DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTELLIGENCE TRAFFIC

LIGHT SYSTEM

BY

AJIMAJASAN, JAMIU OLUWAFEMI EES/19/20/0113

FOLARANMI, AYOMIDE OPEYEMI EES/19/20/0247
ONIFADE, JOSHUA ADEBARE EES/19/20/0473
ADEWUNMI, HASSAN OLUWATOBILOBA EES/20/21/006
ODUKOYA, BABATUNDE FAROUK EES/17/18/0272

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

COMPUTER ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ENIVIROMENTAL STUDIES,

OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY, IBOGUN CAMPUS, OGUN STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTOF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD

OF BACHELOR DEGREE (B.Engr.) IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SUPERVISED BY
DR. OYEDEJI A. I.
AUGUST 2024.

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 CERTIFICATION
The project was undertaken under the guidance of Mr Oyedeji A. I. and was been found to be
satisfactory in terms of its quality, content and contribution to the department of Computer
Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye.

-------------------------------------------- --------------------
DR. OYEDEJI A. I. Date
PROJECT SUPERVISOR

-------------------------------------------- --------------------
DR. ABOLADE Date
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

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PROF. R. A. GANIYU Date
EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 DECLARATION

This project is dedicated to the Almighty God, the creator of the universe, the owner of breath,
whose mercy and omnipotence made this work a reality.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
All Glory belongs to God who made get to this stage of life and protected us on a daily basis
throughout our stay on campus. We would love to express our profound gratitude to our project
supervisor Dr Oyedeji A. I, for his invaluable guidance and patience throughout the project. we
are thankful to him.
Secondly, we would love to thank our parents, family and friends for their unwavering support
and encouragement, their belief in us and our abilities kept us motivated and focused throughout
the project.

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 ABSTRACT
This project presents the design and development of an intelligence traffic light system (ITLS)
aimed at optimizing traffic flow and reducing congestion in urban areas. the ITLS utilizes real-
time data from sensors and camera to adapt traffic signal timings, prioritizing traffic flow and
minimizing waiting times. The system integrates machine learning and algorithms to predict
traffic patterns and adjust signal timings accordingly. A web-based interface enables remote
monitoring and control of the system. The ITLS was tested in a simulated environment,
demonstrating as significant reduction in average waiting times (27%) and increased traffic flow
(23%) compared to the traditional fixed-time traffic lights. This project contributes to mobility
development of smart traffic light management systems, enhancing urban mobility and reducing
congestion. Future work includes implementing the ITLS in a real world-setting and integrating
additional features such as pedestrian and cyclist priority modes.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table Of Contents vi
List Of Figures
List Of Tables

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Aims and objectives
1.4 Significance of the study
1.5 Scope of the study
1.6 Limitation of the study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 information sharing among agents and management centers
2.2 Transportation Management systems (TSM) Relationship
2.3 Control Systems Options
2.4 implications of intelligent traffic light
2.5 Benefits of intelligent traffic light system in urban public transportation systems
2.6 Rules of intelligent traffic lights system
2.7 Vehicle control
2.8 Expert systems
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Methodology
3.2 Hardware components
3.2.1 An Arduino
3.2.2 ESP32CAM
3.3.2 Connecting Wires
3.4.2 LED lights
3.4 Hardware design
3.5 Software design

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CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 5
5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Reference

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

This project is about integration of intelligent traffic control system, for the types of collisions,
congestions and traffics rules. The examples and perceptive in this project deal primarily with
World computerized traffic control system and some civilized countries. Traffic light, also known
as traffic signal, stop light, traffic lamp, stop and go light, robots or semaphore, are signalling
devices positioned at road inspections, pedestrian crossing, and other locations to control
competing flows of traffic.

The rapid development of smart cities is a major focus for scientists and engineers due to the
need to improve the safety of human lives and create conveniences for the large rural to urban
human flow. Highly concerning are the hazards posed to on-road commuters owing to road
traffic jam. This traffic congestion generates more problems that impact negatively on humans
such as time wastage, fuel burn, exhaust fume, etc. which contributes to an increased cost of
living for inhabitants of the town (Schrank, Lomax, and Eisele, 2011). More so, human
productivity is reduced because of the less mobility of vehicle users. Based on global traffic
parameters, it is evident that traffic jam hinders vehicle users’ mobility, particularly in
developing communities, regardless of traffic lights being used to control the motion of these
vehicles.

Over time, various road traffic management systems have either been proposed or implemented
especially dating back to 1868 (Day and McNeil, 1998). Ever since technologies have made
improvements in finding ways of utilizing applications that will aid road management in cities
that there is no need for road traffic wardens and officers; with numerous innovations, there are
now changes to the style of signs and indicators but the operational principle of the road traffic
control has not changed.

The traffic signals have so far not impacted positively on our Nigerian roads because traffic jams
are still obvious on our major junctions. This is specifically due to existing fixed-time traffic
signals that do not align with the ever-changing traffic patterns. Adaptive traffic control
represents a clear edge over the conventional one and looks to be the next promising solution to

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the road congestion problem (Cai et al, 2009). Due to its importance, various researchers all over
the world have been coming up with different findings that can help improve the traffic light
control technology. Ghazal et al (2016), integrates a Bee wireless system for a secured
communication between controllers that can activate a lengthy ON mode for the green light until
all the queued vehicles have passed. The superiority of Dynamic Phase Scheduling of a road
traffic system was considered by Zachariah et al (2017) over Static Phase Scheduling of road
traffic system as a means of assigning lengthy phase durations to traffic-congested lanes and
shorter phase durations to traffic-congested lanes in other to attain an automatic traffic light
system. By utilizing network mode learning software Mei et al (2017) developed a program that
can simulate various traffic conditions and performs its control.

Road traffic load has key dependence on time, day, season, weather parameters and some
situations that can’t be deciphered (Kumari, 2017). Bottlenecks and delays are very likely if the
parameters are not effectively considered. To achieve this, an intelligent road traffic control
system is developed to consistently sense and monitor the road traffic situation and effect the
controls embedded in it. This prediction ability of the smart system will create an optimal control
so that vehicle users can as well become aware of roads with gridlocks well ahead of time and
the system can be able to perform logical calculations to allow passage of vehicles on roads with
the highest densities while stopping vehicular mobility on the roads with very fewer densities

This work considers the application of an effective and adaptable road traffic control system at
roundabouts with dual lanes. Considering the high rate of road accidents at crossroads, this
option of road traffic control will be suitable and more convenient. In this work, the
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) will perform the function of secondary control and play a
pivotal role in automatically controlling the traffic light. And so, the ultrasonic infrared sensor
will send a signal to the PLC and relative to the embedded software program it will energize the
LEDs being the output devices. The main devices that will be utilized to execute this project are
Allen Bradley MicroLogix 1000 PLC as controller, decade counter 4017 and 555 timers as
timing interface and LEDs to display the output.

The 21st century is the period of active development of technologies. Enterprises are built in
megacities, road infrastructure is improved, new highways and road forks are created, etc.
Almost every family has own vehicle – personal car. According to data for 2019 in Nigeria, there

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are about 305 motor vehicles per 1000 people living in the country. This indicator is level of
motorization; it is ratio of number of personal cars to population in selected area. Often there is
problem of increased traffic congestion. When cars are moving on roads, congestion can form,
which is large accumulation of cars – traffic jam. The reasons for this may be accidents, repairs,
incorrectly configured traffic lights, weather conditions, and other factors. Main tool for
regulating road traffic is traffic light. However, the common problem is inadequate operation and
incorrect setting of traffic lights that regulate traffic flow. In the case of traffic light devices
failure, the adjustment function is taken over by specially trained human traffic controllers, who
is subject to human errors and cannot work for a long time by nature. In Nigeria, the common
method is to set switching of traffic lights on timer, that is, after the fixed period. Such system is
the simplest and its main disadvantage is the inability to adapt to the current road situation,
including various incidents. Despite on enough large amount of research in the field of
automation of traffic systems, the issues of intelligent adaptive regulation using artificial neural
networks are currently insufficiently studied. Thus, further investigation of the problem of
increased traffic congestion is actual question and urgent issue, so there is need to develop the
system of automatic adaptive traffic light control, the implementation of which will significantly
improve the existing situation. Scientific novelty of this work is that automated intelligent system
has been developed that can produce corrective effect on the group of traffic lights in the section
to regulate the traffic intensity. Method of model simulation was used to provide configuration
and debugging of neural network, which uses the multi–layer perceptron with sigmoidal
activation function. Object of research: processes of preparation and decision– making on traffic
congestion regulation on the roads. Subject of research: traffic congestion control on the roads
using artificial neural networks.

The increase in urbanization and traffic congestion create an urgent need to operate our
transportation systems with maximum efficiency. Real-time traffic signal control is an integral
part of modern Urban Traffic Control Systems aimed at achieving optimal Utilization of the road
network. Providing effective real time traffic signal control for a large complex traffic network is
an extremely challenging distributed control problem. Signal system operation is further
complicated by the recent trend that views traffic signal system as a small component of an

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integrated multimodal transportation System. Optimization of traffic signals and other control
devices for the efficient movement of traffic on streets and highways constitutes a challenging
part of the advanced traffic management system of intelligent transportation system.

Simply defined, Intelligent Transport Systems and Services is the integration of information and
communications technology with transport infrastructure, vehicles and users.

For a large-scale traffic management system, it may be difficult or impossible to tell whether the
traffic network is flowing smoothly and assess its current state. Over the past few years, multi-
agent systems have become a crucial technology for effectively exploiting the increasing
availability of diverse, heterogeneous and distributed information sources. Researchers over the
Years have adopted numerous techniques and used various tools to implement multi-agent
systems for their problem domains. As researchers gain a better understanding of these
autonomous multi-agent systems, more features are incorporated into them to enhance their
performance and the enhanced systems can then be used for more complex application domains.

Intelligent software agent is an autonomous computer program, which interacts with and assists
an end user in certain computer related tasks. In any agent, there is always a certain level of
intelligence. The level of the Intelligence could vary from pre-determined roles and
responsibilities to a learning entity. Multi-Agent System is the aggregate of agents, whose object
is to decompose the large system to several small systems which communicate and coordinate
with each other and can be extended easily. Agent-based simulations are models where multiple
entities sense and stochastically respond to conditions in their local environments, mimicking
complex large-scale system behaviour. The urban traffic system is a much complex system,
which involved many entities and the relationship among them are Complicated.

Therefore, the most important issues for a learner agent is the assessment of the behaviour and
the intelligence level of the other agents. By sharing vital information, Intelligent Traffic System
allows people to get more from transport networks, with greater safety and with less impact on
the environment. Intelligent Traffic System helps the whole transport system to work most
effectively and efficiently. Intelligent Traffic System integrates users, transport systems, and
vehicles through state-of-the-art information and communications technologies. Intelligent
Traffic System can dramatically improve travellers’ safety, efficiency and comfort. Intelligent
Traffic System helps shippers and carriers move freight to its destination reliably and efficiently.

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Intelligent Traffic System helps the people who run transport systems provide better service to
their customers. Intelligent Traffic System helps get the best value from the road and rail systems
we already have. Intelligent Traffic System helps traffic flow more smoothly, reducing delays,
fuel consumption, and air and noise pollution. Intelligent Traffic System helps make public
transport more convenient and affordable.

Intelligent Traffic System often works behind the scenes. When emergency vehicles get to a
crash site more rapidly than before, Intelligent Traffic System is detecting the crash, notifying
emergency services, and getting the nearest response unit rapidly to the site. Technology in a
vehicle prevents skidding and helps the vehicle to stop safely; the driver may not even realize
that assistance was provided, but Intelligent Traffic System is at work.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Traffic congestion is an increasing problem in cities and sub urban spend more of their time
commuting to work, school, shopping, and social event as well as dealing with traffic light jambs
and accidents. Traffic became heavy in all directions, more to and from cities as well as between
sub urban locations. Sub urban business locations required huge parking lots because employees
have to drive; there were few buses trains, or trolleys to carry scatter workers to their work place.
The hope of reduced congestion in the sub urban had not been realized; long commutes and
traffic jams could be found everywhere.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Intelligent Traffic System provides travel opportunities and additional travel choices for more
people in more ways, wherever they live, work and play, regardless of age or disability.

The aims of this research work are:

i. Optimize traffic flow: To ensure smooth and efficient movement of vehicles, reducing
congestion and travel times.
ii. Enhance road safety: To minimize accidents and improve pedestrian safety by providing
clear traffic signals and reducing the likelihood of collisions.

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 iii. Reduce environmental impact: To decrease fuel consumption, emissions, and noise
pollution associated with traffic congestion.
iv. Improve energy efficiency: To optimize the use of energy resources by adjusting signal
timings based on real-time traffic conditions.

The first objective is to make each of the traffic lights or semaphores smart. That is, aware of the
time of day, basic turn red, green or yellow rules, and perhaps what traffic looks like in all
directions based upon locally mounted signals. In achieving these aims, the following objectives
will also be followed:

 To design a simple system that is easily adaptable to the existing traffic conditions at the
junction, involving a minimum of physical changes in the intersection.
 To provide the quickest possible clearance to vehicular and pedestrian traffic in all
directions at a junction.
 To a design flexible artificial intelligence traffic light system that will take care of
changes in the traffic density and character.
 To reduce the stress of the traffic warder.
 To reduce the occurrence of possible accident.
 To verify the efficacy of the program.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The important of this research work are:

It will help in reducing the occurrence of possible collision or accident and thereby improve the
confidence of the driver and the pedestrian plighting through the highways.

The project to allay the fear of time wastage at the junctions because of unevenly directions of
traffic system.

Since the system is capable of working for 24hours uninterrupted thereby assured constant
availability of traffic control service hence reduce human effort and energy.

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1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope is the design of an intelligent traffic control system. The modern method of traffic
control system is indicating each light at a particular time interval to pass a vehicle at one lane
and stop vehicle on the other lane. The light is broken into three (3) categories (Red, Yellow, and
Green) to signal to lane on what to do at a particular time where the red signify STOP, yellow
signify READY, and green signify MOVE.

Each light is designed to turn itself on whenever it is necessary and turn off the time elapse.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Traffic congestion is a serious problem despite costly effort to create an integrated method of
traffic control system. The number of private automobiles used mainly by people with middle
and income, has increased faster than any form of transportation in Lagos (Nigeria) and this has
increased a demand of expansion of roads, parking space and improved computerized traffic
control system.

1.7 METHODOLOGY

The use of the Millis @ function enables the inclusion of delays in Arduino programs without
inhibiting other program functions from running. That is, instead of using the traditional delay O
routine which wastes processing power and locks the entire processor in a spot for the entire
delay period, the use of the Millis (function can add delays in Arduino programs while at the
same time allowing the processing of other functions. This is so important as room is left for
future improvement of the design for instance by the inclusion of sensors

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Transportation research has the goal to optimize transportation flow of people and Goods. As the
number of road users constantly increases, and resources provided by current infrastructures are
limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a very important issue in the future. However,
some limitations to the usage of intelligent traffic control exist. Avoiding traffic jams for example
is thought to be beneficial to both environment and economy, but improved traffic-flow may also
lead to an increase in demand [Levinson, 2003].

There are several models for traffic simulation. In our research we focus on microscopic models
that model the behaviour of individual vehicles, and thereby can simulate dynamics of groups of
vehicles. Research has shown that such models yield realistic behaviour [Nagel and
Schreckenberg, 1992, Wahle and Schreckenberg, 2001].

Cars in urban traffic can experience long travel times due to inefficient traffic light control.
Optimal control of traffic lights using sophisticated sensors and intelligent optimization
algorithms might therefore be very beneficial. Optimization of traffic light switching increases
road capacity and traffic flow, and can prevent traffic congestions. Traffic light control is a
complex optimization problem and several intelligent algorithms, such as fuzzy logic,
evolutionary algorithms, and reinforcement learning (RL) have already been used in attempts to
solve it. In this paper we describe a model-based, multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm
for controlling traffic lights.

2.1 INFORMATION SHARING AMONG AGENCIES AND MANAGEMENT CENTERS

Information is commonly shared among agencies by means of voice communications and data
communications. The Regional Intelligent Traffic System Architecture establishes the general
data flow requirements between agencies and from each agency’s management centre to the field
equipment or other equipment that it communicates with or controls. To perform data
communication between management centres, a common language and frame of reference is
required. Protocols for the sharing of transportation related information are being established at

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the time of this writing by the National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Traffic
System Protocol (NTCIP) and are available on its website (http://www.ntcip.org).

In essence, the information may be put into the proper high-level language by the use of the
Traffic Management Data Dictionary (TMDD). The TMDD provides the definition and format
for the data and the Message Sets for External Traffic Management Communications (MS /
ETMCC) which organizes the TMDD elements into relevant messages. Different protocols are
included in the NTCIP standards for transmitting these messages between management centres.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT (TSM) RELATIONSHIP

Since first introduced in the mid-1970s, transportation systems management (TSM) has evolved
from a list of about 150 low-cost actions to the productive use of existing transportation
resources through their coordinated operations and improved management. TSM implies "a
philosophy about planning, programming, implementation, and operations that calls for
improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the transportation system by improving the
operations and / or services provided". TSM, then, provides an umbrella philosophy that aims to:

 Analyse the total system, and

 Improve operation and safety before capital-intensive projects add significant capacity.
Roark classifies TSM actions within 9 different urban operating environments, including:
 Freeway corridor,
 Arterial corridor,
 Central business district (CBD),
 Regional operating environment,
 Neighbourhood,
 Major employment site (non-CBD),
 Outlying commercial center,
 Major activity center, and
 Modal transfer point.

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In contrast, Wagner uses two primary strategies - supply and demand (6). Supply strategies focus
on changing the quality of vehicular flow, whereas demand-oriented strategies target decreasing
the quantity of vehicular travel. Supply actions include:

 Arterial signal coordination,

 Signal removal or flashing operation,
 Freeway monitoring and control,
 Incident management,
 Parking prohibition,
 Turn controls, and
 Bottleneck-removal programs.

Demand actions include:

 Carpools,
 Vanpools,
 High occupancy vehicle (HOV) priority treatments, and
 Variable work hours.

In both classification schemes, traffic control systems and their effective operation
predominantly affect TSM and prove vital to the full realization of several other TSM actions.
For example, it does little good to entice drivers to ride the bus or join a vanpool if inefficiently
operating traffic signals stop or delay all vehicles (including buses and vans).

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 Fig 1: General traffic management and control structure.

2.3 CONTROL SYSTEM OPTIONS

Operational objectives of traffic control systems include making the best use of existing roadway
and freeway network capacity and reducing trip times, without creating adverse environmental
impacts.

Controlling the movement of vehicles through signalized intersections provides the major effect
on traffic flow in urban areas. The control strategies shown in Table 2-2 can achieve signalized
intersection control. Table 2-2 provides a summary of the features of different categories of
traffic control systems.

2.4 IMPLICATIONS OF INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC SYSTEM

Intelligent Traffic System for safety More than 40,000 people die on Europe’s roads each year.
Road accidents cost the European economy around €200 billion each year. While in-car safety
systems have greatly improved the chances of surviving an accident, more attention now needs
to be given to systems that can actually prevent accidents from happening. Intelligent Traffic
System can help reduce injuries and save lives, time and money by making transport safer:

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Intelligent Traffic System will help the drivers of cars, trucks and buses avoid getting into
crashes and help keep them from running off the road. Intelligent Traffic System will help
maintain safe distances between vehicles and safe speeds approaching danger spots. Intelligent
Traffic System will help improve visibility for drivers, especially at night and in bad weather.

Intelligent Traffic System will provide information about work zones, traffic congestion, road
conditions, pedestrian crossings and other potential hazards.

Intelligent Traffic System will help detect the crashes that do occur, determine the severity of the
crash and likely injuries, and help emergency management services provide assistance.
Intelligent Traffic System will help select the closest and most appropriate rescue unit to respond.
Intelligent Traffic System will adjust traffic signals to clear the way for emergency vehicles.

Intelligent Traffic System will connect responding units to medical care facilities to help provide
initial care for the injured and help medical care facilities prepare to deliver more complete
treatment when injured people arrive.

Intelligent Traffic System for efficiency and economy Congestion costs the EU 1% of its GDP –
around €100 billion – each year3. There are around 300 million drivers in the EU today, while in
the past 30 years the distance travelled by road has tripled4 and is set to increase further. With
funding and space for large-scale road building becoming increasingly scarce, governments,
infrastructure operators and pubic authorities are turning to Intelligent Traffic System solutions
to ease congestion. Ramp metering, traffic and incident detection and variable message sign
systems are already being used across Europe. Intelligent Traffic System can save time and
money for travellers and the freight industry:

Intelligent Traffic System will deliver fast, accurate and complete travel information to help
travellers decide whether to make a trip, when to start, and what travel modes to use. Intelligent
Traffic System will provide his information both prior to a trip and as the trip proceeds.

Intelligent Traffic System will help drivers select and follow safe, efficient routes to their
destination. Intelligent Traffic System will let drivers pay tolls without having to stop.

Intelligent Traffic System will help freight move swiftly and reliably using the right combination
of ship, truck, train and plane.

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Intelligent Traffic System will help track freight, enabling its owners to know where it is at all
times and when it is due to arrive at its destination, and allowing for better planning and
scheduling of critical processes.

Intelligent Traffic System will enable more reliable and timelier commercial vehicle
management. Intelligent Traffic System will automatically keep track of safety-related
information about the vehicle, its driver and its cargo. Intelligent Traffic System will help
communicate this information to the authorities so that, as appropriate, vehicles can be cleared
through checkpoints without stopping.

Intelligent Traffic System will help the people who build, manage and maintain the transport
system. Intelligent Traffic System will help the transport system carry more traffic safely and
efficiently by keeping traffic flowing, clearing incidents quickly, and managing construction and
maintenance to minimize disruptions. Intelligent Traffic System will help schedule road
management vehicles and help them work more precisely and efficiently.

The next generation of Intelligent Traffic System solutions will:

Give public transport users real-time service information, as well as smart and seamless ticketing
solutions.

