Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Lab Report
Course Title: Electrical Circuits
Course Code: CSE209 Section: 1
Group No: 01
Experiment No: 01
Experiment Name: Introduction to Circuit Elements and Variable
Date of Performance: 27 October, 2024

Submitted by: Md. Talha Jobair (2023-1-60-120)

Course Instructor
Dr. Sarwar Jahan
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Date of Submission: 5 October, 2024
 Introduction to Circuit Elements and Variable

Objectives:
1. To get familiar with circuit variables (voltage and current) and circuit elements
(voltage source and resistance).
2. To learn how to measure dc voltage across a circuit element using a voltmeter.
3. To learn how to measure dc current through a circuit element using an ammeter.
4. To learn how to measure resistance of a resistor using a multimeter.
5. To verify Ohm’s Law.

Theory:
Electromotive force across a circuit is equal to the current flowing through the
circuit multiplied by the total impedance of the circuit.
Ohm's Law states that V = IR. Ohm’s Law tells us that the electrical current in a
circuit can be calculated by dividing the voltage by the resistance.
I = Current (Amperes),
V = Voltage (Voltage),
R = Resistance (Ohm).

Circuit Diagram:
 Figure: Circuit for experiment.

Experimental Datasheet:

Observation Set value of E Measured Measured Measured

(V) value of V (V) value of I value of R (Ω)
number
(mA)
1 5 5.01 7

2 6 5.96 8
3 7 6.94 9 960Ω

4 8 7.94 10
5 9 8.95 10.5

6 10 9.92 11.8
 ▪ Answers to the lab report Question and Answers:

1. Theoretically calculate the values of I using measured values of V and

R. Compare the theoretical values with the measured values and comment on
any discrepancy.
Solution:
Theoretically calculating the value of I using the measured value of V and R. For,
We know,
I = V/R
E = 5V; I = 5.01/960 = 5.22 mA
E = 6V; I = 5.96/960 = 6.21 mA
E = 7V; I = 6.94/960 = 7.23 mA
E = 8V; I = 7.94/ 960 = 8.27 mA
E = 9V; I = 8.95/960 = 9.32 mA
E = 10V; I = 9.92/960 = 10.33 mA

Comparing the values of I:

Serial Theoretical value of I (mA) Measured value of I (mA)

E=5 5.22 7

E=6 6.21 8

E=7 7.23 9
 E=8 8.27 10

E=9 9.32 10.5

E=10 10.33 11.8

Now, let's calculate the differences (errors) between the theoretical and measured
values: Differences (Errors):
7 - 5.22 = 1.78 mA
8 - 6.21 = 1.79 mA
9 - 7.23= 1.77 mA
10 -8.27= 1.73 mA
10.5 - 9.32= 1.18 mA
11.8-10.33=1.47 mA
The discrepancies are relatively small, ranging from 1m.1.18mA to 1.79 mA.
The observed discrepancies may stem from various sources, including:

Measurement Errors: Inaccuracies in the measurement process can lead to

deviations between the expected and measured values.

Component Tolerance: Electronic components, like resistors, inherently possess

tolerance values.
Environmental Factors: External conditions, such as temperature and humidity,
can influence electronic components and their performance.
Lead and Connection Resistance: The resistance associated with the leads and
connections within the measurement setup is a critical consideration.
In summary, potential reasons for the observed disparities encompass measurement
errors, component tolerances, environmental influences, and the impact of resistance
in leads and connections within the measurement setup

2. Theoretically calculate the values of R from the measured values of V and I

using Ohm’s law. Compare the calculated and measured values of R and
comment on any discrepancy.
Solution:
Theoretically calculating the value of R using the measured value of V and I.
We know, R = V / I.
For,
E= 5V; R = (5.01 / 7) * 1000 = 715.71 Ω
E= 6V; R = (5.96 / 8) * 1000 = 745 Ω
E= 7V; R = (6.94 / 9) * 1000 = 771.11Ω
E= 8V; R = (7.94 / 10) * 1000 = 794 Ω
E= 9V; R = (8.95 / 10.5) * 1000 = 852Ω
E = 10V; R = (9.92/ 11.8) * 1000 = 840 Ω

