Eyada (Pafe 91) INFLUENCE OF FILLER TYPE ON ASPHALT MASTIC AND PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT PAVING MATERIALS

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INFLUENCE OF FILLER TYPE ON ASPHALT MASTIC AND PERFORMANCE

PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT PAVING MATERIALS
Thesis · October 2009

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17906.61123
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University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Department
INFLUENCE OF FILLER TYPE ON ASPHALT

MASTIC AND PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES
OF ASPHALT PAVING MATERIALS
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ANBAR IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
BY
SAADOON OBAID EYADA
(B.Sc.)
Shawal, 1430 A.H October, 2009 A.D

Certificate
We certify that we have read the thesis entitled "Influence of Filler

Type on Asphalt Mastic and Performance Properties of Asphalt Paving
Materials" and as examining committee examine the student in its
content and in what is connected with it, and that in our opinion it meets
the standard of a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Civil
Engineering.
Signature: Signature:
Name: Dr. Hassan H. Jouni. Name: Dr. Tala H. Fadhil
(Member) (Member)
Date : Date :
Signature: Signature:
Name: Assist.Prof. Dr. Adil N. Abed Name: Prof. Dr. Mohammed M. Salman
(Supervisor) (Chairman)
Date : Date :
Approved by the dean of the college of engineering
Signature:
Name: Assist.Prof. Dr. Adil N. Abed
Dean of the college of engineering
Date :
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I
ABSTRACT II
TABLE OF CONTENTS IV
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VI
LIST OF TABLES VII
LIST OF FIGURES IX
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Scope and Limitations 2
1.5 The Structure of Thesis 3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Mineral Filler Definitions 4
2.2 Filler Minerology 5
2.3 Significance of Filler 6
2.4 Asphalt-Filler Relationship (Mastic) 7
2.5 Effect of Filler on HMA Mixture 10
2.6 Concluding Remarks 16
3. MATERIALS AND TESTING 17
3.1 Materials 17
3.1.1 Asphalt Cement 17
3.1.2 Aggregate 18
3.1.3 Filler 19
3.1.3.1 Grain Size Distribution Test 20
3.1.3.2 Specific Gravity Test 22
3.1.3.3 Specific Surface Area and Pore Volume Tests 23
3.1.3.4 (pH) Test 24
3.1.3.5 Shear Strength Test 25
3.1.3.6 Minerological Composition Test 26
3.1.3.7 Chemical Composition Test 27
3.2 Asphalt Cement Mastic Tests 28
3.2.1 Penetration Test 29
3.2.2 Softening Point Test 29
3.2.3 Direct Shear Test 30
3.2.4 Temperature Susceptibility of Mastic 31
3.3 Hot Asphalt Concrete Mixture Tests 32
3.3.1 Preparation of Marshall Mixture 32
3.3.2Resistance to Plastic Flow of Asphaltic Mixtures(Marshall 33
Method)
3.3.3 Indirect Tensile Strength 34
3.3.4 Indirect Retained Strength (Moisture Damage Resistance) Test. 35
3.3.5 Resistance to Permanent Deformation (Creep Test). 36
3.4 Testing Program 38
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 40
4.1 Properties of Filler-Asphalt Mastic 40
4.1.1 Rheological Properties 40
4.1.2 Temperature Susceptibility of Filler- Asphalt Mastic 43
4.2 Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixture 44
4.2.1 Resistance to Plastic Flow (Marshall Test) 44
4.2.2 Indirect Tensile Strength Test 48
4.2.3 Susceptibility to Temperature 50
4.2.4 Indirect Retained Strength Test (Susceptibility to Moisture) 50
4.2.5 Resistance to Permanent Deformation (Creep Test) 52
5. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 57
5.1 The Relation Between Filler Properties and Asphalt Concrete
Mixture Results 57
5.1.1 The Effect of Specific Gravity (Gs) on HMA Mixture Properties 58
5.1.2 The Effect of Surface Area (SA) on HMA Mixture Properties 59
5.1.3 The Effect of Pore Volume (PV) on HMA Mixture Properties 61
5.1.4 The Effect of Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) on HMA Mixture 62
Properties .
5.1.5 The Effect of Friction Angle (FA) on HMA Mixture Properties 63
5.1.6 The Effect of (P10) on HMA Mixture Properties 65
5.1.7 The Effect of (C+M) on HMA Mixture Properties 66
5.1.8 The Effect of (pH) on HMA Mixture Properties 67
5.2 The Relations Between Asphalt Concrete Mixture Tests 68
5.3 The Effect of Filler Properties on the Overall Test Properties 71
5.3.1 The Effect of Filler Properties on the Overall CreepTest 72
Properties
5.3.2 The Effect of Filler Properties on the Overall ITS Test Properties 73
5.3.3 The Effect of Filler Properties on the Overall Marshall Test 74
Properties.
5.4 The Effect of Filler Properties on Asphalt Mastic Properties 76
5.5 The Summary 78
5.5.1 The Chemical Effect 78
5.5.2 The Physical Effect 79
5.5.3 The Mineralogical Effect 81
5.5.4 Effect of Filler on Asphalt Mastic 81
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 83
6.1 Conclusions 83
6.2 Recommendations 86
REFERENCES 87
APPENDIX 94
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC: Asphalt Content

AM: Asphalt Mastic
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
C+M: The Sum of CaO and MgO percent
CBR: California Bearing Ratio test
Ce: Portland Cement
Cu: Coefficient of uniformity
D: Ductility
D: Specimen Diameter
F/A: Filler/Asphalt Ratio
FA: Friction Angle
FP: Flash point
Gs: Specific gravity
HMA: Hot Mix Asphalt
IRS; Indirect Retained Strength
ITS: Indirect Tensile Strength
Ki: Cement Kiln Dust
Li: Lime stone dust
MR: Mosul Rock Powder
P: Maximum load
P10: Percent material Finer than 10 microns
P200: The Materials Passing Sieve No. 200
Pe: Penetration of Asphalt @ @25 oC
pH: The acidic and basic indice
PI: Penetration Index
PV: Pore volume
PVN: Penetration Viscosity Number
RTS: Retained Tensile Strength
S: Solubility
SA: Surface Area
Si: Silica Powder
SM: Sulaimania Marble Powder
SP: Softening Point
t: Specimen height immediately before tensile test
TS: Temperature susceptibility of Asphalt Mastic or Mixture
εp: Permanent Strain in Creep test
: Applied Stress in Creep test
µo: The Stiffness Modulus immediately at Creep test
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page No.
Table 3.1: physical properties of Nasiria asphalt cement. 17
Table 3.2: Physical properties of coarse and fine aggregate 18
Table 3.3: X-Ray diffraction test result for filler mineral properties 27
Table 3.4: The chemical composition of each type of filler 28
Table 3.5: Data information for Results of tests for each type of filler 28
Table 5.1: The results of tests for each type of filler 57
Table 5.2: The effect Gs on creep test parameters 58
Table 5.3: The effect Gs on ITS test parameters 59
Table 5.4: The effect Gs on Marshall test parameters 59
Table 5.5: The effect SA on creep test parameters 60
Table 5.6: The effect SA on ITS test parameters. 60
Table 5.7: The effect SA on Marshall test parameters 60
Table 5.8: The effect PV on creep test parameters. 61
Table 5.9: The effect PV on ITS test parameters 61
Table 5.10: The effect PV on Marshall test parameters 62
Table 5.11: The effect Cu on creep test parameters 62
Table 5.12: The effect Cu on ITS test parameters 63
Table 5.13: The effect Cu on Marshall test parameters 63
Table 5.14: The effect FA on creep test parameters 64
Table 5.15: The effect FA on ITS test parameters. 64
Table 5.16: The effect FA on Marshall test parameters 64
Table 5.17: The effect P10 on creep test parameters 65
Table 5.18: The effect P10 on ITS test parameters. 65
Table 5.19: The effect P10 on Marshall test parameters. 66
Table 5.20: The effect C+M on creep test parameters 66
Table 5.21: The effect C+M on ITS test parameters 67
Table 5.22: The effect C+M on Marshall test parameters 67
Table 5.23: The effect Ph on creep test parameters 68
Table 5.24: The effect Ph on ITS test parameters 68
Table 5.25: The effect Ph on Marshall test parameters 68
Table 5.26: Correlation matrix between Creep test and Marshall test
parameters 69
Table 5.27 Correlation matrix between ITS test and Marshall test
parameters 70
Table 5.28: A summary of relations between filler properties and ITS
test results 73
Table 5.29: A summary of relations between filler properties and
Marshall tests results 75
Table A-1: Direct shear test results for filler- asphalt mastic
for Lime stone dust (Li) 10 0
for Lime stone dust (Si) 100
for Lime stone dust (Ce) 101
for Lime stone dust (Ki) 101
for Lime stone dust (MR) 102
for Lime stone dust (SM) 102
Table A-7: Tests results of asphalt –filler mastic for all types of fillers 103
Table A-8: Marshall method test results for Li 104
Table A-9: Marshall method test results for MR 104
Table A-10: Marshall method test results for SM 104
Table A-11: Marshall method test results for Si 105
Table A-12: Marshall method test results for Ce 105
Table A-13: Marshall method test results for Ki 105
Table A-14: Indirect Tensile Strength test and Temperature
Susceptibility (TS) results for each type of filler 106
Table A-15: Indirect Retained Strength (IRS)
(Moisture Resistance) test results for each type of filler 106
Table A-16: Diametrical Creep test results for HMA mixture
at different temperatures using Ce as a filler 107
at different temperatures using Ki as a filler 108
at different temperatures using Li as a filler 109
at different temperatures using MR as a filler 110
at different temperatures using SM as a filler 111
at different temperatures using Si as a filler 112
Table A-22: Diametrical Creep test results parameters for HMA
mixture 113
at different temperatures using different types of fillers
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page No.
Figure 3.1: Specification limits and selected gradation of aggregate
maximum size (19mm) 19
Figure 3.2: Filler crusher type Retch 20
Figure 3.3: Grain size distribution for each type of filler 21
Figure 3.4:Hydrometer Apparatus 22
Figure 3.5: Specific gravity of filler by Water Pycnometer procedure 22
Figure 3.6: The variation of specific gravities of fillers 23
Figure 3.7: Surface Area Analyzer instrument 23
Figure 3.8: Variations of surface area values of fillers (m2/gm) 24
Figure 3.9 :The variations of pore volume values of fillers (cm3/gm) 24
Figure 3.10:pH-meter instrument 25
Figure 3.11: Variations of pH values of fillers 25
Figure 3.12: Direct shear test set up 26
Figure 3.13: Variations of Deflection angle (ф) values of fillers
(Degree) 26
Figure 3.14: Mixing process of mastic 28
Figure 3.15: The asphalt Penetrometer 29
Figure 3.16: The softening point Apparatus 30
Figure 3.17: The operation system of direct shear test of mastic 31
Figure 3.18: Marshall method compacting set 33
Figure 3.19: The indirect tensile strength test 35
Figure 3.20: The effect of moisture damage on HMA mixture 36
Figure 3.21: Creep test set up 37
Figure 3.22: Testing Program Diagram 39
Figure 4.1: The variation between the Penetration values of Filler-Asphalt
mastic 40
Figure 4.2: The variation between the Softening Point values of Filler-
Asphalt mastic 41
Figure 4.3: The variation between the Shear Stress values of Filler-Asphalt
mastic 42
Figure 4.4: The effect of different F/A ratios for different types of filers
on the temperature susceptibility values of Filler-Asphalt mastic 43
Figure 4:5: Marshall parameters for mixtures containing MR filler 45
Figure 4.6: Marshall parameters for mixtures containing Li filler 45
Figure 4.7: Marshall parameters for mixtures containing SM filler 46
Figure: 4.8: Marshall parameters for mixtures containing Si filler 46
Figure 4.9: Marshall parameters for mixtures containing Ce filler 47
Figure 4.10: Marshall parameters for mixtures containing Ki filler 47
Figure 4.11: The effect of filler type on the properties of Marshall test 48
Figure 4.12: The effect of filler type on the ITS values
at 25 oC test temperature 49
Figure 4.13: The effect of filler type on the ITS values
at 60 oC test temperature 49
Figure 4.14: The effect of filler type on the TS values 50
Figure 4.15: The variation of ITS values of filler types for condition subset
( after a 60 oC water bath for 24 hours) 51
Figure 4.16: The variation of IRS values of filler types 51
Figure 4.17: The effect of temperature variance on the diametrical creep
test results using SM as a filler 52
test results using Si as a filler 53
test results using MR as a filler 53
test results using Li as a filler 53
test results using Ki as a filler 54
test results using Ce as a filler 54
Figure 4.23: The effect of filler type on the initial modulus (µo) at 25 oC
test temperature 55
Figure 4.24: The effect of filler type on the initial modulus (µo) at 40 oC
test temperature 55
Figure 4.25: The effect of temperature test on the initial modulus (µo)
values for each type of filler 55
Figure 4.26: The effect of filler type on the permanent strain (εp) at 25 oC
test temperature 56
Figure 4.27: The effect of filler type on the permanent strain (εp) at 40 oC
test temperature 56
Figure 4.28: The effect of temperature test on the permanent strain (εp) 56
values for each type of filler
Figure 5.1: The similarity results between the filler types
corresponding to Creep test results 72
corresponding to ITS test results 74
corresponding to Marshall tests results 75
Figure 5.4: The similarity between direct. shear test and other tests 76
Figure 5.5: The similarity between the asphalt mastic results using 77
different types of filler and different percent of mix
Figure 5.6: The relationship between P10 and Cu 79
Figure A1: X-Ray Diffraction test sheet for Si 94
Figure A2: X-Ray Diffraction test sheet for MR 95
Figure A3: X-Ray Diffraction test sheet for Li 96
Figure A4: X-Ray Diffraction test sheet for Ki 97
Figure A5: X-Ray Diffraction test sheet for Ce 98
Figure A6: X-Ray Diffraction test sheet for SM 99
Figure A-7: The locations of sources of fillers 114
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:
Road system in Iraq suffers from many factors that have a
significant effect on the pavement performance and its quality
regarding safety, serviceability and comfort such as the
excessive temperatures ,uncontrolled traffic volumes
,uncontrolled axel loads and unique implementing for roads
projects starting at plant ending at compaction; moreover, the
low quality of pavement materials which have a significant
effect on the properties of pavement. Therefore, roads
surface layer suffers from many distresses specially rutting
which is the most important distress mode occurring within the
surface asphalt layer [1].Also there are stripping problems
caused by poor adhesion of the asphalt cement to aggregate
surface .At the end, the fatigue cracks will damage the asphalt
surface layer completely. So the flexible material has to be
mixed by a constant proportion of each ingredient under a
controlled temperature condition to guarantee the quality of a
road surface [2].
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