Enable freight operators and customs authorities to share information about consignments and
keep track of their position and status, as well as provide information on the most efficient,
economical and secure routes for freight.

Allow vehicles to communicate directly with the infrastructure around them and with one
another – enabling drivers to make better decisions about their route and respond to warnings of
congestion and accidents.

Intelligent Traffic System for environment Despite increasing air travel, the vast majority of this
energy is still consumed by road transport. Since Intelligent Traffic System systems can improve
the efficiency of passenger and goods transport and reduce the time caught in traffic congestion,
they will obviously have secondary benefits for the environment and in terms of use of space:

Intelligent Traffic System will keep traffic flowing on urban freeways, on toll roads, at
commercial vehicle checkpoints and elsewhere. Reducing delays due to congestion and incidents

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means that energy waste, wear–and–tear, and the pollution caused by stop–and–go driving are
also reduced.

Intelligent Traffic System will help vehicles operate more efficiently. Intelligent Traffic System
will provide location–specific information about weather and road conditions.

Intelligent Traffic System will help to plan efficient routes and guide drivers along these routes.

Intelligent Traffic System will help make public transport more reliable, effective and attractive,
thereby accelerating its use. Intelligent Traffic System will provide better information on
schedules and connections. Intelligent Traffic System will help public transport users stay in
touch with their employers and their families while in transit.

Intelligent Traffic System for security Recent events have shown that the transport system is
under threat from terrorism, whether as a target in itself or a means of attacking other targets.
The need to protect travellers, transport facilities and transport workers against security risks has
never been greater. However, this must be balanced with the need to make sure transport
continues to operate effectively and efficiently. Intelligent Traffic System systems are key to
striking this balance. In fact, Intelligent Traffic System will help prepare for, prevent and respond
to disaster situations, whether from natural causes, human error, or attacks:

Intelligent Traffic System will help keep watch over transport facilities.

Intelligent Traffic System will help provide personal security for people using the public
transport system.

Intelligent Traffic System will monitor freight, especially hazardous materials, through the entire
supply chain.

Intelligent Traffic System will help transport and safety/security agencies coordinate their
activities and their information so they can respond more effectively to incidents of all kinds.

Intelligent Traffic System will help identify the best routes for evacuating people at risk and for
directing emergency services to incidents and disaster sites.

Intelligent Traffic System will help the transport system, and all the other parts of the economy
that depend on transport, to return to normal as rapidly as possible following a crisis, through

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better management of the transport system, more efficient interagency communications, and
better and more timely information to the public.

Intelligent Vision Systems can automatically spot suspicious behavior at transport hubs, while
automatic tracking and alarm systems can speed the response to threats.

Intelligent Traffic System in urban public transport system

Intelligent transport systems in urban public transport might be described as a combination of

information and communication technologies integrated into urban public transport system.
These technologies might be integrated into the infrastructure of transportation system and/or in
urban public transport vehicles themselves.

At present, public sector infrastructure, including electronic toll collection and road use charging,
still represents the largest Intelligent Traffic System market segment.

In the future, private sector purchases of Intelligent Traffic System products and services (either
from commercial and consumers) are expected rapidly to overtake the public sector market, with
emphasis on communications- enabled in-vehicle products and services, reflecting rapid growth
in the wireless internet. Japan is furthest advanced in this market, followed by Europe, and then
North America, but this effect is accelerating in all world regions.

2.5 BENEFITS OF INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC SYSTEM IN URBAN PUBLIC

TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

Application of Intelligent Traffic System in urban transport can lead to an improvement of urban
transport performance through:

 Reductions in transport time, cost, and congestion

 Reductions in pollution
 More effective monitoring and management of traffic flows
 Greater safety and security in stations, streets, roads and vehicles
 Facilitation of multimodal journey planning
 Provision of real time traffic information, alternate routes, etc.
 Creation of appropriate travel conditions for disabled people.

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2.6 RULES OF INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC CONTROL

Here are a few samples of the types of rules that might be employed at a couple levels of an
intelligent system.

Individual traffic light:

1. If the time of day is between A and B then red on time is X, yellow on time is Y and
green on time is Z.
2. If direction A is green and direction A number of cars visible is very low and direction B
is red and direction B number of cars visible is very high then trigger direction A to red
and trigger direction B to green.
3. If direction A weighted average wait time is greater than direction B weighted average
wait time then incrementally increase within limits the direction A green on time and
decrease, within limits, direction B green on time.

2.7 VEHICLE CONTROL

It is a well-known fact that traffic flow would increase drastically if all drivers would drive at the
same (maximum) speed. Another fact is that this will never happen if you let drivers decide. In
this section we first show how vehicles could learn to cooperate. We then describe an ambitious
research program that aims to control all vehicles by on-board computers.

Moriarty and Langley (1998) have used reinforcement learning for distributed traffic control.

Their approach enabled cars to learn lane selection strategies from experience with a traffic
simulator. Experimental studies showed that learned strategies let drivers more closely match
their desired speeds than hand-crafted controllers and reduce the number of lane changes. Their
approach, like ours, focuses on distributed car-based controllers, which makes it easy to take
specific desires/goals of drivers into account such as desired speed or destination.

In the California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) program, the Automated
Highway System (PATH-AHS) project aims to completely automate traffic [Horowitz and

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Varaiya, 2000]. Cars on special roads would travel in so-called platoons. A platoon is a number
of cars that travel at high speed, with little distance in between. Each car controls its own speed
and lateral movement, and makes sure it follows the leader. The leader navigates the platoon, and
makes sure that there is enough space between platoons. In order to optimize flow, a platoon
leader receives information about the optimal speed from a roadside coordinating system.
Because of this, and the fact that there is little distance in between cars in a platoon, an AHS is
said to be able to increase road capacity by a factor of about four.

Another aspect of traffic control is controlling traffic lights in a way that minimizes the time
drivers have to wait. We will describe previous research in this area and our car-based, multi-
agent reinforcement learning algorithm in section 4. First, we will discuss reinforcement
learning.

FIG 2.7 Traffic control light

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2.8 EXPERT SYSTEMS

An expert system uses a set of given rules to decide upon the next action. In traffic light control,
such an action can change some of the control parameters. Findler and Stapp (1992) describe a
network of roads connected by traffic light-based expert systems. The expert systems can
communicate to allow for synchronization. Performance on the network depends on the rules that
are used. For each traffic light controller, the set of rules can be optimized by analysing how
often each rule fires, and the success it has. The system could even learn new rules. Findler and
Stapp showed that their system could improve performance, but they had to make some
simplifying assumptions to avoid too much computation.

2.9 PREDICTION-BASED OPTIMIZATION.

Tavladakis and Voulgaris (1999) describe a traffic light controller using a simple predictor.

Measurements taken during the current cycle are used to test several possible settings for the
next cycle, and the setting resulting in the least amount of queued vehicles is executed. The
system seems highly adaptive, and maybe even too much so. Since it only uses data of one cycle,
it could not handle strong fluctuations in traffic flow well. In this case, the system would adapt
too quickly, resulting in poor performance.

Liu et al. (2002) introduce a way to overcome problems with fluctuations. Traffic detectors at
both sides of a junction and vehicle identification are used to measure delay of vehicles at a
junction. This is projected to an estimated average delay time using a filter function to smooth
out random fluctuations. The control system tries to minimize not only the total delay, but the
summed deviations from the average delay as well. Since it is no longer beneficial to let a
vehicle wait for a long time, even if letting it pass would increase the total waiting time, this
introduces a kind of fairness. Data of about 15 minutes is used to determine the optimal settings
for the next cycle, and even using a simple optimization algorithm, the system performs well
compared to preset and actuated controllers.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM

In this section, focus is on the steps taken to produce the result expected. This includes the
algorithm design, Hardware and Software design, then simulation with results generated and
recorded. The implementation was carried out with the Arduino Uno prototyping platform.

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Open Source, meaning the user has the right to modify the software as he/she pleases. The
Arduino is actually a microcontroller based prototyping platform and is able to:

read inputs, such as reading a sensor, a key press on a keypad, turn on an output such as
activating a motor, or turning on an LED as in this case.

The Arduino comes in many variant flavors categorized in either 8bit or 32bit processing power.

It is a very popular platform with a very active support community, a large Library repository,
and lots of easy add-ons called shields to provide extra capabilities. Microcontroller based
designs are easily implemented on the Arduino platform as the programs are written in C and a
host of very good library functions are available reducing project development time. The design
of the traffic light sequence implemented in this solution is time-based and was simulated in
software using the Proteus VSM environment and in Hardware using LEDs. A special function
of the Arduino programming language was used in the development of the time-based sequence
of the traffic light design. This function is called Millis 0.

The use of the Millis @ function enables the inclusion of delays in Arduino programs without
inhibiting other program functions from running. That is, instead of using the traditional delay O
routine which wastes processing power and locks the entire processor in a spot for the entire
delay period, the use of the Millis (function can add delays in Arduino programs while at the
same time allowing the processing of other functions. This is so important as room is left for
future improvement of the design for instance by the inclusion of sensors etc.

19
3.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

The hardware components used in this project include the ESP32, module, voltage regulator,
Strawboard, Play 3d filament, Model cars, dignity case, model trees, cardboard, flexible iron,
connecting wires, LED lights and a power source.

3.2.1 ARDUINO

An Arduino is an open-source electronics platform designed for creating interactive projects and
prototypes. It consists of both hardware and software components that make it easy to develop
and program a wide range of electronic devices and systems. Here’s a detailed breakdown of
what an Arduino is:
Hardware: Arduino boards are physical computing platforms based on microcontrollers from
various manufacturers, such as Atmel (now Microchip) AVR, ARM-based processors, and others.
These boards typically include:
Microcontroller: The central processing unit that runs the Arduino program (sketch).
Input/output Pins (GPIO): Digital and analog pins that can be used to interface with sensors,
actuators, and other electronic components.
Power Supply: USB ports for power and programming, as well as external power options.
Communication Interfaces: UART, SPI, I2C, and other communication protocols for connecting
with peripherals and other devices.

Software: The Arduino platform includes the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), a software application used to write, compile, and upload code (referred to as
sketches) to Arduino boards. The Arduino IDE simplifies programming by providing a
straightforward development environment based on the C and C++ programming languages.

Programming: Users write sketches in the Arduino IDE, which are programs that define the
behavior of the Arduino board. These sketches control how the Arduino interacts with sensors,
controls actuators, processes data, and communicates with other devices or systems.

Applications: Arduino boards are used in a wide range of applications, including:

Electronics Prototyping: Rapid prototyping of electronic circuits and projects.

20
Automation and Control: Building systems for home automation, robotics, and industrial control.
Education: Teaching electronics, programming, and physical computing concepts in classrooms
and workshops.
IoT (Internet of Things): Creating IoT devices for monitoring, data collection, and remote control

FIG 3.1.1 ARDUINO

3.2.2 IR SENSORs
Infrared (IR) sensors are electronic devices that detect infrared radiation, a type of
electromagnetic radiation invisible to the human eye. This radiation is emitted by all objects with
a temperature above absolute zero. They are used in a variety of applications, including: motion
detection, temperature measurement.

FIG 3.2.2 IR SENSORs

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3.2.3 Connecting Wires

Connecting wires refers to the process of joining electrical conductors to establish electrical
connections between components, devices, or circuits. Use wires made of appropriate materials
for the intended application, such as copper or aluminium conductors with insulation suitable for
the environment (e.g., PVC, silicone, or heat-resistant materials for high-temperature
applications).

FIG 3.1.3 Connecting Wires

3.2.4 LED LIGHTs

LED lights, or Light Emitting Diode lights, are a type of lighting technology that has become
increasingly popular due to its energy efficiency, longevity, and versatility. LEDs are
semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current pass through them. Unlike
traditional incandescent bulbs, which use a filament, LEDs produce light through the movement
of electrons in a semiconductor material.

22
 FIG 3.1.4 LED LIGHTs

3.4 Hardware Design

Hardware prototyping of the Traffic lights switching sequence was carried out with the Arduino
Uno platform. Other components employed are:
 LEDs (red, yellow, green - 4pcs each)
 1k resistors
 Jumper wires
The LEDs were grouped in three's as Red, Yellow, and Green with each group representing the
traffic light at the installation points.
For the Advertising Screen implementation, LED full color displays were considered. An LED
display is made of up three basic components:
 the LED matrix
 the controller computer system and lighting circuitry
 high current DC power supply

23
TABLE 1. Traffic light Switching and timing Pattern Algorithm

.
3.5 Software design
The software algorithm is based on the truth table as described in section 4.1. The LEDs
representing the traffic lights are switched on and off based on the truth table. Also, a delay is
inserted in between each lighting sequence as described in the truth table. These delays provide
the timing required between each light sequence. Delays used in software are achieved using the
hunting of the ordain rites Ming language. The wis provides delay functions
facilitate field adjustments during actual implementation. The C programming language was
employed for the coding of the Arduino program.

24
 CHAPTER 4
4.0 RESULT
This research needs to be considered is how to design a highway traffic regulator,
using a microcontroller from Arduino, but in designing, we must use the help of
Arduino, which function to process the input data entered. If you do not use the
help of, Arduino cannot process data, Arduino only functions as a microcontroller.
input data will be entered in the worksheet that has been created as in the Figure
below:

4.1 Design Lay Out and Data Input

Based on picture 1 there is a picture of a four-way intersection consisting of road 1,

road 2, road 3 and road 4, each space has different vehicle volumes, so in reality on
the field when the green light is on each section different. In general, the way to
determine how long it lasts for each lamp is determined by the stakeholders. But
there is also in a study all the lights that will light must be determined or counted.
On this occasion specifically for red lights except for All-Red not specified just
waiting for all of the lights will light including All-Red then each red light will
light based on the total number of lights that have been lit including All-Red. As in
the text formula (Red). Thus the way the values in the input in table 1 green as an
assumption are entered 30 seconds, yellow 4.5 seconds and All- Red 0.89 seconds.
For line 2 the green assumption is entered 40 seconds, yellow 4.5 seconds and All-
Red 0.89 seconds, line 3 green as the assumption is entered 35 seconds, yellow 4.5
seconds and All-Red 0.89 seconds and line 4 green as the assumption is entered 35
seconds, yellow 4.5 seconds and All-Red 0.89 seconds. For red lights will be
determined by the formula text (Red).

25
4.2 TRAFFIC LIGHT PROGRAM AJD DIAGRAM BLOCK ANALYSIS
DESIGN

Based on Table 1, the writing delay will automatically adjust itself because
Microsoft Excel uses the string function to overcome it. In the table above phase 1
group 1 there is a text formula written ="delay("&J67*1000&")" and in the table
written 30000 ms, this means to delay or time for 30000 milliseconds and thus this
command applies to sketches above it, in real terms the lights are red, red, red and
yellow. In phase 1 group 2 in the table written 4500 ms, this means the delay or
time for 4500 milliseconds and thus this command applies to the sketches above, in
real terms the lights are green, red, red and red. In phase 1 group 3 in the table
written 890 ms, this means the delay or time for 890 milliseconds and thus this
command applies to the sketcher above, in real terms the lights are red, red, red
and red (All-Red 1)
In phase 2 group 1 there is a text formula written = "delay("& J68*1000&")" and
in the table it says 40000 ms, this means to delay or time for 40000 milliseconds

26
and thus this command applies to the sketcher above, in real terms the lights are
red, red, red and yellow. In phase 2 group 2 in the table written 4500 ms, this
means delay or time for 4500 milliseconds and thus this command applies to the
sketcher above, in real terms the lights are green, red, red and red. In phase 2 group
3 in the table written 890 ms, this means the delay or time for 890 milliseconds and
thus this command applies to the sketcher above, in real terms the lights are red,
red, red and red (All-Red 2).In phase 3 group 1 there is a text formula written =
"delay("&J69*1000&")" and in the table it says 35000 ms, this means to delay or
time for 35000 milliseconds and thus this command applies to the sketcher above,
in real terms the lights are red, red, red and yellow. In phase 3 group 2 in the table
written 4500 ms, this means delay or time for 4500 milliseconds and thus this
command applies to the sketcher above, in real terms the lights are green, red, red
and red. In phase 3 group 3 in the table written 890 ms, this means the delay or
time for 890 milliseconds and thus this command applies to the sketcher above, in
real terms the lights are red, red, red and red (All-Red 3).
In phase 4 group 1 there is a text formula written = "delay("&J50*1000&")" and in
the table it says 25000 ms, this means to delay or time for 25000 milliseconds and
thus this command applies to the sketcher above, in real terms the lights are red,
red, red and yellow. In phase 4 group 2 in the table written 4500 ms, this means
delay or time for 4500 milliseconds and thus this command applies to the sketcher
above, in real terms the lights are green, red, red and red. In phase 4 group 3 in the
table written 890 ms, this means the delay or time for 890 milliseconds and thus
this command applies to the sketcher above, in real terms the lights are red, red,
red and red (l.Red 4).