R = (1000+1000+1028.57+987.65+989.13+1000)/6
= 1000.89 Ω

Theoretically R = 786.45 Ω
Measured R = 960 Ω
Absolute Difference (ΔR):
ΔR = |R_theoretical - R_measured|
ΔR = |786.45 Ω - 960 Ω|
ΔR = 173.55 Ω

Percentage Difference (%ΔR):

%ΔR = (ΔR / R_theoretical) * 100%
%ΔR = (173.55 Ω / 960Ω) * 100%
%ΔR ≈ 22.06%
The observed difference between the measured resistance (960 Ω) and the
theoretical resistance (786.45 Ω) suggests a slight elevation in the measured value.
Various factors could contribute to this deviation:

Tolerance in Components: Electronic components, such as resistors, come with

tolerance values.
Measurement Accuracy: The accuracy of the measurement device plays a crucial
role in obtaining precise readings.

Calibration: Ensuring the proper calibration of the measuring instrument is crucial

for accurate readings.
In conclusion, the observed disparity underscores the importance of considering
component tolerances, measuring instrument accuracy, and calibration procedures
when assessing and interpreting resistance values in electronic circuits.

3. Compare the set value of E and the measured value of V and comment on
any discrepancy.
Solution:
 Set Value of E (V) Measured
Value of V (V)
5 5.01
6 5.96
7 6.94
8 7.94
9 8.95
10 9.92

Now, let's calculate the absolute differences (errors) for each data point: Absolute
Differences (Errors):
For E = 5 V: |5 V – 5.1 V| = 0.01 V
For E = 6 V: |6 V - 6.1 V| = 0.04 V
For E = 7 V: |7 V – 6.94V| = 0.06 V
For E = 9 V: |9 V – 8.95V| = 0.05 V

For the majority of data points, the absolute differences appear relatively modest,
with errors spanning from 0.01 V to 0.06V. These variations could stem from
several factors, such as:

Measurement Accuracy: The instrument employed for measuring voltage may

possess inherent measurement errors or tolerances, thereby contributing to the
observed differences in readings.
Calibration: The precision of voltage measurements heavily relies on the proper
calibration of the measuring instrument. Ensuring that the instrument is accurately
calibrated is imperative for minimizing discrepancies in voltage readings.

Voltage Regulation: The accuracy of the power supply or source delivering the
specified voltage values can significantly impact the measured results.

In summary, the observed differences in data points could be attributed to factors

like measurement accuracy, instrument calibration, and the stability of the voltage
supplied by the power source.

4. Plot V vs. I (taking I as an independent variable) and fit a straight-line

passing through the origin. From the plot determine the resistance of the
supplied resistor using Ohm’s law. Compare this value with the measured
value and comment on any discrepancy.
Solution:

Indeed, potential sources of deviation between the calculated resistance (786.45Ω)

and the measured resistance (960 Ω) encompass the following aspects:
Component Tolerance: Electronic components, including resistors, are
designed with specified tolerance values, allowing for variations in their actual
resistance.
Measurement Accuracy: The measuring instrument employed for the resistance
measurement may introduce a degree of error.
Environmental Conditions: Fluctuations in environmental factors such as
temperature and humidity can influence the resistance of electronic components.
In summary, the potential points of discrepancy between the calculated and
measured resistance involve component tolerance, measurement accuracy of the
instrument, and the influence of environmental conditions on the electronic
component’s resistance.

5. Discuss how voltage or current is measured using a multi-range meter.

Ans:
A digital multimeter (DMM), a type of multi-range meter, serves as a versatile
instrument for measuring both voltage and current. To measure voltage, users must
first choose the appropriate voltage range, connect the DMM leads across the
component or circuit, and then simply read the displayed voltage.
For current measurements, the circuit needs to be interrupted, and the DMM is
placed in series. After breaking the circuit, users select the relevant current range
and read the displayed current value.
These meters come equipped with various measurement ranges, accommodating a
broad spectrum of values. While voltage measurements involve a straightforward
connection, current measurements require a series connection to accurately assess
the flow within the circuit. Digital multimeters prove versatile, catering to both
active elements, which rely on an external power source, and passive elements,
which do not generate energy independently.

Discussion: