UNIT –III

Spreadsheet

Workbook
An Excel workbook is an Excel file that can contain multiple,somewhat independent spreadsheets called Excel worksheets.

Worksheet

The term Worksheet used in Excel documents is a collection of cells organized in rows and columns. It is the
working surface you interact with to enter data. Each worksheet contains 1048576 rows and 16384 columns and
serves as a giant table that allows you to organize information.

Data Types

• The data type determines the kind of the values that users can store in any given field.
• Each field can store data consisting of only a single data type.

Operators
There are four different types of calculation operators: arithmetic, comparison, text concatenation,and reference

1. Arithmetic operators
To perform basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, or multiplication—or to combine numbers—and produce numeric results, use the
arithmetic operators in this table.

Arithmetic operator Meaning Example

+ (plus sign) Addition =3+3

– (minus sign) Subtraction =3–1

Negation =–1

* (asterisk) Multiplication =3*3

/ (forward slash) Division =3/3

% (percent sign) Percent =20%

^ (caret) Exponentiation =

2. Comparison operators
With the operators in the table below, you can compare two values. When two values are compared by using these operators, the result is a
logical value either TRUE or FALSE.
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 Comparison operator Meaning Example

= (equal sign) Equal to =A1=B1

> (greater than sign) Greater than =A1>B1

< (less than sign) Less than =A1<B1

>= (greater than or equal to Greater than or =A1>=B1

sign) equal to

<= (less than or equal to Less than or equal to =A1<=B1

sign)

<> (not equal to sign) Not equal to =A1<>B1

3. Text concatenation operator

Use the ampersand (&) to join, or concatenate, one or more text strings to produce a single piece of text.

Text Meaning Example

operator

& Connects, or concatenates, ="North"&"wind

(ampersand) two values to produce one
continuous text value.

4. Reference operators
Combine ranges of cells for calculations with these operators.

Reference Meaning Example

operator

: (colon) Range operator, which produces one =SUM(B5:B15)

reference to all the cells between two
references, including the two references.

Cell format

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Cell formats allow you to change the way cell data appears in the spreadsheet. It is important to keep
in mind that it only alters the way the data is presented, and does not change the value of the data. ...
Formatting also allows you to set font, background color, and borders for selected cells.

Freeze pane
When you freeze panes, Excel keeps specific rows or columns visible when you scroll in the worksheet. For
example, if the first row in your spreadsheet contains labels, you might freeze that row to make sure that the
column labels remain visible as you scroll down in your spreadsheet.

Editing features
You can edit the contents of a cell directly in the cell. You can also edit the contents of a cell by typing in the
formula bar. When you edit the contents of a cell, Excel is operating in Edit mode. Some Excel features work
differently or are unavailable in Edit mode.

Formatting features
Text Formatting Features

• Changing font type, size style

• Changing font colour
• Underlining – Placing a line at the bottom of a text
• Bolding – Making the text appear more darker than the rest
• Italicizing –making the text slant forward
• Superscript and subscript
• Strikethrough

Creating and using formulas

On the Table Tools, Layout tab, in the Data group, click Formula. Use the Formula dialog box to create your
formula. You can type in the Formula box, select a number format from the Number Format list, and paste in
functions and bookmarks using the Paste Function and Paste Bookmark lists.

Cell references

A cell reference, or cell address, is an alphanumeric value used to identify a specific cell in a spreadsheet. Each
cell reference contains one or more letters followed by a number. The letter or letters identify the column and the
number represents the row.

Replication

Use Section Replication to replicate sections of your document, with each section having unique data
using Microsoft Word. To replicate rows within Microsoft Word, you'll need a DocGen Package that
has a basic relationship with a child relationship, as well as a Repeat By option of Section.

Sorting and filtering

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Sorting Data

1. Select the column or row you wish to sort.

2. From the Sort & Filter button in the Editing group in the ribbon, click the Sort button.
3. From the menu, choose how you would like to sort the data. For example, A to Z or Z to A.
Note that A to Z is equivalent to Smallest to Largest and Z to A is equivalent to Largest to
Smallest.

Filtering Data

After entering data in Excel, it is also possible to filter, or hide some parts of the data, based on user-indicated categories.
When using the Filter option, no data is lost; it is just hidden from view.

1. Select the column or row you wish to sort.

2. From the Sort & Filter button in the Editing group in the ribbon, click the Filter button.
3. When the Filter menu appears, you can choose which categories of data to hide and
deselect the appropriate buttons. For example, you can deselect the button next to large
and you will no longer see the large cells in your table.

Functions
Given below are the basic functions of Microsoft Word: Creating text documents. Editing and
Formatting the existing documents. Making a text document interactive with different features and
tools.

Charts and graphs

You can make a chart in Word. If you have lots of data to chart, create your chart in Excel, and then copy from
Excel to another Office program. This is also the best way if your data changes regularly and you want your
chart to always reflect the latest numbers. In that case, when you copy the chart, keep it linked to the original
Excel file.

To create a simple chart from scratch in Word, click Insert > Chart, and pick
the chart you want.

1. Click Insert > Chart.

2. Click the chart type and then double-click the chart you want.

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 In the spreadsheet that appears, replace the default data with your own
information.

3. When you’ve finished, close the spreadsheet.

4. If you want, use the Layout Options button to arrange the chart and
text in your document.

POWERPOINT
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PowerPoint is the leading multimedia presentation software. PowerPoint is a high-powered software
tool used for presenting information in a dynamic slide show format. Text, charts, graphs, sound
effects and video are just some of the elements PowerPoint can incorporate into your presentations
with ease.
There are many ways to use Microsoft PowerPoint:

• To create a "slide show" on the computer

• To create overhead transparencies
• To quickly create a presentation to publish on the World Wide Web
• The slides can be arranged and printed as handouts for reference.

Templates

• A raw PowerPoint file consists of 9 standard slide layouts. How headlines and text in
placeholders are formatted on these slide layouts depends on the settings on the Master slide.
You can add custom slide layouts in addition to the 9 standard layouts.
• Templates can contain layouts, colors, fonts, effects, background styles, and even content. You
can create your own custom templates and store them, reuse them, and share them with others.

PowerPoint vocabulary
Slide: An individual screen in a slide show.
Slide Show or Presentation: A series of slides displayed in sequence. A slide show can be controlled
manually or automatically.
Object: Any element that appears on a PowerPoint slide, such as clip art, text, drawings, charts,
sounds, and video clips. You can refer to a clip art object, a text object, a title object, a drawing object,
etc.
Slide Transition: A special effect used to introduce a slide during a slide show. For example, you can
fade in from black, or dissolve from one slide to another. Click on the "Transitions" Ribbon Tab to add
interesting transitions.
Animation– Add a special visual or sound effect to text or an object. To add interesting animations to
objects in slide shows, click the picture or Text Box you want to animate, then the "Animations"
Ribbon Tab.
Basic Rules

• Use the KISS Principal (Keep It Simple and Straightforward) – Too many bells and whistles
will cloud the message.
• Make bullet points easy to read
• Keep text easy to understand
• Use concise wording
• Keep Font Size Large
• Stick to a single background or design template
• No more than one font should be used per slide
• Incorporate only one thought per slide
• It is best to leave the first slide of a presentation alone and not animate it.

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HOW TO CREATE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ?

Step1: Open Microsoft Powerpoint

Step2: Go to File at the top of the screen and click New. A box that says “Blank/New Presentation”
should appear on the right side of your screen.

Step 3: Slide Title/ Subtitle Give any title and subtitle to your ppt on slide1.

Step 4: As per your choice apply different formatting options to format the text and pictures.

Step 5: Add new slide by clicking on new slide on formatting bar or by right clicking and selecting
new slide option.

Step 6: Inserting text

Enter your text by clicking and then typing in the box titled “Click to Add Text” or “Click to Add
Title.”

Step 7: Inserting Pictures

You may add pictures by clicking on the box that says “Click to add content.” Inside that box, there
will be a smaller box with eight icons. Click on the icon that looks like a photograph of a mountain. A
new window will open, allowing you to browse for a picture on your computer or a CD. Once you find
your picture, click on it and then click “Insert.”

