInventory WHERE price < (SELECT AVG(price) FROM tblInventury.) See 14 for another example.

4
 Each aggregate function must have its own SELECT statement so that it presents its own value for comparison
WHERE (SELECT AVG(field1) FROM Table1) > WHERE (SELECT AVG(field2) FROM Table1).

Compound conditions: NOT, AND, OR

WHERE town = “Johannesburg” AND maritalstatus = 1 AND gender = 1

More conditions: BETWEEN . . AND, IN and NOT IN, LIKE, NULL

SELECT * FROM tblDetails WHERE town IN (“Johannesburg”, “Pretoria”, “Midrand”)

SELECT * FROM tblDetails WHERE town NOT IN (“Johannesburg”, “Pretoria”, “Midrand”)

Quotes. Regular quotes for string data. Hash symbols for date/time . #2019/05/23 9:33:00#. (Boolean (True) – no quotes)

SQL Summary – Queries that alter data in a table (insert records, delete records or edit existing records) (table is not altered)

32 INSERT – adds a new record to a table and populates all the fields (not when autonumber is the primary key)

INSERT INTO tablename VALUES (field1Data, field2Data, field2Data) – no field names.

NOTE: The VALUES, the order of the values, and the datatypes match the table structure exactly

33 INSERT - adds a new record, specified fields . . . (useful when the first field is autonumber)

INSERT INTO tablename (fieldTitle1, fieldTitle2, fieldTitle3) VALUES (field1Data, field2Data, field2Data)

Eg INSERT INTO tblname (name, DOB, gender, grade, boarder) VALUES (‘Lynn’, #02 Feb 2000#, ‘F’, 10, false)

34 UPDATE – all . . . (the whole table, and all its records are given a new value e.g. the school gets a new name – everybody is affected.

UPDATE tablename SET field1 = value1, field2 = value2, fieldN = valueN

5
35 UPDATE – updates a record that matches a condition

UPDATE tablename SET field1 = value1, field2 = value2, fieldN = valueN WHERE condition

E.g. UPDATE PrintLogs SET FirstName = “Henrietta” WHERE Surname = “Bates” AND FirstName = “Henry”.

36 DELETE – all . . . (Deletes all the records in the table and cannot be undone in Ms Access. The table structure is not affected)

DELETE * FROM tablename

37 DELETE – those that match a condition . . . (NOTE: This delete SQL command cannot be undone Ms Access)

DELETE FROM tablename WHERE fieldname = value

E.g. DELETE FROM tblStudents WHERE studentID = 38 (best to delete using the primary key value, not the person’s name)

More examples – SELECT

1. SELECT *
2. SELECT name, region
3. SELECT name, area/population . . . (area divided by population which gives the population density)
4. SELECT ROUND(area/population, 2) . . . as above rounded to 2 decimal places
5. SELECT LENGTH(name)
6. SELECT name, LEFT(name,1)
7. SELECT name FROM tblWorldStats WHERE population > (SELECT population FROM tblWorldStats WHERE name = “Russia”)
a. Note: A query within a query – the second SELECT must only return one value or the comparison operator cannot work.
8. SELECT INT(genderMale / totalEnrolement * 100) . . . Percentage of male students enrolled in a college rounded down.
9. SELECT ROUND(genderMale / totalEnrolement * 100, 2) . . . Percentage of male students enrolled in a college rounded to 2 decimal places
10. SELECT ROUND(RND(SizeKb) * 5,0) . . . whole random numbers from 1 to 5 inclusive.

6
 11. SELECT LastName & “ “ & LEFT(firstName,1) AS LastNameInit . . . last name concatenated with initial.

More examples – WHERE

1. WHERE area = 1000000

2. WHERE country = ‘Germany’
3. WHERE country IN (‘United Kingdom’, ‘Europe’, ‘Asia’)
4. WHERE MONTH(DOB) IN (1,2,3) . . . finds people born in the first quarter of the year
5. WHERE name LIKE “Al*”
6. WHERE name LIKE “Al*” OR “El*”
7. WHERE length(name) > 10 AND region = “Europe”
8. WHERE area < 500000 AND population > 1000000
9. WHERE area BETWEEN 1000000 AND 2000000
10. WHERE nationality = ‘England” AND goalsScored BETWEEN 40 AND 50
11. WHERE subject = ‘English’ AND YEAR(publication) BETWEEN 2000 AND 2015
12. WHERE LastName BETWEEN ‘A’ AND ‘M’
13. WHERE DOB BETWEEN #01/01/2010# AND #31/12/2010#
14. WHERE MONTH(DOB) = 12 AND DAY(DOB) = 25 . . . . finds people born on Christmas Day.
15. WHERE name NOT LIKE “ * * ” . . . space in the middle. Names made of two separate words would not be selected.

RESOURCE:

www.sqlzoo.net - useful teach, example and quiz website. Note: Does not focus on Ms Access SQL implementation – small differences.