Scribd
Upload
15 views

Fetch Decode Instruction Cycle

Fetch decode instruction cycle

Uploaded by

Shashank Singh Rathour
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
15 views

Fetch Decode Instruction Cycle

Fetch decode instruction cycle

Uploaded by

Shashank Singh Rathour
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

The CPU executes the instructions regarding a program stored in the memory.

There’s one general rule applied to all these instructions being carried out in the
processors. The execution definition is outlined by a cycle of instructions
conducted in the particular execution. This cycle, better known as the
instruction cycle, has three stages – fetch, decode and execute.

What is the Instruction Cycle?

The execution instructions define the instruction cycle. This is the thorough
methodology computer processors use for executing a given instruction. Many
times processors can be compared to combustion engines. Both follow a process
continuously being carried out to fetch the desired outcome. Every processor
shows a three-step instruction cycle. These three steps of the instruction
execution cycle are,

1.Fetch:
The processor copies the instruction data captured from the RAM.

2. Decode:
Decoded captured data is transferred to the unit for execution.

3. Execute:
Instruction is finally executed. The result is then registered in the processor or
RAM (memory address).

First step: Fetch (instruction cycle)


According to the execution instruction definition, the instruction cycle’s first
step is to capture or fetch the instruction. This instruction in the fetch stage is
captured from RAM. This memory is assigned to the processor through various
units and registers; they are:

 Program counter:

It works by pointing towards the next memory line, where the next instruction
for the processor is stored.

 Register (memory address): Responsible for copying PC content and sending


it to the RAM. This is done through the CPU’s address pins.
 Register (memory data):
It takes the responsibility of copying the memory address to the internal
register.

 Register (instruction):

It has involvement in the last step of the fetch phase. It is where the instruction
is written. The control unit from here copies the content for carrying out the
instruction cycle.

How does the control unit work?

As discussed earlier, the control unit plays an important part and is present in a
processor. The tasks that it performs are,

 The control unit is responsible for controlling both internal and external
movements of the data in the processor. Also, it is responsible for controlling
the movement of the data in various subunits involved
 Various units of the capture stage of an instruction cycle are considered part of
the hardware. This hardware is called a control unit or a processor’s front-end
 It is responsible for interpreting various instructions and sending them to the
execution units
 Communicate that data for instruction to the various ALUs and execution units
at work
 It is the part of the processor that captures and decodes the instruction for
execution. Also, it is responsible for writing results on the registers and even in
the respective addresses of the RAM

Second step: Decode (instruction cycle)

There are various instructions, and we can never be sure which instruction
belongs to which execution unit. Decoding sorts this out. A decoder is
responsible for taking in the instruction and decoding it to assign the respective
execution unit to complete the execution instruction cycle.

The easiest example of how an instruction works is visualising them as trains


that keep circulating through a complex railway network. The control unit here
acts as the station at the terminal and, therefore, it is held in charge of being the
execution unit to solve the given instruction.

Third step: Execute (instruction cycle)


The last stage of the execute instruction definition is to execute. It involves
executing the given instruction that was fetched at the first stage. No two
instructions ever get resolved in the same manner because their ways of utilising
the hardware depend on their functions. There are four types of instructions that
are generally present,

 Bit movement instructions:


This instruction involves the manipulation of the bits’ order. These bits contain
the data.

 Arithmetic instructions:
These are the instructions that involve logical as well as mathematical
operations. They are most often solved in arithmetic logical units (ALUs)

 Jump instructions:
The code in this instruction is used recursively because the value for the next
program counter is changed.

 Instructions to memory:
These instructions involve the processor writing as well as reading the
information from the memory of the system.

On completing the cycle, that is, the instruction being executed, a new
instruction gets fetched, and the cycle continues.

Conclusion:

The processor in a computer is responsible for the beginning of the instruction


cycle and the forthcoming steps of the instruction execution cycle. The first step
for the processor is to check the next instruction to run in the program counter.

The program counter now gives the address value for the next instruction in the
memory. The value for instruction is fetched out of this given location within
the memory; after being fetched just according to the execution instruction
definition, decoding and executing follow suit.

After this instruction is executed, the processor again turns to the program
counter. It gets a new instruction. This way, the instruction cycle keeps
repeating itself unless the instruction for STOP.

You might also like