Interview Questions
Interview Questions
1. Resume
2. OOPS https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/oops-interview-questions/
3. Data Analysis https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/data-analytics-tutorial/data-analyst-interview-questions
4. Data Science https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/data-science-tutorial/data-science-interview-questions
5. SQL https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sql-interview-questions/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/window-functions-in-sql/
6. Cloud https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cloud-computing-interview-questions/
7. DMBS https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/commonly-asked-dbms-interview-questions/
8. OS https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/operating-systems-interview-questions/
9. CN https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/networking-interview-questions/
10. Python https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-interview-questions/
11. HR Questions https://www.simplilearn.com/hr-interview-questions-answers-article
Cricket Score Predictor: I used machine learning to forecast cricket scores, achieving
a 94.7% accuracy rate.
Internship Projects: I analysed fuel consumption data for buses, leading to a 15%
reduction in fuel consumption, and worked on improving the quality of educational
prompts for entrance exams with 83.4% accuracy in answers.
The AI for Cyber Security certification focuses on leveraging AI technologies to enhance web
security. The course delves into AI-driven solutions, particularly for detecting vulnerabilities,
identifying threats, and mitigating web-based cyberattacks. It covers cutting-edge AI
techniques such as machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing (NLP)
tailored for cybersecurity
2. Education
2. Technical Skills
Question: You list proficiency in multiple programming languages (Python, R, SQL, C++, Java).
Could you share an example of how you've applied each language in different projects or
scenarios?
o Answer: Sure! For example, Python is my go-to language for data analysis projects,
like the Cricket Score Predictor, where I used Pandas and NumPy for data
manipulation. In contrast, I’ve used SQL for managing and querying large datasets in
my data analytics internship. For algorithm-heavy tasks like object-oriented
programming, C++ was used in academic projects, and Java was primarily for early
development work during my school years. My ability to adapt the right language for
the right task ensures efficient project completion.
Question: Can you describe a time when you had to choose between different data analysis
libraries like TensorFlow, Keras, or PyTorch for a project? How did you make that decision?
3. Professional Experience
Question: During your internship at Great Value Fuels Pvt. Ltd., you reduced fuel
consumption by 15%. What specific data patterns or insights led to this reduction?
o Answer: I analysed data from 600+ buses, focusing on fuel consumption trends and
penalties incurred due to overuse. One key insight was that buses on certain routes
consistently consumed more fuel. By visualizing these patterns using Power BI and
suggesting route optimization and fuel-efficient driving practices, we managed to
reduce overall consumption by 15%.
Question: You worked with Saraswati Vidyamandir as an AI Prompt Engineer Intern. How
did you go about improving question accuracy for JEE/NEET entrance exams?
o Answer: I focused on developing natural language prompts that were more aligned
with the JEE/NEET syllabus. I improved the accuracy rate of generated questions by
utilizing machine learning models to analyse past papers and identify common
question patterns. By refining the prompts and testing them with subject matter
experts, we achieved an 83.4% accuracy rate, significantly improving the relevance
and quality of generated questions.
4. Projects
Question: Handwritten Digits Recognition: How did you achieve a 97.1% accuracy rate, and
what challenges did you face while training the deep learning model?
o Answer: The key to achieving a 97.1% accuracy rate was using a deep learning model
built with TensorFlow and Keras. The challenge was avoiding overfitting due to the
simplicity of the MNIST dataset, so I implemented techniques like dropout and data
augmentation. By tuning hyperparameters and experimenting with different
architectures, I was able to reach high accuracy while keeping the model
generalizable.
Question: Cricket Score Predictor Using ML: Can you walk me through the regression
techniques you used in this project and why you chose them?
o Answer: I used multiple linear regression in the Cricket Score Predictor because it
allowed us to account for multiple variables like weather, venue, and team strength.
This method was ideal because it helped integrate multiple real-world factors, giving
a more accurate prediction of final scores. We achieved a 94.7% accuracy rate, which
was validated using test data from previous matches.