27
Based on Figure 9 it is very clearly printed on the bar, that in phase 1 the green
light is lit based on a data input of 30000 ms, the yellow light is on with data input
of 4500 ms, the All-Red light is on with the data input of 890 ms and the red light
is not on using data input. In phase 2 the red light turns on based on not based on
input, the green light turns on based on data input of 40000 ms, the yellow light is
on with data input of 4500 ms, the All-Red light is on with data input of 890 ms
and the red light is on does not use input data. In phase 3 the red light turns on
based on not based on input, the green light turns on based on data input of 35000
ms, the yellow light lights up with data input of 4500 ms, the All-Red light turns on
with data input of 890 ms and the red light turns on using no input data. In phase 4
the red light turns on based on not based on input, the green light turns on based on
data input of 35000 ms, the yellow light turns on with data input of 4500 ms,the
All-Red light turns on with data input of 890 ms and the red light turns on using no
input data.Thus that the red light will turn on does not require data input
commands and will turn on due to the accumulation of hilau, yellow and All-Red
lights.Based on the description above about the length of the light is based on each
position, then the question arises? Why at each phase of the hilarious lamp lights
up with different durations. The answer is that the length of the red light in each
phase is due to the different queues of vehicles on each road, that is the
answer.However, on this occasion I introduce a method, to help overcome the
above problem, it needs to be applied to be combined using the Full-start-speed
method with the description as shown in figure
4.3Full-start-speed (FSS) Chart

28
Based on Figure 10, it can be seen that in normal conditions the vehicle's speed is according to
survey data, the vehicle runs when the green light is on at normal speed, with an average speed
value of 13.25 km/h with a long performance of approximately 132.50 meters in 36 seconds.
This speed must be increased by the drivers to be faster, but the reality on the ground there is still
a slower speed than the usual speed with an average value of 11.55 km/h with a long
performance of about 115.55 meters with a time of 36 seconds, and worse again there are still
drivers driving their vehicles at very slower speeds with an average value of 7.65 km/h with long
achievements of about 76.50 meters in 36 seconds. On this occasion to help overcome the queue
at the highway crossing traffic. It is expected that the driver can improve more skillfully and
increase speed at the initial start at the time of the green light at the crossroads. It is expected that
the minimum speed improvement can reach the faster category with an average fast speed value
of 15.25 km/h with a long performance of approximately 152.50 meters with a time of 36
seconds, and a faster speed category of an average of 16.60 km/h with a length of approximately
160 meters with a time of 36 seconds. And even more extreme with the category is very faster
speed with an average speed of 18 km/h with a long performance of about 180 meters with 36
seconds. This method is very suitable to be combined with the previous method, only it must
require socialization and regulation by related parties, and make the main conditions in thet
driver side

29
4.4 Traffic light simulation wiring diagram circuit

FIG 4.4.1

Based on Figure , is a circuit diagram of a simple simulator project with a simple traffic light
using an Arduino microcontroller, each LED is given an R or resistor with a value of 330 ohms,

30
can be mounted on the ground or on the positive part. For deadlines that enter the VCC using a
9volt DC deadline, you can use a battery or power supply.
Based on Figure, a traffic light simulation project that is tried by using PCB Breadboard is more
easy and versatile. This simulator is very useful to test the software that we made on Arduino can
work properly, without a simulator, we don't know what happened to the software. Based on the
method used to determine the duration of the green light, it is determined by the number of
vehicle queues at each of the four intersections. So in this study, the method must be combined
with a new method, namely the full-speed method at the beginning of the start Full-start-speed
(FSS). This method is to change the driver's behavior from slow motion to fast motion, with this
method will produce a very long distance using a relatively short duration. Of course, you have
to go through preparation, practice, and testing, so that the driver will be reliable and
professional and not become a driver who is just learning to drive a vehicle all his life.

31
 CHAPTER 5

5.0 CONCLUSION

Although several studies have covered the areas of traffic controllers and road congestion. This
study has uniquely tried to highlight the need for duplicity of purpose for the traffic light system.
An enhanced and engaging traffic light solution has been developed for the case study junction.
The basic cross-road traffic light algorithm was employed for the traffic lighting sequence. This
solution not only provide traffic control but also provides an avenue for revenue generation to
quickly replenish the money used for the traffic light installation, cater for future maintenance
costs and also revenue generation for other use.

5.1 REFERENCES

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Yusupbekov, N. R. et al. (2016) "Application of soft-computing technologies to the traffic

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10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.440.

Winardi, S. et al. (2019) "Determination Of Traffic Lights Duration By Identification Of Vehicle

Numbers Using loT," International Journal of Computer, Network Security and

Information System (ICONSIST), (September), hal. 6-12.

Otasowie, O. dan Sunday, O. O. (2018) "Simulation Of An Intelligent Traffic Light System

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Yeasmin, N., Zaman, R. dan Mouri, I. J. (2016) "Traffic Control Management And Road Safety
Using Vehicle To Vehicle Data Transmission Based On Li-Fi Technology," International Journal
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Marzukia, M. Z. A. et al. (2015) "Fault Monitoring System forTraffic Light," Jurnal Teknologi
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Darshan, J. et al. (2017) "Real Time Traffic Light Control System Using Image Processing,"
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Gafoor, S., Ki, K. dan Indore, B. (2016) "Optimizing City Traffic Light Management for
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Krause, M., Knott, V. dan Benger, K. (2015) "Implementing the Tactile Detection Task in a Real
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