Step 8: Resizing the picture

You may change the size of your picture by clicking on the picture. The picture will then have black
lines around it with small bubbles or boxes in the corners. Place your mouse over the bubbles or boxes
and click. Holding the mouse pointer down, drag the picture to the size you want.

Step 9: Applying transition and animations Transition:

It provides an animated effect to each slide when moving from one slide to the next during a slide
show. Click on transition tab from the menu bar (apply to all slides).

Views

Normal view

Normal View is the main editing view, which is used to write and design a presentation. The view has
three working areas: on the left, tabs that alternate between an outline of slide text (Outline Tab) and slides
displayed as thumbnails (Slides Tab); on the right, the slide pane, which displays a large view of the
current slide; and on the bottom, the notes pane. In this view, you edit one slide at a time by adding text,
graphics and clip art.

To Navigate to Normal View:

Click the Normal View button
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Slide Sorter View

Slide Sorter View is an exclusive view of the slides in thumbnail form.

To Navigate to Slide Sorter View:

Click the Slide Sorter View button.

When finished creating and editing a presentation, Slide Sorter View gives an overall picture of it, making
it easy to reorder, add, or delete slides and preview transitions and animation effects.

Slide Show View

Slide Show View takes up the full computer screen, like an actual slide show presentation. In this full-screen
view, the presentation is shown the way it will be seen by the audience. Graphics, timings, movies, animated
elements, and transition effects are shown how they will look in the actual show.

To Navigate to Slide Show View:

Click the Slide Show View button

Press the ESC key on the keyboard

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Slides formatting

Change the size, font, and text style in your PowerPoint presentation to add emphasis and to highlight
content. On the Home tab, select a formatting option: Font, Font Size, Line Spacing, Bold, Italic, and
more

Chart

You can make a chart in PowerPoint or Excel. If you have lots of data to chart, create your chart in excel
and then copy it into a presentation .

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4
3
2 Series 1
1
0 Series 2
Series 3

Animation: It is an effective way to focus on important points, to control the flow of information and to
increase viewer interest in the presentation.

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• Select the object that you want to animate

• Click on Animation tab from menu bar

• Choose any animation effect like appear, fade, fly in etc For reference please see attached power point
presentation (ppt)

Step 10: Presenting a slide show

Either press F5 Key or use slide show tab from menu bar.

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 UNIT –IV
Secure System Transaction

• SET is a system that ensures the security and integrity of electronic transactions done using credit cards in a
scenario.

• SET is not some system that enables payment but it is a security protocol applied to those payments.

• It uses different encryption and hashing techniques to secure payments over the internet done through
credit cards.

• The SET protocol was supported in development by major organizations like Visa, Mastercard, Microsoft
which provided its Secure Transaction Technology (STT), and Netscape which provided the technology of
Secure Socket Layer (SSL).

• Secure electronic transaction (SET) was an early communications protocol used by e-commerce websites to
secure electronic debit and credit card payments. Secure electronic transaction was used to facilitate the
secure transmission of consumer card information via electronic portals on the internet. Secure electronic
transaction protocols were responsible for blocking out the personal details of card information, thus
preventing merchants, hackers, and electronic thieves from accessing consumer information.

Types of Payment System

Listed below are some of the modes of electronic payments –

Digital Cash :: Money that can be stored in electronic form and used to buy goods and services, for example over the
internet: Digital Cash acts much like real cash, except that it's not on paper. Money in your bank account is converted to a digital
code. This digital code may then be stored on a microchip, a pocket card (like a smart card), or on the hard drive of your
computer. The concept of privacy is the driving force behind digital cash.

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Electronic cheque :: An electronic check, or e-check, is a form of payment made via the Internet, or another data network,
designed to perform the same function as a conventional paper check. You fill in your checking account number and routing
number, as well as the payment amount. By clicking “Submit” you authorize the payee to withdraw the payment amount from
your checking account.

The process of how to send electronic checks is extremely easy once you're signed up. Most sites keep it to the basics: fill out the
recipient's name, email, the amount, and a quick description. The person or business you sent it to enters their destination funding
source, the payment is processed, and that's that!

Credit Card :: Payment using credit card is one of most common mode of electronic payment. Credit card is small plastic card
with a unique number attached with an account. It has also a magnetic strip embedded in it which is used to read credit card via
card readers. When a customer purchases a product via credit card, credit card issuer bank pays on behalf of the customer and
customer has a certain time period after which he/she can pay the credit card bill. It is usually credit card monthly payment cycle.
Following are the actors in the credit card system.

The card holder − Customer

The merchant − seller of product who can accept credit card payments.

The card issuer bank − card holder's bank

The acquirer bank − the merchant's bank

The card brand − for example , visa or Mastercard.

Debit Card :: Debit card, like credit card, is a small plastic card with a unique number mapped with the bank account number. It
is required to have a bank account before getting a debit card from the bank. The major difference between a debit card and a
credit card is that in case of payment through debit card, the amount gets deducted from the card's bank account immediately and
there should be sufficient balance in the bank account for the transaction to get completed; whereas in case of a credit card
transaction, there is no such compulsion.

Debit cards free the customer to carry cash and cheques. Even merchants accept a debit card readily. Having a
restriction on the amount that can be withdrawn in a day using a debit card helps the customer to keep a check on
his/her spending.

Smart Card::
Smart card is again similar to a credit card or a debit card in appearance, but it has a small microprocessor chip
embedded in it. It has the capacity to store a customer’s work-related and/or personal information. Smart cards are
also used to store money and the amount gets deducted after every transaction.
Smart cards can only be accessed using a PIN that every customer is assigned with. Smart cards are secure, as they
store information in encrypted format and are less expensive/provides faster processing. Mondex and Visa Cash
cards are examples of smart cards.

E-Money::
E-Money transactions refer to situation where payment is done over the network and the amount gets transferred
from one financial body to another financial body without any involvement of a middleman. E-money transactions
are faster, convenient, and saves a lot of time.
Online payments done via credit cards, debit cards, or smart cards are examples of emoney transactions. Another

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popular example is e-cash. In case of e-cash, both customer and merchant have to sign up with the bank or company
issuing e-cash.

Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)

It is a very popular electronic payment method to transfer money from one bank account to another bank account. Accounts can
be in the same bank or different banks. Fund transfer can be done using ATM (Automated Teller Machine) or using a computer.
Nowadays, internet-based EFT is getting popular. In this case, a customer uses the website provided by the bank, logs in to the
bank's website and registers another bank account. He/she then places a request to transfer certain amount to that account.
Customer's bank transfers the amount to other account if it is in the same bank, otherwise the transfer request is forwarded to an
ACH (Automated Clearing House) to transfer the amount to other account and the amount is deducted from the customer's
account. Once the amount is transferred to other account, the customer is notified of the fund transfer by the ban

Bit coins:: Bitcoin, often described as a cryptocurrency, a virtual currency or a digital currency - is a type of money that is
completely virtual. It's like an online version of cash. ... People can send Bitcoins (or part of one) to your digital wallet, and you
can send Bitcoins to other people.

Unified Payment Interface (UPI)

A Unified Payment Interface (UPI) is a smartphone application that allows users to transfer money between bank accounts. It is a
single-window mobile payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). It eliminates the need
to enter bank details or other sensitive information each time a customer initiates a transaction. The Unified Payment Interface is
a real-time payment system. It is designed to enable peer-to-peer inter-bank transfers through a single two-click factor
authentication process. The interface is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India's central bank. It works by
transferring money between two bank accounts along with a mobile platform. The system is said to be a safe and secure method
of transferring money between two parties and eliminates the need to transact with physical cash or through a bank.

Immediate Payment Service (IMPS)

Immediate Payment Service (IMPS) is an instant payment inter-bank electronic funds transfer system in India. IMPS offers an
inter-bank electronic fund transfer service through mobile phones. The service is available 24x7 throughout the year including
bank holidays.

National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) and RTGS (Real-time gross settlement) transfer mechanisms are only available during
their business hours. Moreover, NEFT and RTGS are not available on bank off-days and holidays. However, IMPS scores a point
in this regard as it is available 24 x 7.

National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is responsible for managing the IMPS fund transfer mechanism. This mechanism
is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. One can define IMPS as an immediate, inter-bank real-time fund transfer mechanism
enabled through electronic means.
IMPS can transfer your funds through net-banking and mobile banking platforms. Both the processes are explained below:

The process of IMPS transfer through net-banking is as follows – Log into your bank’s net-banking portal; add an IMPS beneficiary
by inputting the beneficiary’s account no., account type, IFSC Code, name, and contact details; after your bank confirms that the
beneficiary has been included, go to Fund Transfer and then select the beneficiary to whom you want to transfer funds. Once you
do that the beneficiary’s account details will appear, enter Amount and Remarks (optional). Verify the payment and your funds
will be transferred instantly through IMPS.

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The process of IMPS transfer through mobile banking is as follows – Log into your bank’s mobile banking application; add the
beneficiary, if not already added (the process of adding a beneficiary has been described above), once the beneficiary is added,
click on Send Money/Fund Transfer tab and go to the IMPS option; there enter Beneficiary mobile no., Amount and the
beneficiary’s Mobile Money Identifier (MMID). The application will then ask for your Mobile PIN (MPIN) to authenticate the
transfer, once you verify your Mobile PIN, your money will be transferred and then the bank will send you a confirmation text
message mentioning the transaction no. You can use that transaction no. while giving feedback/for queries and complaints.

Moreover, to receive money through IMPS, just provide your mobile no. and Mobile Money Identifier (MMID) to the payer, and
then the payer will be able to transfer money to you through IMPS. If the payer is paying you through IMPS net-banking, you
will have to provide the payer with your account details such as account name, account no., IFSC Code, etc. so that the payer can
add you as a beneficiary.

Features

• IMPS is one of the fastest and one of the most reliable ways to conduct inter-account money transfers. The Unified
Payment Interface (UPI) is also built on this platform.
• Immediate Payment Service (IMPS) is a fast, safe and secure way to send and receive funds.
• IMPS works on both net-banking and mobile platforms and its services are available at all times even on public and bank
holidays and bank off-days.
• Money can be sent to any beneficiary through IMPS mobile platform by only providing his/her mobile no. and Mobile
Money Identifier (MMID).
• Bank account nos. are not necessarily required for IMPS fund transfer if you are transacting through mobile. Transfer
notification is sent by the bank to both the payer and the payee when the transfer is complete.
• The IMPS fund transfer limit currently is Rupees 2 lakh per day. The minimum allowed transaction value in IMPS is
Rupees 1.
• To conduct transactions through the IMPS, you shall have to follow the below steps:
• Register for mobile banking or net banking of your bank account.
• If accessing the IMPS fund transfer through mobile banking, you should have the beneficiary’s Mobile Money Identifier
(MMID) and your MPIN (Mobile PIN).
• If you are transferring money through IMPS net-banking, you need the payee’s account details such as account name,
no., IFSC, etc. to pay the beneficiary.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth technology is a short-range wireless communications technology to replace the cables connecting
electronic devices, allowing a person to have a phone conversation via a headset, use a wireless mouse and
synchronize information from a mobile phone to a PC, all using the same core system via a 2.4GHz wireless link.

Bluetooth technology standard invented by Ericsson in 1994

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Benefit of Bluetooth

• It's a secure protocol, and it's perfect for short-range, low-power, low-cost.
• Wireless transmission ...
• Affordable. ...
• Easy Automation. ...
• The Wireless Standard. ...
• Minimal Interference. ...
• Energy-efficient. ...
• Sharing of Data and Voice Communications. ...
• Your own Personal Area Network.

Cloud computing

Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources through the internet with pay-to-use charges.

Instead of buying and maintaining computer products and services, you can pay to use a cloud computing service. It
saves you the time, effort, and cost of doing it all by yourself

The Three Major Cloud Service Models

Cloud computing services can be broken down into three models that stack on top of one another:

• Software as a Service (SaaS)::Software as a service is a method for delivering software applications over
the Internet, on demand and typically on a subscription basis. With SaaS, cloud providers host and manage
the software application and underlying infrastructure, and handle any maintenance, like software upgrades
and security patching. Users connect to the application over the Internet, usually with a web browser on
their phone, tablet, or PC.

• Platform as a Service (PaaS)::Platform as a service refers to cloud computing services that supply an on-
demand environment for developing, testing, delivering, and managing software applications. PaaS is
designed to make it easier for developers to quickly create web or mobile apps, without worrying about
setting up or managing the underlying infrastructure of servers, storage, network, and databases needed for
development.

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• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) ::The most basic category of cloud computing services. With IaaS, you
rent IT infrastructure—servers and virtual machines (VMs), storage, networks, operating systems—from a
cloud provider on a pay-as-you-go basis

Top benefits of cloud computing

Cost

Cloud computing eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware and software and setting up and
running on-site datacenters—the racks of servers, the round-the-clock electricity for power and cooling, the
IT experts for managing the infrastructure. It adds up fast.

Speed

Most cloud computing services are provided self service and on demand, so even vast amounts of
computing resources can be provisioned in minutes, typically with just a few mouse clicks, giving
businesses a lot of flexibility and taking the pressure off capacity planning.

Global scale

The benefits of cloud computing services include the ability to scale elastically. In cloud speak, that means
delivering the right amount of IT resources—for example, more or less computing power, storage,
bandwidth—right when it is needed and from the right geographic location.

Productivity

On-site datacenters typically require a lot of “racking and stacking”—hardware setup, software patching,
and other time-consuming IT management chores. Cloud computing removes the need for many of these
tasks, so IT teams can spend time on achieving more important business goals.

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 Performance

The biggest cloud computing services run on a worldwide network of secure datacenters, which are
regularly upgraded to the latest generation of fast and efficient computing hardware. This offers several
benefits over a single corporate datacenter, including reduced network latency for applications and greater
economies of scale.

Reliability

Cloud computing makes data backup, disaster recovery and business continuity easier and less expensive
because data can be mirrored at multiple redundant sites on the cloud provider’s network.

Security

Many cloud providers offer a broad set of policies, technologies and controls that strengthen your security
posture overall, helping protect your data, apps and infrastructure from potential threats.

Deployment Model

Public cloud

Public clouds are owned and operated by a third-party which deliver their computing resources, like
servers and storage, over the Internet. Microsoft Azure is an example of a public cloud. With a public
cloud, all hardware, software, and other supporting infrastructure is owned and managed by the cloud
provider. You access these services and manage your account using a web browser.

Private cloud

A private cloud refers to cloud computing resources used exclusively by a single business or organization.
A private cloud can be physically located on the company’s on-site datacenter. Some companies also pay
third-party service providers to host their private cloud. A private cloud is one in which the services and
infrastructure are maintained on a private network.

Hybrid cloud

Hybrid clouds combine public and private clouds, bound together by technology that allows data and
applications to be shared between them. By allowing data and applications to move

Big Data

• Big Data is a collection of data that is huge in volume, yet growing exponentially with time. It is a data
with so large size and complexity that none of traditional data management tools can store it or process it
efficiently. Big data is also a data but with huge size.

• Big data is the set of technologies created to store, analyse and manage the bulk data.

• Today it is used in areas as diverse as medicine, agriculture, gambling and environmental protection.

Examples::

• Social Media

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 • The statistic shows that 500+terabytes of new data get ingested into the databases of social media
site Facebook, every day. This data is mainly generated in terms of photo and video uploads, message
exchanges, putting comments etc

• The New York Stock Exchange is an example of Big Data that generates about one terabyte of new trade
data per day.

• A single Jet engine can generate 10+terabytes of data in 30 minutes of flight time. With many thousand
flights per day, generation of data reaches up to many Petabytes.

Types of Big Data

• Following are the types of Big Data:

• Structured :: Any data that can be stored, accessed and processed in the form of fixed format is termed as
a ‘structured’ data.