1. What was the biggest challenge in developing your Handwritten Digits Recognition
model, and how did you overcome it?
o The biggest challenge I faced while developing the Handwritten Digits Recognition
model was optimizing the model's performance and accuracy. Initially, the model
was underperforming, particularly in recognizing more complex digits like "3" and
"8," which have similar shapes. To address this issue, I:
Tuned the hyperparameters of the deep learning model (e.g., learning rate,
batch size) to improve training efficiency.
Implemented data augmentation techniques like rotating, flipping, and
adding noise to the MNIST dataset, which helped increase the robustness of
the model and prevent overfitting.
Used dropout layers to reduce overfitting and enhance generalization during
the training process. By making these improvements, I was able to achieve
an accuracy of 97.1%, which I felt was competitive for this type of task.
2. Can you walk us through how your Cricket Score Predictor using ML works and what
factors contributed to its 94.7% accuracy?
o The Cricket Score Predictor was developed using regression techniques to predict
match scores. Here's how the model works:
o I used historical match data (e.g., player performances, venue details, weather
conditions) as input features.
o These features were fed into a regression model (linear regression and decision
trees) to predict the final score.
o One of the key innovations was incorporating dynamic factors such as weather, pitch
conditions, and team strength into the model to improve prediction accuracy.
o The high accuracy rate (94.7%) was achieved because:
o I used feature engineering to select the most relevant factors that influenced the
final score.
o The model was regularly fine-tuned using cross-validation techniques, which helped
optimize its performance.
o I integrated Flask as the web framework, which provided real-time predictions by
allowing users to input dynamic match conditions.
3. For the Highway Vehicle Speed Detection project, how did you integrate YOLOV8 and
OpenCV for real-time speed tracking?
o In the Highway Vehicle Speed Detection project, I used YOLOV8 for real-time object
detection, specifically to identify and track vehicles. Here's how the integration with
OpenCV worked:
o YOLOV8 was used to detect vehicles in video frames by assigning a unique ID to each
vehicle. The detection was efficient enough to run in real time.
o OpenCV was used to capture video streams and process frames. By analyzing the
frame rate and object positions, I calculated the distance each vehicle traveled
between consecutive frames.
o Using this data, I applied speed calculation formulas to estimate the velocity of each
vehicle by measuring the time taken to move a certain distance in the video.
o The system then flagged vehicles exceeding the speed limit.
o This combination of YOLOV8 for object detection and OpenCV for video processing
allowed for accurate and fast speed tracking in real-time.
5. Certifications
Question: How has the Google Advanced Data Analytics Certificate you completed in 2024
influenced your approach to handling large datasets?
6. Soft Skills
Question: How have you demonstrated your strong analytical and problem-solving abilities
in previous projects or internships?
o Answer: One example would be during my internship at Great Value Fuels Pvt. Ltd.
When faced with inconsistent data, I applied logical problem-solving by cross-
verifying fuel usage records and analyzing trends over time. This allowed me to
identify inefficiencies and recommend actionable solutions that reduced fuel
consumption by 15%.
Question: Can you provide an example of a time when your communication and teamwork
skills were crucial in overcoming a project challenge?
7. General
Question: What motivated you to specialize in AI and ML, and where do you see yourself
applying these skills in the future? OR Which area of interest (Data Science, Deep Learning,
etc.) excites you the most, and why?
o Answer: My fascination with AI and ML stems from the potential they hold to solve
real-world problems through automation and data-driven insights. I see myself
applying these skills in industries like healthcare or transportation, where AI can
optimize processes and improve efficiency. Long-term, I aspire to contribute to
building AI systems that can revolutionize sectors like business intelligence or
environmental conservation.
Question: Given your diverse set of projects, internships, and certifications, what would you
say is your biggest strength and how do you apply it in real-world scenarios?
Why ZS Associates?
I am drawn to ZS Associates because of its commitment to treating people right, getting
things right, and consistently doing the right thing. I admire the supportive and collaborative
culture ZS has built, as well as the emphasis on ethical decision-making. I’m excited about
the opportunity to leverage my skills in a company that values integrity, innovation, and
positive impact.
Questions for HR
What would be role and responsibilities as DAA in zs?
Till now how has been your experience in zs and what would you tell an aspiring
candidate who wants to join the team?
Questions Based on OOPS
FIRST THERE WAS PROCEDURAL (A=5 B=5 PRINT(A+B) THEN THERE WAS FUCNTIONAL(DEF
ADD(A,B): RETURN +B PRINT(ADD(10,4))) THEN CAME OOPS WHEN WAS MAINLY USED TO
INCREASE REUSEABLITY AND DECREASE REDUNDANCY
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/oops-interview-questions/
Example in Python:
class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, color):
self.brand = brand
self.color = color
def start(self):
print(f"{self.brand} car started")
# Object creation
my_car = Car("Tesla", "Red")
my_car.start() # Output: Tesla car started
2. Principles of OOP
OOP has four main principles: Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism.
2.1 Encapsulation
Definition: Wrapping the data (variables) and the code (methods) that manipulate the data
into a single unit, called a class.
Goal: Control access to the data and prevent external modifications.
Implementation: Through access modifiers like public, private, and protected.
Public: Accessible from anywhere.
Private: Accessible only within the class.
Protected: Accessible within the class and its subclasses.
Example:
class Employee:
def __init__(self, name, salary):
self.name = name # Public
self.__salary = salary # Private
def show_salary(self):
print(f"Salary: {self.__salary}")
class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
return "Woof!"
dog = Dog()
print(dog.sound()) # Output: Woof!
2.3 Inheritance
Definition: The mechanism by which one class (child) can inherit attributes and methods
from another class (parent). This allows code reuse and establishes a relationship between
classes.
Types:
Single Inheritance: A class inherits from one base class.
Multiple Inheritance: A class inherits from more than one base class.
Multilevel Inheritance: A class is derived from a class that is already derived from
another class.
Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple classes inherit from a single class.
Example:
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def speak(self):
pass
class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
return f"{self.name} says Woof!"
dog = Dog("Buddy")
print(dog.speak()) # Output: Buddy says Woof!
2.4 Polymorphism
Definition: The ability of a function or object to take many forms. In OOP, polymorphism
allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions, and the specific action is
determined by the exact nature of the situation.
Goal: Different objects can respond in their way to the same message (method call).
Implementation: Through method overriding and method overloading.
Types:
Method Overloading: A feature that allows a class to have more than one method with
the same name but different parameters.
class Calculator:
def add(self, a, b):
return a + b
# This will give an error because the last defined add method takes 3 arguments
# print(calc.add(5, 10)) # TypeError: add() missing 1 required positional argument: 'c'
class Calculator:
def add(self, *args):
return sum(args)
calc = Calculator()
class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
return "Woof!"
dog = Dog()
print(dog.sound()) # Output: Woof!
def __del__(self):
print(f"Destructor called for {self.name}")
p = Person("John")
del p # Destructor will be called here
3.2 Static Methods and Class Methods
Static Methods: Methods that belong to the class rather than the object and can be called
without an object. They don’t modify the class or instance variables.
Defined using @staticmethod.
Class Methods: Methods that work on the class level rather than the instance level. They are
typically used to modify class-level variables.
@classmethod
def info(cls):
return f"This is a class method of {cls.__name__}"
def show_vars(self):
return f"{self.public_var}, {self._protected_var}, {self.__private_var}"
e = Example()
print(e.public_var) # Public
print(e._protected_var) # Protected
# print(e.__private_var) # Raises AttributeError: private access
Composition: Strong relationship where the contained object does not exist independently
of the container.
Aggregation: Weak relationship where the contained object can exist independently.
Example of Composition:
class Engine:
def __init__(self, horsepower):
self.horsepower = horsepower
class Car:
def __init__(self, model, engine):
self.model = model
self.engine = engine
engine = Engine(150)
car = Car("Tesla", engine)
print(f"Car model: {car.model}, Horsepower: {car.engine.horsepower}")
4. Benefits of OOP
Modularity: Code can be broken down into smaller, reusable components (objects).
Reusability: Objects and classes can be reused across projects.
Maintainability: Encapsulation makes it easier to maintain and modify code.
Extensibility: New features can be easily added via inheritance or composition.
Security: Encapsulation provides control over data access.
5. Drawbacks of OOP
Complexity: OOP can be overkill for smaller, simpler programs.
Overhead: Requires more planning and structure, leading to potential performance and
memory overhead.
Steeper Learning Curve: It can be more difficult for beginners compared to procedural
programming.
In summary, Object-Oriented Programming promotes the creation of modular, reusable, and
maintainable software by organizing code around real-world objects and their interactions.
Understanding and mastering OOP concepts are key to writing efficient, scalable, and clean
code.
The four main principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)—Encapsulation,
Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism—offer various benefits that help in creating
modular, maintainable, and reusable software.
1. Benefits of Encapsulation
Encapsulation is about bundling data and methods that operate on that data within a class
and restricting access to some of the object's components. This helps maintain control over
how data is accessed and modified.
Benefits:
Data Protection: Encapsulation protects the internal state of an object from unintended or
unauthorized access and modification. By using private variables, developers can ensure
data integrity and prevent the object from entering an invalid state.
Controlled Access: It allows fine-grained control over which methods or attributes are
accessible to users of the class through access modifiers (public, private, protected).
Maintainability: Changes in the internal workings of a class can be made without affecting
code that uses the class. This leads to better maintainability of the code.
Modularity: Encapsulation enables developers to break down complex systems into smaller,
more manageable components or modules. Each module is self-contained and can be tested
independently.
2. Benefits of Abstraction
Abstraction simplifies complexity by hiding unnecessary details from the user and only
exposing essential information and functionalities.
Benefits:
Simplified Interface: Users interact with the object without needing to know the
implementation details. This reduces complexity and makes the system easier to understand
and use.
Enhanced Security: By hiding the internal workings, abstraction ensures that sensitive
operations or details are not exposed to external entities.
Focus on Essentials: Abstraction encourages focusing on what an object does rather than
how it does it. This allows for high-level thinking and reduces cognitive load during
development.
Loose Coupling: Abstraction leads to less dependency between different components of a
system, as changes in the internal implementation won’t affect the interaction with other
classes.
3. Benefits of Inheritance
Inheritance allows a new class (child class) to acquire the properties and behaviors of an
existing class (parent class), promoting code reuse.
Benefits:
Code Reusability: Inheritance allows developers to reuse existing code by extending the
functionality of base classes without modifying them. This leads to reduced duplication of
code and efforts.
Faster Development: Since common behaviors and properties are inherited from a parent
class, the development of new classes becomes faster.
Simplified Maintenance: Fixes and updates made to the parent class are automatically
reflected in the child classes. This makes maintaining the system easier as changes in the
base functionality only need to be done in one place.
Hierarchy Structure: Inheritance naturally creates a hierarchy in classes, which helps in
organizing the system logically, improving the clarity of relationships between classes.
4. Benefits of Polymorphism
Polymorphism allows one interface to be used for different data types or classes. It enables
objects of different classes to respond to the same method calls in their own way.
Benefits:
Flexibility and Extensibility: Polymorphism allows the same method or function to behave
differently based on the object it is called on. This makes it easy to extend and modify
programs by simply adding new classes or methods.
Code Reusability: Common interfaces can be shared by different classes, allowing the same
piece of code to work with objects of different types.
Improved Code Organization: By implementing polymorphism, systems can be designed with
a consistent interface, leading to better-organized and more readable code.
Loose Coupling: Polymorphism helps in reducing the dependency between classes by
allowing different classes to be interchangeable if they share the same interface.
Summary of Benefits by Principle
Principle Key Benefits
Encapsulation Data protection, controlled access, better maintainability, modularity
Abstraction Simplified interface, enhanced security, focus on essentials, loose coupling
Inheritance Code reusability, faster development, simplified maintenance, logical class
hierarchy
Polymorphism Flexibility, code reusability, improved organization, loose coupling
Together, these principles make Object-Oriented Programming a powerful paradigm for
building scalable, maintainable, and efficient software systems.
Data Analysis
https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/data-analytics-tutorial/data-analyst-interview-questions
Data Science
https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/data-science-tutorial/data-science-interview-questions
SQL
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sql-interview-questions/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/window-functions-in-sql/
CLOUD
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cloud-computing-interview-questions/
DMBS
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/commonly-asked-dbms-interview-questions/
OS
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/operating-systems-interview-questions/
CN
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/networking-interview-questions/
Python
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-interview-questions/
HR Questions
https://www.simplilearn.com/hr-interview-questions-answers-article