HMA mixture is inhomogeneous system consists of
asphalt cement , aggregate, mineral filler and voids[3].
According to various studies, the properties of mineral
filler especially the material passing 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve
(generally called P200 material) have a significant effect
on the performance of asphalt paving mixtures in terms of
permanent deformation(rutting), fatigue cracking, and moisture
susceptibility [4].
So there is a need to study the filler properties and evaluate its
effect on some of HMA mixture properties which cause the
deterioration of pavement surface.
1.3 OBJECTIVES:
The study aims to:
1- Evaluate the effect of filler type on some of asphalt mastic
and HMA mixture properties.
2- Characterization of fillers properties that affect on some of
asphalt mastic properties and HMA mixture performance
properties.
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS:
The thesis has been focused on the effect of filler type and
its properties on the asphalt mastic and HMA mixture
properties, So, six different types of filler are used from five
local sources in Iraq, namely , Arthuma, Sulaimania , Mosul,
Karbala lime factory and Kubaisa cement factory. Alnibaay
coarse aggregate (gravel) was collected from the north of
Baghdad and Thmail Fine aggregate (sand) was collected from
the west of Ramadi .
1.5 THE STRUCTURE OF THESIS:
This thesis has five chapters and one appendix. Following

this introductory chapter, a review of the literature is presented
in Chapter 2 which contains all definitions and information
needed to provide good background knowledge about the
subject. The chemical and physical properties of the materials
and the descriptions of the tests used in this thesis are described
in Chapter 3. The data collected during the research and the
subsequent analysis and comparisons are presented in Chapter
4.A statistical analysis for the collected data is used to make a
kind of connection between the cause (filler properties) and
effect (asphalt mastic or HMA mixture properties ) is showed in
Chapter 5. Conclusions and recommendations are presented in
Chapter 6.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 MINERAL FILLER DEFINITION:
Many definitions had been given in order to make such a kind of

explanation about what the filler is .
Iraqi specifications [5] state that: " Mineral filler shall consist of
lime stone dust, or other stone dust , Portland cement , hydrated lime or
other inert non-plastic mineral matter from approved source and shall be
thoroughly dry and free from lumps or aggregations of fine particles .".
ASTM D242 [6] defines mineral filler as follows: "Mineral filler

shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock dust, slag dust,
hydrated lime, hydraulic cement, fly ash, loess, or other suitable mineral
matter. At the time of use, it shall be sufficiently dry to flow freely and
essentially free from agglomerations.".
Spielman and Hughes (1936) [7] , stated that term of filler is only
accurately applied to very fine dust capable of remaining in suspension in
the bitumen. The definition did not discuss the size of the filler.
Tunnicliff, (1962) [8] , tried to give more information about the
size of filler and its benefits as : "Filler is that portion of the mineral
aggregate generally passing the 200 sieve and occupying void spaces
between the coarser aggregate particles in order to reduce the size of
these voids and increase the density and stability of the mass."
Another addition on the definition discussed previously by
Tunnicliff, (1967) [9] , who states that filler reduces the voids between
aggregates.
Mamlouk, M.S. and Zaniewski, J.P., (1999) [10] , have another
point view about filler when they said that :" Fillers (such as crushed
fines, Portland cement, lime, fly ash and carbon black) are used to satisfy
gradation requirements for materials passing the 0.075 mm (No.200)
sieve." .
Due to previous definitions, the representative engineer will have a
little chance to choose a suitable filler for the conditions of traffic and
environment [11]. So there is a need to more investigations about the
suitable properties of filler to be used in HMA mixture.
2.2 FILLER MINEROLOGY:
Common minerals in aggregates include silica, feldspars,

ferromagnesian, limestone and clay minerals. Silica mineral (SiO2),
abundant in quartz. Silica is important due to its natural abundance of
siliceous surfaces in most aggregates used in practice. Active sites on
these surfaces range from surface hydroxyl groups of varying acidities to
hydrogen bonding sites of high acidity [23]. This acidity has an adverse
effect on the retained strength of HMA mixture due to Hydrophilic nature
of silicate to water [11] . Limestone is comprised mainly of CaCO3
which, after crushing, exposes calcium ions with electropositive
characteristics. The calcium ions are then available for competition
between water and bitumen. The bonding energy has been measured
using a Universal sorption device. The results show that the bonding
energies per unit mass for the limestone are higher than that for the
granite. Aggregate surfaces are rich in metallic elements, such as calcium,
that seem to improve stripping resistance. This resistance to stripping is
due to the fact that such metals strongly associate with bitumen acids, and
thus form hydrophobic salts that are not water soluble. Further, lime
reduces cracking more than inactive fillers because of the reaction
between the lime and the polar molecules in the asphalt cement, which
increases the effective volume of the lime particles by surrounding them
with large organic [23].
2.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF FILLER:

Filler plays a very important role in the resulting properties of
HMA mixture that can be summarized as follows:
1- Reduce the voids in HMA mixture and make a dense structure
with higher strength, more water proofing, high stiffness (for
both mastic and HMA mixture ) .[12],[13],[14],[4],[10],[15]
2- Reduce the initial cost of construction because the filler will be
embedded in the mastic ,so that the asphalt demand will be
reduced by fine filler .[13],[16]
3- Decrease the moisture susceptibility of HMA mixture
(depending on the type of filler). [13],[11],[4],[15],[17].
4- Increase the cohesion of the mix by increasing the adhesion
between aggregate and asphalt. [14],[11],[10],[23] .
5- Compatible mineral fillers aid in reducing permanent
deformation by increasing the viscosity of the mastic, thus
improving the elastic and viscoplastic characteristics of
mixtures. [18],[19].
It can be noticed the highly advantages of using the filler for the
improvement of the properties of HMA mixture, but there is a need to
know what the property of filler that gives an individual advantage is?
and what the properties of an individual filler that can improve the
overall performance of a mix are ? That is what will be discussed in
chapters four and five.
2.4 ASPHALT-FILLER RELATIONSHIP (MASTIC) :
Mastic is a mix of asphalt and filler with specified ratio. It will act
to fill the voids and bind aggregate particles together into a dense mass.
In this case the filler is in colloidal suspension when the finest portion of
the filler will be suspended in the asphalt, changing the properties of
asphalt film and replacing a certain amount of asphalt in the mixture [14].
The quality of mastic influences the overall mechanical performance of
asphalt mixtures as well as placement workability [22].
Adding of filler to asphalt will create a stiffer mix with different
properties, so there is a need to characterization of asphalt-filler mastics
in order to improve the understanding of the response and performance of
HMA mixture pavement [16].
Many researches had been documented the properties of filler that
affect on filler-asphalt mix (mastic), such as particles size distribution,
surface area, bulk volume, specific gravity and Rigden voids content (i.e.,
voids between the fine particles in a dry compacted state) which they in
turn, are affected by mineralogical type of filler.
Eick and Shook, [20] , performed viscosity testing on baghouse

fines (as a type of filler) and asphalt binder mastics. His results show a
correlation between viscosity ratio and fineness of the baghouse fines. He
performed viscosity tests on mastics as well as neat asphalt with no filler.
The two values were used to find a viscosity ratio for each F/A ratio. The
results showed increasing viscosity ratios as the F/A ratio increased. The
results also showed a correlation between the fineness of the baghouse
fines and the viscosity ratio. As the percent of baghouse fines material
passing, the #200 sieve increased, the viscosity ratio also increased.
Al-abdulwahab (1981) [14], studied the effect of baghouse fines (

as a type of filler) on some properties of asphalt mastic using two
different types of filler and two types of baghouse fines. He mixed
asphalt with different filler/baghouse ratio which exhibited different
viscosities and penetration. Also a different filler/asphalt (F/A) ratios of
(0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5), showed that the increasing of filler will increase
the viscosity, shear modulus, and softening point.
Anderson et.al (1982) [21] , performed a study on the behavior of
the asphalt-filler mastic using the penetration, softening point and
ductility tests. He used five filler/asphalt (F/A) ratios and five different
types of filler. These F/A ratios were calculated by volume of material to
allow the comparison between filler types. As expected, he found that the
penetration decrease with an increase in the F/A ratio. He also found that
softening points and viscosities increased with increasing of F/A ratio.
The results showed a large increase in the viscosity at an F/A ratio of 0.4.
This F/A ratio is lower than those found in many HMA mixtures. The
much higher viscosity can affect the compactibility of the HMA [20] and
require more compactive effort or higher compaction temperatures [15].
Shahrour and Saloukeh, (1992) [24] , used a total of ten types of

fillers and tested them in the laboratory for grading, particle shape,
surface texture, voids when compacted, absorption and specific gravity.
The quality of each type of filler was studied by adding different fillers to
asphalt binder at two filler/asphalt ratios (0.5 and 1.5 by weight) where
characteristics of the bitumen cement properties (penetration, softening
point, kinematic viscosity at 135 degrees Celsius, and penetration index
“P.I.”) were studied.
Chen and Peng (1998) [16], studied the tensile failure properties of
mastic by using two types of asphalts and two types of mineral fillers.
The properties of fillers consisted of specific gravity, surface area, bulk
density and sieve analysis. The fillers were mixed with asphalts at a
percents 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80% of Free asphalt. The direct
tension test was used to determine tensile failure of mastic at
temperatures -10, -15 and -20. They found that adding of filler increase
the tensile strength of asphalt mastic while the tensile strength of mastic
decreases with increasing size of filler particles. Also the tensile failure
strain increases with increasing mineral filler.
Taha et.al (2002) [25], used two types of fillers ,cement kiln
dust(CKD) and lime with one type of asphalt. Initially, 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, and
15 percent cement kiln dust or lime were added to the asphalt cement
binder by total weight of asphalt. Materials were thoroughly mixed prior
to testing. Three major tests were conducted on the mixtures. They were
penetration, ductility and softening point. The decreasing in penetration
was more pronounced in CKD rather than lime while the decreasing in
ductility was steeper when lime was used. The increasing in softening
point was more significant with lime.
KIM et.al (2003) [22] , focused in their study on the effect of filler
on the fatigue resistance. They used two types of asphalts with viscosity
at 60C of 1,055 poise and 1,992 poise , and two types of filler, lime stone
and hydrated lime. A sieve analysis was conducted for the fillers. The
neat binders were mixed with limestone filler or hydrated lime at three
different volume fractions; 5, 10, and 25 percent; to produce mastics.
Filler/asphalt ratios (F/A ratio) by weight corresponding to the 5, 10, and
25 percent volume fraction are approximately 0.14, 0.30, and 0.90,
respectively for the limestone filled mastics and 0.12, 0.26, and 0.77,
respectively for the hydrated lime filled mastics. One of their conclusions
was the improvement in fatigue life due to hydrated lime is much greater
for the asphalt of 1,055 poise mix than for the asphalt 1,992 poise mix.
This indicates that the physico-chemical interaction between bitumen and
filler is dependent on the type of materials.
Little et al. (2005) [26], evaluated the stiffening effect of fillers
through a fracture toughness test at low temperatures using the complex
modulus (E*) that accounts for the viscoelastic effects. The lower the
temperature, the more closely hydrated lime-treated mastic behaves as
classical filler in the asphalt binder.
2.5 EFFECT OF FILLER ON HMA MIXTURE:
Mineral fillers have been used primarily to fill the voids between
the aggregate particles and to meet specified gradations for HMA.
However, it has been documented that mineral filler has a significant
effect on the behavior of asphalt binders and HMA mixtures. Mineral
fillers cause a general stiffening or reinforcing effect in HMA mixtures.
However, the extent of the stiffening effect is generally dependent upon
the properties of filler itself such as Rigden void content, size
distribution, particle shape, and surface texture of the mineral
fillers[13].Also specific gravity, surface texture (can be represented by
pore volume) and the materials smaller than 10 microns.
The characteristics of mineral filler vary with the gradation of the
filler. If the size of the mineral filler particles is smaller than about
10 microns, the filler acts as an extender of the asphalt cement because
the thickness of most asphalt films in dense-graded HMA is less than
10 microns. If the mineral filler size is larger than 10 microns, it acts like
an aggregate. Therefore, care must be taken to consider not only the
amount of mineral filler, but also its size when evaluating whether an
excessive amount of fine material is present in a mix that is being
designed or controlled in the field [27].
Some types of fillers, primarily those containing clay, can increase
the potential for stripping in HMA mixtures; therefore the plasticity index
of filler must be less than 4. Otherwise the existence of clay minerals in
fillers may increase the indirect tensile strength [13]. Excessive amounts
of filler usually reduce the voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) to a point
where sufficient asphalt content for a durable mix cannot be added. High
filler content also increases the aggregate surface area and, thus, greatly
reduces the asphalt film thickness.
However, stiffer consistency mastic may create brittle mixtures that
lead to adverse effects such as cracks in pavements under low
temperature conditions. Also the compactive effort is related to the binder
viscosity, which has been shown to increase with the addition of filler.
Since the beginnings of the last century, the filler has been got a lot
of interesting. Richardson (1905) described the function of the fillers as it
acts as a part of the asphalt surface, covering aggregates for the purpose
of rendering the surface more dense [29]. Macnaghton (1924) stated that
fillers serves to occupy space in coarse aggregate leading to reduce voids
and increasing density and stability [30]. Kallas et.al (1962) held that
(VMA) are affected by filler propertied, such as particle size distribution,
surface area, shape and effect of filler on asphalt viscosity [31].
Kandhal (1981) [13] , carried out moisture susceptibility testing
using the Asphalt Institute Water Sensitivity Test and the Idaho Test. The
Asphalt Institute test follows the AASHTO test while the Idaho test
includes a freeze-plus-soak cycle. Specimens were prepared using ten
different baghouse fines at filler/asphalt ratios of 0.3 and 0.5. When he
used a minimum IRS value of 50 percent, four fines types failed. Using
the minimum criteria of 85 percent, only Portland cement passed the IRS
testing. These results show a connection between filler and moisture
damage.
Al-abdulwahab (1981) [14] , studied the effect of baghouse fines

on some the properties of HMA mixture using two different types of
filler and two types of baghouse fines and one type of asphalt. The fillers
were added to the mix at 4, 8, 10, 12 and 15 percent of aggregate weight
and different filler/baghouse ratios. Marshal test has been used to conduct
the properties of a mix and loss of stability. He concluded that minimum
filler content should be used an optimum filler/baghouse ratio which is
ideal to increase stability and decrease loss of stability. Also the presence
of large percent of carbon will decrease loss of stability and increase
optimum asphalt content.
Khudyakova et.al (1990) [37] , studied the effect of mineralogy

and chemical composition of mineral aggregate on the moisture effect on
the mix using boiling water quantitative test. After the action of boiling
water, 2-11% of the binding are retained on the grain surface of the
minerals as a very fine film and fine point impregnations. The mass of
asphalt retained by limestone is on the average 31-38 mass % and, by
marble, 12-46 mass % higher than that for acidic minerals. They
concluded that increase in calcium and magnesium content, and decrease
in amount silicon, leads to increase in strength of adhesion.
Shahrour and Saloukeh, (1992) [24], used three types of fillers and
tested them in the laboratory for grading, particle shape, surface texture,
voids when compacted, absorption and specific gravity. The quality of
each mix was studied by adding different fillers to asphalt binder ratios
and different partial replacement for cement and hydrated lime with
respect to lime. The wheel tracking test was employed to investigate
susceptibility of these mixes to rutting. The mechanical properties of
mixes were studied using tests such as resilient modulus, indirect tensile
strength, Hveem stability and Marshall criteria. Results of this study
indicate that partial replacement of limestone dust by hydrated lime or
portland cement aggravates resistance of the mixes to rutting.
Furthermore, an analytical model was developed for predicting rutting
potential based on various mixes properties.
Baig and Wahhab (1996) [32], tried to compare Hedmanite
(rockwool natural fibers) with lime (as filler) modified mixes and the
conventional asphalt mix containing crushed stone filler. They were
obtained the optimum asphalt content by Marshall method and it was
used in the all modified mixes. The engineering properties, including
resilient modulus, stability loss, split tensile strength, fatigue and
permanent deformation, were determined. Results indicated that certain
percentages of both Hedmanite and lime are effective in improving the
resilient modulus, while the Marshall stability loss and tensile strength
loss were higher in Hedmanite mixes than in lime mixes. Lime modified
mixes showed better resistance to fatigue and rutting than hedmanite
modified mixes. Results indicated that better quality asphalt concrete
mixes can be prepared using lime rather than Hedmanite as a filler.
Kandhal et.al (1998) [4] , On their study tried to determine which
filler (P200) characterization tests are most related to the performance of
asphalt paving mixtures. Six P200 materials representing a wide range of
mineralogical composition and particle sizes were used. These P200
materials were characterized by six tests including Rigden voids, particle
size analysis, and methylene blue test. Mixes were prepared with two
filler/asphalt ratios (0.8 and 1.5) by weight. Mix validation tests included
the Superpave shear test for evaluating permanent deformation and
fatigue cracking, and the Hamburg wheel tracking test and ASTM D4867
[39] for evaluating moisture susceptibility of the 12 mixtures containing
different P200 materials and filler/asphalt ratios. The particle sizes in
microns corresponding to 60 and 10 percent passing and the methylene
blue test were determined to be related to the performance of asphalt
paving mixtures.
Fischer (2002) [15], On his study, the effects of baghouse fines, a
source of fine mineral aggregate, on moisture sensitivity were examined.
Two types of baghouse fines (as a filler) with different gradations were
used in various concentrations in the laboratory production of hot-mix-
asphalt samples. To determine the effects of the various baghouse fines
contents, testing was performed to determine the indirect retained
strength (IRS) of the different mixes. In order to determine the
effectiveness of the anti-strip additive in preventing moisture damage, the
tensile-strength-ratio was also determined for specimens containing
various additive and baghouse fines contents. The results of the tests
showed a reduction in retained strength for the specimens without
additive as compared to the specimens containing additive. To assess the
rutting resistance of the various asphalt mixtures, an Asphalt Pavement
Analyzer (APA) test was performed. Half of the laboratory compacted
specimens was moisture conditioned and tested submerged, while the
other half was tested dry. Results indicate an increase in rut depth with
the removal of anti-strip additive from the mix.
Ahmed et.al (2006) [33] , Studied the effect of using cement kiln
dust(CKD) as a mineral filler on the mechanical properties of hot mix
asphalt which was investigated. The studied mechanical properties
include Marshall properties, indirect tensile strength, and unconfined
compressive strength. Five asphalt concrete mixtures with various cement
dust contents, namely; 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by weight of the
limestone mineral filler were studied. Laboratory testing has revealed an
enhancement in Marshall and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete
mixtures when cement dust was used. Marshall testing results have
indicated an increase in the stability, bulk density and a decrease in the
flow, voids ratio and voids in mineral aggregates when the percentage of
cement dust content increases. The indirect tensile strength and
unconfined compressive strength have also increased as the ratio of
cement dust increased. The optimum cement dust ratio was found to be
100% of the used mineral filler. Hence, cement dust can totally replace
lime stone mineral filler in asphalt paving mixtures.
Huang et.al (2007) [34] , had been investigate the effects of
different fillers on some properties of asphalt mastics and HMA mixtures.
Three filler types and four filler contents were used. The properties of
HMA mixtures evaluated include, optimum asphalt cement content
(OAC), indirect tensile strength (ITS), toughness index (TI), indirect
retained strength (IRS) and asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) rut depth.
The results suggested that fillers had significant influence on the
properties of HMA mixtures. With the increase of filler content, some
properties of HMA improved while others decreased. Filler content for
mix design should be determined based on the overall performance of
HMA mixtures.
Árnadóttir (2008) [17] , worked on the European standards so, the
filler was defined as the material passing the 0,063 mm sieve. Ten
different filler types were selected for this study. The laboratory
properties of fillers include, particle size analysis, clay minerals content
(using X-Ray diffraction test) and methelyn blue values. The asphalt
specimens were prepared according to the European standard using
gyratory compactor. Eight asphalt specimens were prepared for each filler
type. Compacted mixes in each set were divided into two groups; one for
dry testing and the other for water saturated testing in order to evaluate
the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens. Mechanical properties of
the prepared asphalt specimens were evaluated using indirect tensile
strength (ITS) test.
He concluded that, montmorillonite content and grain size
distribution of fillers are factors that probably affect the workability and
the indirect tensile strength of asphalt concrete mixtures. In general, more
workability and less indirect tensile strength were obtained with finer
filler. In contrast, more amount of montmorillonite seemed to give mixes
less workability and more indirect tensile strength. Neither the amount of
montmorillonite in the filler nor the grain size distribution of the filler
alone can explain the damaging influence of water on asphalt concrete
mixes under these testing conditions.
2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS:
1- Using six types of fillers from five sources around Iraq most of them
are wastes.
2- Using the direct tension test as a new type of test for prediction of
asphalt mastic stiffness.
3- For prediction of filler properties that affecting on paving performance,

a new parameters used, which are the pH and the percentage of materials
finer than 10 microns (P10).
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND TESTING
3.1 MATERIALS :
To fulfill a description of physical and chemical properties of the
used materials, the source and its availability in the local markets, of
these materials which would take a part in the preparation of the mixture
with their functions, the following subsections will shed a light on them.
3.1.1 ASPHALT CEMENT :

One grade of (40-50) asphalt cement was tested, it is from Nasiria
Refinery. The physical properties of this type are illustrated in table 3.1.
The tests were conducted in the laboratories of engineering college in
Anbar University.
Table 3.1: Physical properties of Nasiria asphalt cement.

Property Symbol ASTM Test condition and Results
Designation No. units
Penetration Pe D-5 [40] 25oC,100gm, 0.1 mm 46
Softening SP D-36 [41] Ring & ball 51
o
point C
*Ductility D D-113 [42] 25oC, 5cm/min +100
cm
Specific Gs D-70 [43] 25oC 1.028
gravity
Flash point FP D-92 [44] Cleveland open cup, oC +246
Solubility S D-2042 [45] Trichloroethylene 99
Solvent, %
*This test was conducted in the Petroleum Research & Development center/Ministry of Oil
3.1.2 AGGREGATE :
Two types of aggregate were used in this study:
1- Nibaay coarse aggregate (passing sieve 3/4 inch and retained sieve
No. 4) with 100% crushed particles, brownish in colour, quartzite
mineral composition and angular faces.
2- Thmail fine aggregate (passing sieve No.4 and retained sieve No.
200) with rounded faces particles, orange in colour, quartzite
mineral composition.
Physical properties of coarse and fine aggregate are presented in
table 3.2. The aggregate gradation confirms to the Iraqi Standard
specifications for Road and Bridge for 19 mm (3/4 inch) maximum
size for surface course type III/A [5]. Figure 3.1 shows the aggregate
gradation used in this research. The tests were conducted in the
laboratories of engineering college in Anbar University.
Table 3.2: Physical properties of coarse and fine aggregate.

Property Coarse agg. Fine agg. Test method
Bulk specific
2.560 2.616
gravity
Apparent
2.642 2.672 ASTM C-127 [46]
specific gravity
And
%Water
1.2 0.8 ASTM C-128 [47]
absorption
* % Wear
13.37 - ASTM C-131 [48]
(Loss Angeles )
*This test was conducted in Al-Anbar national center for materials tests
110
100
90
80
% Passing
70 Upper limits Lower limits

60
50
40
Agg. gradation
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve opening, mm (Log scale)

Figure 3.1: Specification limits and selected gradation of aggregate
maximum size (19mm).
3.1.3 FILLER :
Six different types of filler are used from five local sources in Iraq
which are:
1- Silica powder (Si), from Arthuma quarry, about 260 Km to the
north west of Ramadi city. It is used in glass production due its
high purity.
2- Sulaimania Marble powder (SM), from Sulaimania quarries for
marble and tile mortar production about 300 Km to the north east
of Baghdad.
3- Mosul Rock powder (MR), from Mosul quarries for rock plates
and tile mortar, about 260 Km to the north west of Baghdad.
4- Limestone dust (Li), from Karbala lime factory, about 180 Km to
the west south of Baghdad.
5- Cement Kiln dust (CKD), it is a bypass of cement production, from
Kubaisa cement factory, about 150 Km to the north west of
Ramadi city.
6- Portland cement (Ce), from Kubaisa cement factory, about 59 Km
to the north west of Ramadi city.
A crasher type Retch was used to obtain finer materials for (Si), (SM)
and (MR) as shown in figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2: Filler crasher type Retch
The laboratory tests have been conducted in order to evaluate the

properties of each type of filler as following.
3.1.3.1 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST :

Hydrometer analysis was conducted on each type of filler
according to ASTM D-422 [49]. Twenty grams of filler were mixed with
the rate of 40 g of sodium hexametaphosphate/liter of solution and then
left about 16 hours in a desiccator. A solution was mixed thoroughly with
a specific mixer for 1 minute and then poured in a standard tube of one
liter with agitation for one minute. A hydrometer type 152H was used to
take reading in a specified time of (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and
1440) minutes. Figure 3.3 shows grain size distribution for each type of
filler. Figure 3.4 illustrates the hydrometer procedure.
120 120
100 100
% passing
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.01 0.1
Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm)
SM MR
120 120
100 100
80 80
% passing
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.01 0.1
Si Li
100 100
80 80
% passing
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.01 0.1
CKD Ce
Figure 3.3: Grain size distribution for each type of filler.

Figure 3.4: Hydrometer apparatus .
3.1.3.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST:

A test was conducted using Water Pycnometer method as shown in
figure 3.5 according to ASTM D-854[50]. Fifty grams of filler was
poured in a calibrated Pycnometer with distilled water to a specified level
and temperature and then weighted to find specific gravity using an Excel
sheet. Figure 3.6 shows the results of tests. The data information is shown
in table 3.5.
Figure 3.5: Specific gravity of filler by Water Pycnometer procedure.

3
SM
2.5
Specific gravity
MR
2
Si
Li 1.5
Ki CKD
1
Ce
0.5
Figure 3.6: The variation of specific gravities of fillers.
3.1.3.3 SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA AND PORE VOLUME

TESTS :
A Surface Area Analyzer instrument as shown in figure 3.7 was
used to determine the surface area (SA) and pore volume (PV), (i.e.
volume of voids within the surface area of particle) at the Petroleum
Research & Development centre/Ministry of Oil. Test procedure is based
on Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (B.E.T) Theory. Figures 3.8 and 3.9
illustrate the variations of surface area and pore volume of fillers,
respectively. The data information is shown in table 3.5.
Figure 3.7: Surface Area Analyzer instrument

30
SM
25
surface area(m2/g)
MR
20
Si
Li 15
Ki CKD 10
Ce
5
Figure 3.8: Variations of surface area values of fillers (m2/g)
0.045
pore volume (cm3/g).

SM 0.04
0.035
MR
0.03
Si
0.025
Li
0.02
Ki CKD 0.015
Ce 0.01
0.005
0
Figure 3.9 :The variations of pore volume values of fillers (cm3/g).
3.1.3.4 (pH) TEST :

A pH-meter instrument as shown in figure 3.10 was used in order
to evaluate the (pH) value for each type of filler. The procedure consisted
of mixing the filler with distilled water at ratio (Filler: Water) equal to
1:5. A solution was left at room temperature for 24 hours before testing.
The result of test is shown in figure 3.11. The data information are shown
in table 3.5.
Figure 3.10: pH-meter instrument.
14
12
SM
MR 10
Si 8
pH
Li
6
Ki CKD
Ce 4
Figure 3.11: Variations of pH values of fillers.
3.1.3.5 SHEAR STRENGTH TEST :

A series of direct shear tests as shown in figure 3.12 were carried
out to determine the shear strength parameters, cohesion strength (c) and
deflection angle (ф) of dry samples of filler according to ASTM D-3080
[51]. Normal stress of 76.89 and 153.78 KPa are used. The specimen size
was (50x50x20 mm). The results of tests showed that the (c) values for all
types of fillers were equal to zero while the angle of shear resistance (ф)
for each type of filler is shown in figure 3.13. The data information is
shown in table 3.5.
Figure 3.12: Direct shear test set up
20
18
SM Deflection angle (ф)
16
MR 14
Degree
Si 12
Li 10
8
Ki CKD
6
Ce
4
2
0
Figure 3.13: Variations of Deflection angle (ф) values of fillers (Degree)
3.1.3.6 MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION TEST:

X-Ray Diffraction methodology was used to determine the mineral
composition for each type of filler. The test was conducted in the
laboratory of Ministry of Sciences and Technology. A Shimadzu XRD-
6000 type was used. The result of test is shown in table 3.3.
Table 3.3: X-Ray diffraction test result for filler mineral properties
Properties
Mineral type Chemical composition
MR Calcite CaCO3
Filler type
Li Calcite CaCO3
Si Quartz SiO2
SM Birnessite Na0.55Mn2O4.1.5H2O
CKD Portlandite Ca(OH)2

Ce Larnite Ca2SiO4
The results of X-Ray Diffraction analysis are shown in figures A1 to A6

in appendix.
3.1.3.7 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION TEST :

A table 3.4 shows the chemical composition of each type of filler.
The test was carried out in the Control Department of Kubaisa Cement
Factory using flame photometer method.
Table 3.4: The chemical composition of each type of filler.

Oxides Percent (%)
Sio2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 L.O.I
Filler type
MR 2.52 1.2 0.32 43.8 2.63 15.55 33.14

Li 2.36 0.17 0.27 52.56 0.92 1.22 42.19
Si 91.02 3.4 2.04 0.97 0.98 0.43 0.69
SM 36.44 2.07 6.73 5.17 20.15 0.16 16.44
CKD 14.82 5.25 1.98 49.65 3.35 6.33 9.77
Ce 22.58 5.46 3.05 61.62 2.85 2.43 1.38
Table 3.5: Data information for results of tests for each type of filler.
Physical property
SA PV (ф)
2
Gs m /g cm3/g pH Degree
Filler type
MR 2.668 5.84 0.02500 7.30 13

Li 2.763 2.21 0.00530 7.56 13
Si 1.785 1.56 0.00380 8.06 13
SM 2.657 29.32 0.04456 8.14 15
CKD 2.512 5.61 0.01120 12.04 19
Ce 3.100 1.01 0.00000 12.65 14
3.2 ASPHALT CEMENT MASTIC TESTS:

Several types of tests were conducted on the asphalt mastic using
different Filler/Asphalt ratios, 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent. A mix was
prepared as follows:
1- The filler was dried first in the oven at 110 oC for about 20 hours.
2- The asphalt was heated to about 135 oC.
3- The asphalt was added to a mixing cup at three doses through them
the specific amount of hot filler was added.
4- The mixing cup was put on a hot plate to maintain temperature
within 140 ± 3 oC, and then the mixing started using a mechanical
mixer. The figure3.14 illustrates the operation.
Figure 3.14: Mixing process of mastic.

The following tests were carried out on the mastics.
3.2.1 PENETRATION TEST:

Penetration is the distance in tenths of millimeter that a standard
needle penetrates vertically onto a sample of the asphalt or mastic under
fixed conditions of 25 oC temperature, 100 gm load and 5 seconds
loading time. Figure 3.15 illustrates the asphalt Penetrometer tool. The
test was conducted according to ASTM D-5 [40].
Figure 3.15:The asphalt Penetrometer
3.2.2 SOFTENING POINT TEST:

The softening point (Ring & Ball method) is a temperature at
which a steel ball weighting 3.5 gm falls a distance of 25.4 mm (1 inch).
It is an indication of the internal tendency to flow at elevated temperature.
The test start from 4 oC water bath (beaker) with an increase in
temperature raise of 5 oC/min. Figure 3.16 illustrate the softening point
instruments. The test was conducted according to ASTM D-36 [41].
Figure 3.16: The softening point apparatus.
3.2.3 DIRECT SHEAR TEST:

The direct shear equipment for soil was employed in order to be
used to predict an indication about the shear strength of the mastic. A
steel frame of (50x50x12 mm) was made to get a box of mastic. The
sample was left to cool for 24 hours then discharged from the frame
slightly by pressing the edge of the box. The sample and holder parts
were left in a cold path at 10 oC for 30 minutes before testing. A sample
was put in its location at the sample holders in the equipment. The
temperature was kept about 10±1 oC through the test. A normal stress of
76.89 kPa was applied. The shear stress required to make displacement of
(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mm) was recorded. Figure 3.17 illustrates the
test setup. The test results are shown in tables A-1 to A-6 in appendix.
Mastic samples Water path for all parts and sample
Sample in the holder The test setup while operation
The sample at the end of test

Figure 3.17: The operation system of direct shear test of mastic.
3.2.4 TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MASTIC:

The temperature susceptibility (TS) is the rate at which the
consistency of asphalt or mastic changes with the change in temperature.
On this study a Penetration Index (PI) was used for comparison between
the TS of different mastics. It was obtained from the softening point and
penetration at 25 oC (Pe), assuming that the penetration of asphalt or
mastic at its SP is 800 (1/100 mm). Higher values indicate lower TS. The
PI value is determined from the equations below:
PI= (20-500m)/(1+50m) ………… (3.1) [1]
Where:
m=∆Log P/∆T
∆Log P=Log 800-Log Pe
∆T=SP-25 oC
The tests results of asphalt mastics for all types of fillers are fixed
in table A-7 in appendix.
3.3 HOT ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURE TESTS:

To study the effect of filler properties on the performance of HMA
mixture, several tests were made to investigate how these properties
would affect.
3.3.1 PREPARATION OF MARSHALL MIXTURE :
The preparation of Marshal mixtures was made in accordance to
ASTM D-1559[52]. Marshal specimens were made to determine the
resistance to plastic flow, indirect tensile strength and diametrical creep
tests. The aggregate were thoroughly dried before used heating overnight
at 110 oC and were separated to the desired sizes then recombined with
filler to meet the required gradation of the specification.
The mix of aggregate and filler then heated to a temperature of
155 oC before mixing with asphalt cement while the asphalt cement was
heated to a temperature of 155 oC. Then the desired amount of heated
asphalt was added to the desired amount of heated aggregate and mixed
thoroughly by hand until all aggregate particles were coated with asphalt.
The prepared mixture was placed in a preheated cylindrical mold of 101.6
mm (4 in.) in diameter by 76.2 mm (3 in.) in height and was compacted
using a compactive effort which is 75 blows/end with a hammer of 4.53
kg (10 lb.) sliding weight and a free fall of 475.2 mm (18 in.) on the top
and bottom of the specimen as shown in figure 3.18. The specimens were
left to cool for 24 hour at room temperature before extracting.
Figure 3.18: Marshall method compacting set
3.3.2 RESISTANCE TO PLASTIC FLOW OF ASPHALTIC

MIXTURES (MARSHALL METHOD) :
This covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic flow of
cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded on the lateral
surface by means of Marshall apparatus ASTM D-1559 [52]. The results
of three specimens and the average values of bulk specific gravity
(ASTM D-2726) [53], maximum theoretical specific gravity (ASTM D-
2041) [54] and percent air voids (ASTM D-3203) [55] were determined
and the results are presented in tables (A-8 to A- 13) in the appendix.
Also the maximum load resistance and the corresponding flow values
were recorded with their average values.
3.3.3 INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH:

The method covers the procedure of preparing specimens in the
same method described for Marshall method and tested for ITS according
to ASTM D-4123[56]. The specimens were left to cool for 24 hours at
room temperature, then were immersed in water bath at two different test
temperatures (25 oC and 60 oC) for 30 minutes (triple specimens were
tested at 25 oC and double specimens were tested at 60 oC) , and were
tested for ITS at rate of 50.8 mm/min. (2 in./min) in Marshall
compression machine until recording the ultimate load resistance as
illustrated in figure 3.19. Test results were illustrated in table A-14 in
appendix. The ITS values were computed as follows:
ITS= 2000 P /πtD ………………… (3.2) [1]

where:
ITS =Indirect tensile strength, kPa
P = maximum load, N
t = specimen height immediately before tensile test, mm and
D = specimen diameter, mm
Figure 3.19: The indirect tensile strength test
3.3.4 INDIRECT RETAINED STRENGTH (MOISTURE

DAMAGE RESISTANCE) TEST:
This method determines the stripping potential of asphalt cement
from aggregate in asphalt concrete mixtures which is a function of the
affinity between aggregate and the bitumen and its consequent ability the
displacing effect of water [37]. The test was conducted according to
ASTM D-4867 [39]. Two subsets of triple specimens were prepared in
the same method described for Marshall method. The unconditioned
subset was tested for ITS after 30 minutes of 25 oC water bath. The
conditioned subset was subjected to saturation condition by vacuum and
then immersed in a water bath of 60 oC for 24 hours. Then the specimens
were left in a water bath of 25 oC for one hour before testing for ITS. The
effect of moisture on the aggregate–asphalt adhesion can be seen
clearly in figure 3.20 and also illustrated in table A-15 in appendix. The
Indirect Retained Strength (IRS) values were determined as follows:
%IRS= x 100 …….. (3.3) [1]

Conditioned (after Unconditioned Conditioned (after
bathing)brownish in colour black in colour bathing)brownish in colour
Figure 3.20: The effect of moisture damage on HMA mixture.
3.3.5 RESISTANCE TO PERMANENT DEFORMATION

(CREEP TEST) :
The diametrical indirect tensile creep test had been used for testing
asphalt mixtures to indicate the permanent deformation (rutting)
potential. The CBR test apparatus was employed to perform this test on
Marshall specimens as shown in figure 3.21. The only disadvantage of
this employment is that a very small part of load will still in unloading
case. The specimens were placed in a water bath for 30 minutes at one of
two testing temperatures (25 oC and 40 oC) before starting with a static
stress of 0.1 MPa for a loading condition test period of 1 hour with
deformation (strain) recorded at a certain time (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8,
15, 30, 45 and 60) minutes then the load was removed (unloading
condition) and the recovered strain were recorded for the same periods of
an hour. One specimen was tested for each combination of mix of each
type of filler.
The vertical strain was calculated from the measured deformation
as follows:
ε mix = mm/mm …………. (3.4) [1]
where : the total vertical deformation at a certain loading time, and

= the original diameter of the specimen.
The stiffness modulus of the mixture is calculated by:
(µcreep) t,T = ( )
N/mm2 ……(3.5) [1]
Where:
= applied stress (0.1 MPa)
The results were presented in tables (A-16 to A-22) in appendix.
Figure 3.21: Creep test set up.

3.4 TESTING PROGRAM
The following variables had been selected in preparing the asphalt
concrete mixtures for the different tests:
1- One type of aggregate was used which consists of coarse aggregate
from Al-Nibaee quarry and fine aggregate from Thmail quarry.
2- Six different types of filler are used from five local sources in Iraq,
namely ,silica powder from Arthuma, marble powder from
Sulaimania quarries, limestone powder from Mosul quarries, lime
stone dust from Karbala lime factory, cement and kiln dust from
Kubaisa cement factory.
3- One aggregate maximum size 19 mm (3/4 in.) was used in
preparing mixtures.
4- Asphalt cement (40-50) from Nasiria Refinery was the only one
type of asphalt cement used in preparing mixtures.
5- Five asphalt contents (4, 4.5, 5, 5.5 and 6 %) of total weight of
asphalt mixture were used to predict the optimum asphalt content
(OAC) for each type of filler.
6- Two testing temperatures were used for ITS (25 oC and 60 oC ).
7- Two testing temperatures were used for Creep (25 oC and 40 oC ).
8- Two subsets of specimens were used for RTS test, the conditioned
tested after 24 hour of 60 oC water bath and the unconditioned
tested after 30 minutes of 25 oC water bath.
Figure 3.22: Testing program diagram
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 PROPERTIES OF FILLER-ASPHALT MASTIC:
4.1.1 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES:
The effect of filler type and its properties on the rheological
properties of mastic was found by testing mastic for penetration,
softening point and shear strength at different Filler/Asphalt (F/A)
ratios of (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20) as discussed early in chapter three.
Figure 4.1 shows the effect of filler content on the penetration (Pe)
values of asphalt mastic (AM). Normally the increase in filler content
(Filler/Asphalt) ratio will decrease the Pe values for each type of filler
with differences. While the effect was abundant on CKD and somewhat
on MR, its effect was less effective on Ce. Other filler types include SM,
Si and Li which were at the middle of variation between CKD and Ce.
50
SM
45
Penetration ( 0.1 mm)
MR
40 Si
Li
35 CKD
Ki
Ce
30
Filler/Asphalt Ratio
Figure 4.1: The variation between the Penetration values of Filler-Asphalt mastic
Figure 4.2 illustrates the variations on softening point values for
each type of filler at different F/A ratios. Any increase in F/A ratio will
increase the SP value due to increase in consistency of mastic. It can be
seen that the SM has higher values then MR, Ce, CKD, Li and Si,
respectively.
54
SM
MR
oC
Si
52
Softening Point
Li
Ki
CKD
Ce
50
Figure 4.2: The variation between the Softening Point values

of Filler-Asphalt mastic
Figure 4.3 shows the effect of the increase in F/A ratio for each
type of filler on the shear stress required to achieve specified deformation
as indices on the change in consistency of mastic. The increase in shear
stress refers to increase in consistency due to high stiffness. It is clear that
CKD and SM have higher values with higher consistency while the Ce
has lesser effect on consistency with lower shear stress value. The Li, Si
and MR have a medium effect on consistency with very close values.
20
18
SM
16
MR
14
Shear Stress Kpa
Si
12
Li
10
8 Ki
CKD
6 Ce
Figure 4.3: The variation between the Shear Stress values

of Filler-Asphalt mastic
A summary of what is mentioned previously is as follows:

1- According to Penetration and Direct shear tests, the CKD makes
stiffer mastic with high viscosity more than other types of fillers
while the Ce has a lower effect on stiffness of mastic.
2- According to softening point test, the SM makes stiffer mastic with
high viscosity more than other types of fillers while the Si has a
lower effect on stiffness of mastic.
3- Many factors affect on the stiffening of mastic and that related to
the properties of filler type used, so it can’t be said that this
property responsible for that result until the statistical analysis is
made for these results and its relation with filler properties and this
will be discussed in subsequent chapter.
4.1.2 TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FILLER-
ASPHALT MASTIC:
The temperature susceptibility (TS) test gives an indication about the
effect of temperature on the rheological properties of filler-asphalt mastic.
The Penetration Index (PI) was used to predict the TS for asphalt filler
mastics for each type of filler as shown in figure 4.4.
-0.6
SM
MR
-1
Penetration Index
Si
Li
-1.4 KiCKD
Ce
-1.8
Figure 4.4: The effect of different F/A ratios for different types of filers
on the temperature susceptibility values of Filler-Asphalt mastic
All types of fillers show increase in TS with the increase in F/A

ratios due to decreasing in PI values. The Ce shows lesser TS compared
to Si with high TS while other types of fillers SM,CKD, MR and Li show
approximate TS between Ce and Si. According to those results, the virgin
asphalt shall be suitable to be used due to low TS. Also the Ce with low
F/A ratio will be adequate for low TS mastics.
It was suitable to use other than PI parameters especially
Penetration Viscosity Number (PVN) to give more indication about TS
but there was no instruments provided to complete job.[57]
4.2 PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURE:
Asphalt concrete mixtures were conducted using different types of
fillers from different sources for evaluation of the following properties:
1- Resistance to plastic flow using (Marshall Stiffness test).
2- Low temperature cracking and Temperature susceptibility using
(Indirect Tensile Strength test).
3- Moisture susceptibility using (Indirect Retained Strength test)
4- Resistance to permanent deformation using (Indirect Tensile
Creep test).
4.2.1 RESISTANCE TO PLASTIC FLOW (MARSHALL
TEST):
A series of tests for Marshall stability, flow and durability (density-
voids analysis) was carried out on each type of filler mixtures for
selecting the optimum asphalt content OAC and the determination of
Marshall test parameters. One type of asphalt cement and aggregate with
maximum size of 19 mm for surface course III/A was used. The test
results on mixtures containing MR, Li, SM and Si as a filler give an OAC
of 4% as shown in figures 4.5 to 4.8 while the results of mixtures
containing Ce and CKD as a filler give an OAC of 4.5% and 4.3%
respectively as shown in figures 4.9 and 4.10.
Figure 4.11 shows the effect of filler type on Marshall test
properties. The results indicates that Li and SM show higher bulk density
with respect to other types of filler specially CKD. While Ce and CKD
have a highest percent air voids values while the SM has a lower one.
More stability can be achieved by using Si and CKD not Ce. It is
recognized that SM,CKD and Ce show increasing in flow with
comparison to Li or even MR. At last, it shall be expected that Si and Li
give a high stiffness values due to an acceptable stability and flow.
2.43 2.44
Bulkdensity gm/cm)
Bulk density gm/cm3

2.42
2.42
2.41
2.40
2.40
2.39 2.38
2.38 2.36
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
4.0 4.0
3.0 3.0
% AV
% AV
2.0 2.0
1.0 1.0
0.0 0.0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
15 15
Stability (kN)
Stability (kN)
10 10
5 5
0 0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
6 8
6
Flow (mm)
Flow (mm)
4
4
2
2
0 0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
5 5
Stifness (kN/mm)
Stifness (kN/mm)
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
Asphalt content % Asphalt content %
Figure 4.5: Marshall parameters for Figure 4.6: Marshall parameters for
mixtures containing MR filler mixtures containing Li filler
2.44 2.43
Bulk density gm/cm3

Bulk density gm/cm3
2.42
2.42
2.41
2.40 2.40
2.39
2.38
2.38
2.36 2.37
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
3.0
4.0
2.0 3.0
% AV
% AV
2.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
16 8
14
Stability (kN)
6
Flow (mm)
12
4
10
8 2
6 0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
6 20
Stability (kN)
15
Flow (mm)
4
10
2
5
0 0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
4.0 5.0
Stiffness kN/mm
Stiffness (kN/mm)
3.0 4.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
0.0 0.0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
Figure 4.7: Marshall parameters for Figure: 4.8: Marshall parameters for
mixtures containing SM filler mixtures containing Si filler
Bulk density gm/cm3 2.42 2.39
Bulk density gm/cm3

2.42 2.38
2.41
2.37
2.41
2.40 2.36
2.40 2.35
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
5 6
4
4
3
% AV
% AV
2
2
1
0 0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
20
20
Stability (kN)
15
Stability (kN)
15
10 10
5 5
0 0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
6 6
5
Flow (mm)
Flow (mm)
4 4
3
2 2
1
0 0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
5.0 6.0
Stiffness (kN/mm)
Stiffness (kN/mm)
4.0
3.0 4.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
0.0 0.0
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
Figure 4.9: Marshall parameters for Figure 4.10: Marshall parameters for
mixtures containing Ce filler mixtures containing CKD filler
SM SM 4
2.44
MR 2.42 MR
3
SI 2.40 SI
2.38 Li 2
Li
2.36 KiCKD
KiCKD 1
2.34
Ce Ce
2.32 0
Bulk density, gm/cm3 Air voids, %
SM 20
MR
15
SI
Li 10
KiCKD 5
Ce
0
Marshall stability, kN
SM 5 SM 5
MR 4 MR 4
SI 3 SI 3
Li Li
2 2
KiCKD KiCKD
1 1
Ce Ce
0 0
Marshall flow, mm Marshall stiffness, kN/mm
Figure 4.11: the effect of filler type on the properties of Marshall test.
4.2.2 INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST:

The indirect tensile strength test (ITS) has been used to evaluate
the mixture resistance to low temperature cracking. The ITS gives an
indication about the cohesion of mixture due to adhesion between its
components. Figure 4.12 shows the effect of filler type on the ITS values
at 25 oC test temperature on which a group of MR, SM and Si show high
ITS values with respect to other types of fillers specially Ce. Figure 4.13
displays the variation on the ITS values of different types of filler at test
temperature of 60 oC. It can be seen that the difference in test temperature
has no abundant effect on ITS values, group of MR, Si and SM still have
their high values while the Ce is still at the end of list. But, it is obvious
that the CKD got an increase in ITS value at high temperature. The
results are shown in tables A-14 in appendix.
1200
Indirect tensile strength,
SM
1150
MR
SI 1100
Li 1050
kPa
Ki CKD 1000
Ce 950
900
Figure 4.12: The effect of filler type on the ITS values at 25 oC test
temperature
Indirect tensile strength, kPa
190
SM
180
MR
SI 170
Li 160
Ki CKD 150
Ce
140
130
Figure 4.13: The effect of filler type on the ITS values at 60 oC test
temperature
4.2.3 SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TEMPERATURE :
Temperature susceptibility (TS) of HMA mixture has been
evaluated by the change in ITS values that conducted at 25 oC and 60 oC .
Figure 4.14 shows the effect of filler type on the TS values. A variation in
temperature has a significant effect on the ITS values of the group of MR,
SM and Si which have high TS values while the Ce shows a less
effectiveness with temperature variation.
28
Temperature susceptibility,
SM 27
MR
26
SI
25
Li
C
o
24
kPa/
Ki CKD
23
Ce
22
21
Figure 4.14: The effect of filler type on the TS values
4.2.4 INDIRECT RETAINED STRENGTH TEST

(SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MOISTURE) :
The indirect retained strength (IRS) depends mainly on the results
of ITS tests of the two subsets, conditioned subset after immersing in
water bath of 60 oC for 24 hours and unconditioned subset at normal
condition and test temperature of 25 oC. Figure 4.15 shows the variation
of ITS values of filler types for condition subset. The effect of moisture
damage can be seen on the figure 4.16. It can be seen the abundant effect
of water attack on the Si with lower ITS and IRS while the Ce and CKD
show high resistance to water affinity with high values of ITS and IRS. It
can be noticed in the similarity of the results of ITS and IRS. The results
are shown in table A-15 in appendix.
1000
SM
Indirect tensile strength,
800
MR
SI 600
Li
Kpa
Ki CKD 400
Ce
200
Figure 4.15: The variation of ITS values of filler types

o
for condition subset( after a 60 C water bath for 24 hours)
100.0
SM
Indirect retained strength,
MR 80.0
SI 60.0
Li
%
Ki CKD 40.0
Ce 20.0
0.0
Figure 4.16: The variation of IRS values of filler types

4.2.5 RESISTANCE TO PERMANENT DEFORMATION
(CREEP TEST) :
Diametrical indirect tensile creep test has been used to evaluate the
effect of filler type on the permanent deformation tendency of HMA
mixtures using different types of filler at two test temperatures 25 oC
and 40 oC.
Figures 4.17 to 4.22 show the effect of filler type on the (strain-
time) relationship. All types of filler show the same response to the
increase in test temperature, which is the increase in permanent strain but,
with difference, while it was abundant in Si and SM, it was very little
inCKD and Li. The same response can be recognized for the immediate
strain. Further information is shown in tables A-16 to A-22 in the
appendix.
4.0
3.5
Strain , mm/mm
3.0
2.5
25 C 2.0
40 C 1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 50 100 150
Time, minutes.
Figure 4.17: The effect of temperature variance on the diametrical creep test
results using SM as a filler.
4.0
3.5
3.0
Strain , mm/mm
2.5
25 C 2.0
40 C 1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 50 100 150
Time, minutes.
results using Si as a filler.
2.5
2.0
Strain , mm/mm
1.5
25 C
40 C 1.0
0.5
0.0
0 50 100 150
Time, minutes.
results using MR as a filler.
4.0
3.5
3.0
Strain , mm/mm
2.5
25 C 2.0
40 C 1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 50 100 150
Time, minutes.
results using Li as a filler
2.0
Strain , mm/mm
1.5
25 C 1.0
40 C
0.5
0.0
0 50 100 150
Time, minutes.
results using CKD as a filler
2.5
2.0
Strain , mm/mm
1.5
25 C
40 C 1.0
0.5
0.0
0 50 100 150
Time, minutes.
results using Ce as a filler.
The effect of filler type on the diametrical creep test parameters,
initial modulus (µo) and permanent strain (εp) can be seen in figures 4.23
to 4.28 at different test temperatures. Both of MR and Ce have high µo

values compared to others specially SM and Si which have lower µo
values at both temperature tests, due to the MR and Si which show high
effectiveness by test temperature with respect to Li and CKD.
SM 40
MR
30
SI
kPa
Li 20
,
µo x105 Ki CKD
10
Ce
0
Figure 4.23: The effect of filler type on the initial modulus (µo)
at 25 oC test temperature .
SM
25
MR
kPa
20
SI
15
,
Li
µo x105
10
Ki CKD
5
Ce
0
Figure 4.24: The effect of filler type on the initial modulus (µo)
40
SM 35
30
MR
25
kPa
Si 20
,
Li 15
µo x105
10
KiCKD
5
Ce 0
20 30 40 50
Test temperature, oC
Figure 4.25: The effect of temperature test on the initial modulus (µo) values
for each type of filler .
Both of Li and SM show high εp values while Ce and MR have

lesser values at test temperature of 25 oC. The change happened at test
temperature of 40 oC was the high value of εp for Si, so it was easy to
predict that Si with SM were affected by test temperature while Li and
CKD show less effectiveness.
SM 3
MR
SI 2
εp x10-3
Li
Ki CKD 1
Ce
0
Figure 4.26: The effect of filler type on the permanent strain (εp)
SM 4
MR
3
SI
εp x10-3
Li 2
Ki CKD
1
Ce
0
Figure 4.27: The effect of filler type on the permanent strain (εp)
4
SM
3
MR
εp x10-3
Si 2
Li
1
KiCKD
Ce 0
20 30 40 50
Test temperature, oC
Figure 4.28: The effect of temperature test on the permanent strain (εp) values
for each type of filler
CHAPTER FIVE
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
5.1 THE RELATION BETWEEN FILLER PROPERTIES

AND ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURE RESULTS:
A simple linear regression model using SPSS program version 14
with a significant level of 0.05 was used to represent the relations
between the properties of fillers and the results of HMA mixtures besides
the relations between these results themselves.
Table 5.1: The results of tests for each type of filler

Filler type
properties
Si SM Li MR Ce CKD
Specific
1.785 2.657 2.763 2.668 3.1 2.512
gravity(Gs)
Surface
Area(SA) 1.56 29.32 2.21 5.84 1.01 5.61
2
m /g
Pore
Volume(PV) 0.0038 0.04456 0.0053 0.025 0 0.0112
cm3/g
Coefficient of
Uniformity 15.45 20.00 13.75 15.27 2.82 2.74
(Cu)
Friction
Angle(FA)* 13 15 13 13 14 19
Deg.
Passing 10
48.5 42.00 49 32 88 70.04
microns(P10)
CaO+MgO
1.95 25.32 53.48 46.43 64.47 53
(C+M)
pH 8.06 8.14 7.56 7.3 12.65 12.04
*
The simple FA is used instead of ф
The Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) refers to the uniformity of

grain size distribution.
It can be calculated from the equation below:
Cu= …………… (5.1)

The (Passing 10 microns, P10) refers to the percentage of filler
finer than 10 microns. The CaO+MgO (C+M) represent the sum of
percentages of CaO and MgO in the chemical composition of the filler.
The other parameters are discussed previously in chapter three. The
values in table 5.1 are the average of three samples.
The test conducted on the mixtures, Marshall, indirect tensile
strength ITS and creep tests and their results are discussed in chapters
three and four as well as the appendix.
5.1.1 THE EFFECT OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Gs) ON

HMA MIXTURE PROPERTIES:
From table 5.2, it can be seen that the Gs has no effect on Creep
test parameters.
Table 5.2: The effect of Gs on creep test parameters

Independent Dependant R2 P-value
µo @25 0.133 0.477
Gs µo @40
εp @25
0.264
0.196
0.297
0.379
εp @40 0.095 0.552
Also Gs has no effect on ITS test parameters within the significant

level of 0.05 as shown in table 5.3.
Table 5.3: The effect of Gs on ITS test parameters
ITS @25 0.208 0.363
ITS @60 0.308 0.253
Gs TS
ITS @25 after
0.172
0.581
0.414
0.078
24hr
IRS 0.577 0.080
The effect of Gs on Marshall parameters has a single effect on

Marshall stability without any abundant effect on other parameters as
shown in table 5.4.
Table 5.4: The effect of Gs on Marshall test parameters.

Stiffness 0.373 0.198
Gs
Flow 0.001 0.961
Stability 0.792 0.018
% AV 0.137 0.470
Density 0.014 0.826
5.1.2 THE EFFECT OF SURFACE AREA (SA) ON HMA

MIXTURE PROPERTIES:
Figures 5.5 to 5.7 show the effect of SA on the results of tests of
HMA mixture within the 0.05 significant level.
Table 5.5: The effect of SA on Creep test parameters.
µo @25 0.096 0.551
SA µo @40
εp @25
0.115
0.148
0.511
0.451
εp @40 0.168 0.420
Table 5.6: The effect of SA on ITS test parameters.

ITS @25 0.235 0.330
ITS @60 0.068 0.619
SA TS
ITS @25 after
0.262
0.003
0.299
0.923
24hr
IRS 0.004 0.902
Table 5.7: The effect of SA on Marshall test parameters.

SA
Flow 0.365 0.204
% AV 0.222 0.346
Density 0.067 0.621
5.1.3 THE EFFECT OF PORE VOLUME (PV) ON HMA
MIXTURE PROPERTIES:
Due to the similarity between the values of SA and PV, it was
expected that the PV has the same effect on HMA mixtures as in SA as
shown in tables 5.8 to 5.10.
Table 5.8: The effect of PV on Creep test parameters.

µo @25 0.001 0.963
PV µo @40
εp @25
0.005
0.084
0.893
0.577
εp @40 0.058 0.647
Table 5.9: The effect of PV on ITS test parameters.

ITS @25 0.517 0.107
ITS @60 0.229 0.337
PV TS
ITS @25 after
0.545
0.000
0.094
0.997
24hr
IRS 0.024 0.769
Table 5.10: The effect of PV on Marshall test parameters.
PV
Flow 0.195 0.381
% AV 0.282 0.278
Density 0.069 0.615
5.1.4 THE EFFECT OF COEFFICIENT OF

UNIFORMITY (Cu) ON HMA MIXTURE
PROPERTIES:
Table 5.11 shows that the Cu has no effect on creep test parameters
while it has a significant effect on ITS parameters which are TS and IRS
as shown in table 5.12. Also Cu has an important effect on Marshall test
parameters which are AV and density as shown in table 5.13.
Table 5.11: The effect of Cu on Creep test parameters.

µo @25 0.019 0.749
Cu µo @40
εp @25
0.077
0.158
0.595
0.435
εp @40 0.551 0.091
Table 5.12: The effect of Cu on ITS test parameters.
ITS @25 0.557 0.088
ITS @60 0.091 0.562
Cu TS
ITS @25 after
0.658
0.516
0.050
0.108
24hr
IRS 0.653 0.052
Table 5.13: The effect of Cu on Marshall test parameters.

Cu
Flow 0.022 0.781
% AV 0.972 0.000
Density 0.708 0.036
5.1.5 THE EFFECT OF FRICTION ANGLE (FA) ON

HMA MIXTURE PROPERTIES:
As shown in tables 5.14 to 5.16 the FA has only one effect on

HMA mixtures which is its effect on the density as one of Marshall
parameters.
Table 5.14: The effect of FA on Creep test parameters.
µo @25 0.115 0.511
FA µo @40
εp @25
0.050
0.053
0.670
0.661
εp @40 0.258 0.304
Table 5.15: The effect of FA on ITS test parameters.

ITS @25 0.014 0.825
ITS @60 0.050 0.672
FA TS
ITS @25 after
0.035
0.285
0.722
0.276
24hr
IRS 0.302 0.259
Table 5.16: The effect of FA on Marshall test parameters.

FA
Flow 0.369 0.201
% AV 0.336 0.227
Density 0.676 0.044
5.1.6 THE EFFECT OF (P10) ON HMA MIXTURE
PROPERTIES:
Although the P10 has no effect on creep test parameters, it

has a pronounced effect on ITS test parameters that are ITS at 25
o
C and TS (for a significant level up to 0.1 the P10 can also
effect on IRS), with a single effect on the AV in Marshall test
parameters as shown in tables 5.17 to 5.19.
Table 5.17: The effect of P10 on Creep test parameters.

µo @25 0.005 0.893
P10 µo @40
εp @25
0.002
0.060
0.933
0.640
εp @40 0.165 0.424
Table 5.18: The effect of P10 on ITS test parameters.

ITS @25 0.814 0.014
ITS @60 0.277 0.283
P10 TS
ITS @25 after
0.891
0.475
0.005
0.130
24hr
IRS 0.624 0.062
Table 5.19: The effect of P10 on Marshall test parameters.
P10
Flow 0.096 0.550
% AV 0.757 0.024
Density 0.395 0.181
5.1.7 THE EFFECT OF (C+M) ON HMA MIXTURE

PROPERTIES:
The effect of C+M was only exist on IRS values on the ITS tests as
illustrated in tables 5.20 to 5.22.
Table 5.20: The effect of C+M on Creep test parameters.

µo @25 0.148 0.451
C+M µo @40
εp @25
0.324
0.049
0.238
0.673
εp @40 0.377 0.195
Table 5.21: The effect of C+M on ITS test parameters.
ITS @25 0.316 0.246
ITS @60 0.251 0.311
C+M TS
ITS @25 after
0.303
0.589
0.258
0.075
24hr
IRS 0.666 0.048
Table 5.22: The effect of C+M on Marshall test parameters.

C+M
Flow 0.038 0.712
% AV 0.410 0.171
Density 0.178 0.404
5.1.8 THE EFFECT OF (pH) ON HMA MIXTURE

PROPERTIES:
Although the pH test is very simple and represents one of the chemical
tests, it has an important relation with the result of HMA mixture that is
related to ITS test such as, ITS after 24 hr. of 60 oC bathing and IRS
values, moreover its relation with AV and density of Marshall tests as
shown in tables 5.23 to 5.25.
Table 5.23: The effect of pH on Creep test parameters.
µo @25 0.000 0.989
pH µo @40
εp @25
0.016
0.148
0.811
0.451
εp @40 0.361 0.207
Table 5.24: The effect of pH on ITS test parameters.

ITS @25 0.528 0.102
pH
ITS @60 0.072 0.607
TS 0.632 0.059
ITS @25 after 24hr 0.661 0.049
IRS 0.758 0.024
Table 5.25: The effect of pH on Marshall test parameters.

pH
Flow 0.240 0.324
% AV 0.889 0.005
Density 0.678 0.044
5.2 THE RELATIONS BETWEEN ASPHALT CONCRETE

MIXTURE TESTS:
As illustrated in table 5.26, the µo at 25 oC is strongly related to µo
at 40 oC due to the similarity in test conditions and less variation in test
Table 5.26: Correlation matrix between Creep test and Marshall test
parameters.
µo@25 µo @40 εp @25 εp @40 Stiffness Flow Stability Density

% AV
kPa kPa mm/mm kPa mm kN g/cm3
mm/mm
µo@25 1 .977* -.362- -.580- -.158- -.243- -.399- .214 -.111-
kPa .001** .481 .228 .765 .643 .433 .684 .833
µo @40 .977 1 -.283- -.673- -.225- -.255- -.507- .341 -.214-
kPa .001 .587 .143 .668 .625 .304 .508 .684
εp@25 -.362- -.283- .568 .121 -.321- -.337- -.476- .603

1
mm/mm
.481 .587 .239 .820 .535 .514 .340 .205
εp @40 -.580- -.673- .568 1 .285 -.096- .170 -.799- .849
mm/mm
.228 .143 .239 .584 .856 .747 .056 .033
Stiffness -.158- -.225- .121 .285 1 -.661- .615 -.581- .411
kPa .765 .668 .820 .584 .153 .194 .226 .418
Flow -.243- -.255- -.321- -.096- -.661- 1 .169 .261 -.443-
mm .643 .625 .535 .856 .153 .749 .617 .379
Stability -.399- -.507- -.337- .170 .615 .169 1 -.377- -.026-
kN .433 .304 .514 .747 .194 .749 .461 .962
.214 .341 -.476- -.799- -.581- .261 -.377- 1 -.889-

% AV
.684 .508 .340 .056 .226 .617 .461 .018
Density -.111- -.214- .603 .849 .411 -.443- -.026- -.889- 1
g/cm3 .833 .684 .205 .033 .418 .379 .962 .018

(*
Refers to R2) , (**
Refers to significant level)
Table 5.27 Correlation matrix between ITS test and Marshall test parameters.
ITS ITS @25

ITS @60 TS IRS Stiffness Flow Stability % AV Density
@25 after 24hr
ITS @25 1 .825* .992 -.486- -.634- .515 .044 .667 -.668- .308
kPa **
.043 .000 .328 .176 .296 .934 .148 .147 .553
ITS @60 .825 1 .747 -.208- -.353- .277 .327 .739 -.189- -.213-
kPa .043 .088 .692 .492 .595 .527 .093 .721 .686
TS .992 .747 1 -.527- -.668- .544 -.021- .621 -.744- .410
kPa/Co .000 .088 .283 .147 .264 .969 .189 .090 .419
ITS @25 after -.486- -.208- -.527- 1 .979 -.846- .458 -.617- .784 -.677-
24hr
kPa .328 .692 .283 .001 .034 .361 .192 .065 .140
IRS -.634- -.353- -.668- .979 1 -.811- .375 -.650- .843 -.693-
% .176 .492 .147 .001 .050 .464 .162 .035 .127
Stiffness .515 .277 .544 -.846- -.811- 1 -.661- .615 -.581- .411
kPa .296 .595 .264 .034 .050 .153 .194 .226 .418
Flow .044 .327 -.021- .458 .375 -.661- 1 .169 .261 -.443-
mm .934 .527 .969 .361 .464 .153 .749 .617 .379
Stability .667 .739 .621 -.617- -.650- .615 .169 1 -.377- -.026-
kN .148 .093 .189 .192 .162 .194 .749 .461 .962
-.668- -.189- -.744- .784 .843 -.581- .261 -.377- 1 -.889-

% AV
.147 .721 .090 .065 .035 .226 .617 .461 .018
Density .308 -.213- .410 -.677- -.693- .411 -.443- -.026- -.889- 1
g/cm3 .553 .686 .419 .140 .127 .418 .379 .962 .018
(*
Refers to R2) , (**
Refers to significant level)
temperatures. Another direct relation was between the εp at 40 oC and the
Marshall density, this may due to existence of more voids which can be
filled with the water or vapor of path which creates an internal pressure
helps the sample to bring back to higher position. This assumption needs
to more investigation because if the water path at high temperature with
test long time period have that effect, the creep test results will not be
adequate to refer to rut potential of HMA mixture. Also the natural
inverse relation between AV and density exists clearly.
Table 5.27 shows the relation between Marshall and ITS tests by
which the ITS at 25 oC has a good relation with ITS at 60 oC and strongly
related with TS, that all related to the test conditions and the same effect
of temperature on the cohesion of mixture.
The values of ITS after 24 hr. of 60 oC bathing have a meaningful
relation with IRS because the effects of moisture on ITS values causing
the same drop in IRS values. Also it has an inverse relation with Marshall
stiffness because the mix of higher stiffness will be more rigid and has
lesser cohesion. Marshall stiffness also has an inverse relation with IRS
for the same reason. It is supposed that the increase in AV will decrease
the IRS values due to increase in porosity of mix, but the inverse
happened, maybe it is related to filler properties itself, so there are needs
for more study.
5.3 THE EFFECT OF FILLER PROPERTIES ON THE

OVERALL TEST PROPERTIES:
In this item, the effect of filler properties which are discussed early
in item 5.1 on the overall properties of creep, ITS and Marshall tests will
be taken. A Minitab computer program version 10 was used to calculate
the Similarity between the results of filler types for each test. The results
of similarity will be used to make such a kind of relations with filler
properties and tests.
5.3.1 THE EFFECT OF FILLER PROPERTIES ON THE
OVERALL CREEP TEST PROPERTIES:
Figure 5.1 shows the similarity of results between the filler types
corresponding to Creep test results. It can be seen that CKD and Li have a
high similarity with respect to other types of fillers specially Ce and MR.
according to significant level 0.05, there are no relation between the filler
properties and the creep test results as shown in tables related to item 5.1,
but there was a relation between Cu and εp at 40 oC with a significant
level of 0.091. Perhaps it is enough to represent this overall relation due
to lower values of Cu for each of CKD and Li. Also, there is relation
between εp at 40 oC and the Marshall density as in table 5.26, the latest
has a strong relation with Cu as in table 5.13.
That refers to the importance of Cu as a factor affecting on creep
test parameters referring to the need of grain size distribution test for
filler passing sieve No.200 using hydrometer procedure.
Similarity
51.88
The similarity , %
67.92
83.96
100.00
SM Si Li Ki
CKD MR Ce
Observations
Filler type
Figure 5.1: The similarity results between the filler type corresponding to Creep test
results
OVERALL ITS TEST PROPERTIES:
As in creep test, figure 5.2 shows the similarity between the filler
types according to ITS test results. Each of SM and MR shows a high
similarity compared to others specially Si and Li. Each of SM and MR
has higher values in Cu and the lower in P10 and somewhat the lower
values in each of C+M and pH. Table 5.28 shows summary of relations
within a significant level of 0.05 between filler properties and ITS test
results that are represented in item 5.1. It is recognized that the physical
test of grain size distribution representing by Cu and P10 has a
meaningful relation with TS which affected by test conditions and
temperature that affect on the cohesion of mix. While a chemical test
such as a chemical composition test and pH test which are represented by
C+M and pH values have a significant effect on the IRS values which
affected by the moisture effect on a relation between aggregate and
asphalt film. Also it was noticed from table 5.27 that the IRS has a good
relation with ITS after 24 hr. and the TS has the same relation with ITS at
25 oC. What was mentioned previously leads to a conclusion that the
moisture susceptibility and the cohesion of HMA mixture are a physical
and chemical properties related to the properties of particle size
distribution and the amount of materials finer than 10 microns (P10) and
affected by acidic and basic of filler which can be predicted by pH test.
Table 5.28: A summary of relations between filler properties and ITS test
results
Filler properties ITS tests

Cu TS IRS - -
P10 TS - ITS @ 25
C+M - IRS - -
pH - IRS - ITS@ 25 after 24 hr.
Similarity
68.00
The similarity , %
78.67
89.33
100.00
SM MR CKD
Ki Ce Si Li
Observations
Filler type

corresponding to ITS test results.

OVERALL MARSHALL TEST PROPERTIES:
Figure 5.3 shows the high similarity between Li and MR
compared to Ce and Si according to Marshall test results. Each of MR
and Li has lower values in pH and P10 and somewhat in Gs and FA while
they have high values in Cu. Table 5.29 shows a summary of relations
within a significant level of 0.05 between filler properties and ITS test
results that are represented in item 5.1. It can be seen that most of filler
properties have a significant relation with AV and density which are
already have a strong inverse relation as shown in table 5.27. Only Gs has
a good relation with Marshall stability. Table 5.27 also refers to a relation
between Marshall stiffness and ITS after 24 hr. where the latest has a
good relation with pH. The benefit of this analysis is to reduce the
numbers of tests of filler required, so instead of Gs test to represent the
stability of mix, we can use the pH test as a guide for the stability and the
flow of the mix in the form of stiffness. The conclusion arrived at from
previous analysis is that the Marshall test properties are affected by filler
properties, Cu, P10 and pH (FA was neglected because it has a relation
with density which already has a relation with Cu and pH). That means
the same tests required to predict the properties of ITS tests are required
for Marshall tests which are grain size distribution using hydrometer and
pH. .
Table 5.29: A summary of relations between filler properties and Marshall tests
results.
Filler properties Marshall tests

Gs Stability - -
Cu - Density AV
FA - Density -
P10 - - AV
pH - Density AV
Similarity
41.96
The similarity , %
61.30
80.65
100.00
SM MR Li Ki
CKD Si Ce
Observations
Filler type
Figure 5.3: The similarity results between the filler types corresponding to Marshall
tests results.
5.4 THE EFFECT OF FILLER PROPERTIES ON
ASPHALT MASTIC PROPERTIES:
This item will focus on the implementing of the similarity procedure in

order to make such a kind of relation between the properties of filler that
effect on both asphalt mastic and mixture.
As known in last items that the grain size distribution and pH test are
the needed tests to make a hall idea about filler properties specially Cu,
P10 and pH which have a significant effect on SM, MR, medium
significant effect on Li and Si and low significant effect on Ce and CKD.
So there are needs to research on the effect of these properties on asphalt
mastic. .
As shown in figure 5.4, there are a high similarity between the results
of direct shear strength and softening point and higher similarity with
each of penetration and penetration index for asphalt mastic as a good
indication about the useful use of the direct shear strength test in the
determination of asphalt mastic properties. .
Similarity
54.29
The similarity , %
69.53
84.76
100.00
Pe PI SP Shear
Tests
Figure 5.4: The similarity between direct shear test and other tests
Also the similarity between the mixes of mastic is shown in figure 5.5.
For a level of similarity higher than 91 %, we can find that the Si, SM
then MR and Li then at last CKD and Ce, respectively are graduated in
the level of similarity. This arrangement is similar somewhat to that for
HMA mixture. This leads to a conclusion that the filler properties has a
significant effect on the results of both asphalt mastic and HMA mixture
within limits. This assumption still needs more investigation but we can
use this conclusion to start with this investigation. .
Nevertheless, it is recognized that the effect of filler properties on

mastic results are not quite similar to that for HMA mixture because the
percentages of F/A used in mastic were too little and do not represent the
actual F/A ratio of asphalt mastic film in the mix, so there are a difference
in the behavior in each of two cases due to difference in stiffness.
Similarity
75.32
The similarity , %
83.55
91.77
100.00
Si 5%
SM 5%
0 %
Si 15%
MR 1o%
Ce 15%
SM 20%
CKD 20%
Li 5%
Li 15%
MR 15%
SM 10%
Ce 20%
SM 15%
Si 10%
CKD 15%
CKD 10%
MR 20%
CKD 5%
MR 5%
Li 10%
Si 20%
Li 20%
Ce 10%
Ce 5%
1 2 14 6 4 16 20 7 13 8 3 15 19 5 17 24 23 21 22 9 25 12 18 11 10
Observations
Filler types with different F/A ratio
Figure 5.5: The similarity between the asphalt mastic results using different types of
filler and different percentage of mix.
5.5 THE SUMMARY:
In this summary, the conclusion that the physical properties, P10 and
Cu and chemical properties, pH and C+M have a significant effect on the
HMA mixture which is obtained previously. It can be discussed taking
into consideration its effect on filler properties and HMA mixture and
mastic properties as follows: .
5.5.1 THE CHEMICAL EFFECT:

The effect of chemical properties (pH and C+M) is concerned mainly
with the acidic and basic property of filler that affects on HMA mixture
properties. The basic filler which has high values of C+M and pH such as
CE and CKD show high IRS values compared to other acidic fillers
which have low values of C+M and pH such as Si. This acidity has an
adverse effect on the retained strength of HMA mixture due to
Hydrophilic nature of silicate to water [11]. While the existence of
calcium ions in basic filler will increase the IRS due to its competition
between water and bitumen[23]. .
This property appeared in ITS values after a 60 oC bathing for 24

hours due to the same reasons. It is clear that the existence of large
percentages of C+M in the filler will turn it to a basic material which can
be measured by pH test, so we can use one of them to refer to this
property. It can be seen that a direct relation occurred between pH versus
AV and an inverse relation between pH and density, but these relations
does not mean that the pH was responsible for the variations in AV and
density as will be discussed later. .
5.5.2 THE PHYSICAL EFFECT:
The physical properties have abundant effect on most of HMA

mixture properties. The P10 was the most important factor that plays a
very important role in these properties. First of all, we shall know the
relation between P10 and Cu, because as mentioned previously in this
chapter, the two factors are playing an important competition in HMA
mixture properties. Figure 5.6 shows the inverse good relation between
the P10 and Cu which represents the logical relation, because any
increase in Cu leads to uniformity of gradation curve and that means the
P10 should be reduced to be proportional with other diameters and vice
versa. So the P10 will be taken to explain its effect on HMA mixture.
100
90
80
70
P10 Values, %
60
50
40
R² = 0.7909
30
20
10
0
25 20 15 10 5 0
Cu Values
Figure 5.6: The relationship between P10 and Cu

The P10 refers to materials finer than 10 microns in diameter which
called super fine materials. This factor was used to study the effect of
materials with diameter less than 10 microns taking in consideration that
the film thickness of asphalt is 10 microns [27]. This portion of filler(less
than 10 microns) will be within the asphalt film and acts like an
extender[40].
Excessive amount of P10 has an adverse effect on the function of

filler as completion of aggregate gradation. This will create lesser dense
mix and increasing air voids, to be so obvious in Ce and CKD due to their
high P10 values. The existence of these AV due to the missing of
fractions in an aggregate gradation will reduce the contact between
aggregate particles and asphalt because most of filler particles are within
the asphalt film leading to a loss on adhesion between them and at last the
cohesion of hall mix. The ITS test refers to that cohesion of mix and the
adverse effect of high values of P10 of Ce and CKD on ITS values at all
test temperature compared to SM can be seen. .
But the existence of large amount of filler within asphalt film will
make it behave like an extender to provide more stiffness to the film to
resist water attack and that can be expressed in high values of IRS for Ce
and CKD compared to Si and SM. Care should be taken because the IRS
is also related to Ph or C+M values, so they all can work together to
increase IRS values and provide more resistance system to water attack.
The effect of physical properties on creep test parameters has only

a one direct relation within a significant level 0.091 between Cu and εp at
40 oC. If this relation is used to explain that effect by which the increase
in Cu value means decrease in P10 value. Maybe the decrease in
materials finer than 10 microns which will be within asphalt film will
decrease the stiffness of that film introducing a more susceptible mastic
to temperature leading to a viscous system with high permanent
deformation and that is clear in SM which has a high value of Cu causing
high value of εp at 40 compared to CKD which has a lower value in Cu
and εp at 40. The Gs is the only factor which has an inverse relation with
Marshall stability. It is supposed that it was due to increase in the volume
of the filler because any decrease in Gs will increase the volume of filler.
This increase in volume will be responsible for the ability of mix to resist
applied load, it looks like increasing in aggregate volume which is
responsible for increasing the friction angle between particles as in Si and
CKD while the stability of Ce of high value of Gs was so little.
5.5.3 THE MINERALOGICAL EFFECT:
It can be noticed that the mineralogical effect of filler is a function

of chemical effect, so that, the minerals with calcium and magnesium
content such as portlandite, calcite and larnite will provide a good
adhesion bond between aggregate and asphalt as in Ce, CKD and MR
while other minerals such as quartz with high silicon content will
introduce a weak bond and a less cohesion structure as in Si [39].
. This fact will give us an indication
about the materials that will be used as a filler by choosing materials with
known mineralogy to reduce time and effort. .
5.5.4 EFFECT OF FILLER ON ASPHALT MASTIC:
According to the results of mastic, the Ce shows low stiffness
compared to CKD of high value of stiffness. While in HMA mixture each
of CKD and Ce shows the same response to the test condition and the
results of them were so close. So we can conclude that the behave of filler
in mastic is different from HMA mixture because in mastic the filler will
act according to suspension situation with a high value of free asphalt
while in HMA mixture the filler will act according to its position in
asphalt film with expected low value of free asphalt. Moreover; there are
differences in tests conditions. .
Beside the percentages of F/A used in mastic were too little and do
not represent the actual F/A ratio of asphalt mastic film in the mix, so
there are a difference in the behavior in each of two cases due to
difference in stiffness.
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 CONCLUSIONS:
According to the test procedures and percentages of mixing and the
materials used in this research, the following conclusions can be stated:
1- The asphalt mastic shows the normal response to the increase in

filler percentages with variations depending on the filler type.
2- The increase in Filler/Asphalt (F/A) ratio of (0,5,10,15and 20)
will increase the softening point, this increase is very abundant
in Sulaimania Marble(SM) compared to others especially Silica
powder(Si).
3- The increase in (F/A) ratio of (0,5,10,15and 20) will decrease
the penetration, this decrease is very abundant in Cement Kiln
Dust (CKD) compared to others especially Cement (Ce).
4- The increase in (F/A) ratio of (0,5,10,15and 20) will increase
the shear stress due to the increase in the mastic stiffness, this
increase is very abundant in Cement Kiln Dust (CKD)
compared to others especially Cement (Ce).
5- The increase in (F/A) ratio of (0,5,10,15and 20) will increase
temperature susceptibility of the mastic, this increase is very
abundant in Silica powder(Si) compared to others especially
Cement (Ce).
6- What mentioned previously leads to a conclusion that the
Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) increases the stiffness of mastic more
than other types of fillers especially Cement (Ce).
7- Filler has a significant effect on the properties of HMA mixture,
this effect is associated with the properties of filler itself.
8- The fillers show variations in optimum asphalt content (OAC)
from 4% at Sulaimania Marble (SM), Silica powder(Si), Mosul
Rock powder(MR) and Limestone dust(Li) to 4.3% and 4.5% at
Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) and Cement (Ce), respectively so
that the first group is more economic due to its low asphalt
content.
9- The results indicate that Limestone dust(Li) and Sulaimania
Marble (SM) show higher bulk density with respect to other
types of filler specially Cement Kiln Dust (CKD). While
Cement (Ce) and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) have a highest
percentage air voids values while Sulaimania Marble (SM) has
a lower one. More stability can be achieved by using Silica
powder(Si) and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) not Cement (Ce). It
was recognized that Sulaimania Marble (SM), Cement Kiln
Dust (CKD) and Cement (Ce) show increasing in flow with
comparison to Limestone dust(Li) or even Mosul Rock
powder(MR). At last, it shall be expected that Silica powder(Si)
and Limestone dust(Li) give high stiffness values due to an
acceptable stability and flow.
10- The filler type has a great effect on the cohesion of the mix
which can be conducted by indirect tensile strength(ITS) test by
which the group of Mosul Rock powder(MR), Sulaimania
Marble (SM) shows high indirect tensile strength(ITS) values
with respect to other types of fillers specially Cement (Ce) at
different test temperatures, but this group shows high
temperature susceptibility (TS) compared to Cement (Ce).
11- The moisture damage also is affected by the type of filler, on
which Silica powder(Si) shows high susceptibility to water
attack with high value of indirect retained strength (IRS)
compared with others specially Cement (Ce) and Cement Kiln
Dust (CKD).
12- The Creep test gives an indication about the rut potential in
pavement surface due to increase in temperature. The rut depth
(permanent strain) varies according to the type of filler, while it
was abundant in Silica powder(Si) and Sulaimania Marble
(SM), it was very little in Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) and
Limestone dust(Li).
In hot weather the Limestone dust(Li). or Cement Kiln Dust
(CKD) will is preferred as a filler.
13- According to the statistical analysis which was used to make an
overall relationship between the results of tests of filler types
and the properties of each type of filler, it is concluded that the
coefficient of uniformity (Cu), percentage of materials finer
than 10 microns (P10), the sum of percentages of calcium oxide
and magnesium oxide (C+M) and pH number are the more
effective properties of filler.
The P10 can be used instead of Cu due to their high relation,
also the Ph is enough to be used instead of C+M due to the
simplicity of Ph test, therefore, the use of two new simple tests
which are grain size distribution for materials passing the sieve
No.200 (P200) using hydrometer procedure and pH test is
recommended to be added to the tests required to evaluate the
adequate filler for HMA mixture.
14- The P10 parameter shows highly effect on the HMA mixture
properties and can explain the effect of filler on these properties
and also can be used to back up the theory that the asphalt film
thickness is 10 microns.
15- The water bath acts on the results of creep test specially at high
temperature because the water and vapor will be within the
voids and carry a part of load moreover its effect on permanent
deformation results.
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS:
1- It's suitable to use either Sulaimania Marble (SM) or Mosul
Rock powder(MR) as a filler in areas of cold weather.
2- The use of Cement (Ce) is much recommended to reduce the
moisture damage due to water attack
3- In hot weather the Limestone dust (Li) or Cement Kiln Dust
(CKD) will is preferred as a filler.
4- Adding of two new simple tests which are grain size
distribution for materials passing the sieve No.200 (P200) using
hydrometer procedure( to evaluate P10 Parameter) and pH test
to the tests of filler in order to evaluate the adequate of filler for
HMA mixture
5- Using dry conditioning for Creep test instead of water bath.
6- It is proffered to use Filler/Asphalt (F/A) ratio for mastic tests
according to its values in mix specifications (0.6-1.2).
Further Works:
1- Study the effect of filler type on HMA mixture using filler
content equal to upper and lower limit of Iraqi specifications.
2- Check the validation of the new required tests of grain size
distribution and pH according to the same statistical analysis
and the data achieved from studies required in item No.1.
3- Use modern tests such as gyration test and Asphalt Pavement
Analyzer APA test to make new projects due to their
meaningful simulation to actual states.
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Amount of Antistripping Agent Required to Control Moisture
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Asphalt ", Innovation Center, Iceland, pp.1-7, 2008.
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INFLUENCE OF FILLER TYPE ON ASPHALT MASTIC AND PERFORMANCE

Thesis · October 2009

Saadoon Obaid Eyada

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

INFLUENCE OF FILLER TYPE ON ASPHALT

Shawal, 1430 A.H October, 2009 A.D

We certify that we have read the thesis entitled "Influence of Filler

Approved by the dean of the college of engineering

Name: Assist.Prof. Dr. Adil N. Abed

Dean of the college of engineering

AC: Asphalt Content

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS:

1.5 THE STRUCTURE OF THESIS:

This thesis has five chapters and one appendix. Following

2.1 MINERAL FILLER DEFINITION:

Many definitions had been given in order to make such a kind of

ASTM D242 [6] defines mineral filler as follows: "Mineral filler

2.2 FILLER MINEROLOGY:

Common minerals in aggregates include silica, feldspars,

2.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF FILLER:

2.4 ASPHALT-FILLER RELATIONSHIP (MASTIC) :

Eick and Shook, [20] , performed viscosity testing on baghouse

Al-abdulwahab (1981) [14], studied the effect of baghouse fines (

Shahrour and Saloukeh, (1992) [24] , used a total of ten types of

2.5 EFFECT OF FILLER ON HMA MIXTURE:

Al-abdulwahab (1981) [14] , studied the effect of baghouse fines

Khudyakova et.al (1990) [37] , studied the effect of mineralogy

2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS:

3- For prediction of filler properties that affecting on paving performance,

3.1.1 ASPHALT CEMENT :

Table 3.1: Physical properties of Nasiria asphalt cement.

Table 3.2: Physical properties of coarse and fine aggregate.

70 Upper limits Lower limits

Sieve opening, mm (Log scale)

Figure 3.2: Filler crasher type Retch

The laboratory tests have been conducted in order to evaluate the

3.1.3.1 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST :

Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm)

Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm)

Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm)

Figure 3.3: Grain size distribution for each type of filler.

3.1.3.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST:

Figure 3.5: Specific gravity of filler by Water Pycnometer procedure.

Figure 3.6: The variation of specific gravities of fillers.

3.1.3.3 SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA AND PORE VOLUME

Figure 3.7: Surface Area Analyzer instrument

Figure 3.8: Variations of surface area values of fillers (m2/g)

pore volume (cm3/g).

Figure 3.9 :The variations of pore volume values of fillers (cm3/g).

3.1.3.4 (pH) TEST :

Figure 3.11: Variations of pH values of fillers.

3.1.3.5 SHEAR STRENGTH TEST :

Figure 3.12: Direct shear test set up

Figure 3.13: Variations of Deflection angle (ф) values of fillers (Degree)

3.1.3.6 MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION TEST:

CKD Portlandite Ca(OH)2

The results of X-Ray Diffraction analysis are shown in figures A1 to A6