• Examples Of Structured Data

• Employee_ID • Employee_Name • Gender

• 1 • Abc • M

• 2 • Def • M

• 3 • Ghi • F

• 4 • jkl • F

• Unstructured :: unstructured data is a heterogeneous data source containing a combination of simple text files,
images, videos etc.

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 • Semi-structured :: Semi-structured data can contain both the forms of data.

Exp:: web application data, which is unstructured, consists of log files, transaction history files etc. OLTP
systems are built to work with structured data wherein data is stored in relations (tables).

Characteristics Of Big Data

• Volume :: Volume is an obvious feature of big data and is mainly about the relationship between size and
processing capacity.

• Variety::The V of variety describes the wide variety of data that is being stored and still needs to be
processed and analyzed. . For example: audio and video files, photos, GPS data, medical files, instrument
measurements, graphics, web documents, bonus cards and internet search behavior.

• Velocity:: Velocity is a measurement of the temporary value of data. Velocity involves the condition that
you need to process your data within minutes or seconds to get the results you're looking for. It refers to
how quickly data is generated and how quickly that data moves

• Value ::This V describes what value you can get from which data and how big data gets better results from
stored data.

• Veracity:: It refers to the quality and accuracy of data. Gathered data could have missing pieces, may be
inaccurate or may not be able to provide real, valuable insight. Veracity, overall, refers to the level of trust
there is in the collected data.

Data Minning

Data mining is defined as a process used to extract usable data from a larger
set of any raw data.Data mining has several types, including pictorial data

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 mining, text mining, social media mining, web mining, and audio and video
mining amongst others.

Applications

• Data mining is highly useful in the following domains:

• Market Analysis and Management :: Customer Profiling - Data mining

helps determine what kind of people buy what kind of products.

• Identifying Customer Requirements - Data mining helps in identifying the

best products for different customers. It uses prediction to find the factors
that may attract new customers.

• Cross Market Analysis - Data mining performs Association/correlations

between product sales.

• Target Marketing - Data mining helps to find clusters of model customers

who share the same characteristics such as interests, spending habits,
income, etc.

• Determining Customer purchasing pattern - Data mining helps in

determining customer purchasing pattern.

• Providing Summary Information - Data mining provides us various

multidimensional summary reports.

• Corporate Analysis & Risk Management

• Fraud Detection

How Data minning works?

• Data mining practitioners typically achieve timely, reliable results by

following a structured, repeatable process that involves these six steps:

• Business understanding — Developing a thorough understanding of the

project parameters, including the current business situation, the primary
business objective of the project, and the criteria for success.

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• Data understanding — Determining the data that will be needed to solve
the problem and gathering it from all available sources.

• Data preparation — Preparing the data in the appropriate format to answer

the business question, fixing any data quality problems such as missing or
duplicate data.

• Modeling — Using algorithms to identify patterns within the data.

• Evaluation — Determining whether and how well the results delivered by a

given model will help achieve the business goal. There is often an iterative
phase to find the best algorithm in order to achieve the best result.

• Deployment — Making the results of the project available to decision

makers.

Mobile Computing

• Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, voice

and video via a computer or any other wireless enabled device without
having to be connected to a fixed physical link. The main concept involves-

• Mobile communication:: These would include devices such as protocols,

services, bandwidth, and portals necessary to facilitate

• Mobile hardware:: Mobile hardware includes mobile devices or device

components that receive or access the service of mobility. They would range
from portable laptops, smartphones, tablet Pc's, Personal Digital Assistants.

• Mobile software:: Mobile software is the actual program that runs on the
mobile hardware.

Classification

• Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

• The main purpose of this device is to act as an electronic organizer or day

planner that is portable, easy to use and capable of sharing information with
your computer systems.

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• PDA is an extension of the PC, not a replacement. These systems are
capable of sharing information with a computer system through a process

or service known as synchronization.

• Smartphones have the capability to run multiple programs concurrently.

These phones include high-resolution touch screens, web browsers that can
access and properly display standard web pages rather than just mobile-
optimized sites, and high-speed data access via Wi-Fi and high speed
cellular broadband.

• The most common mobile

• Operating Systems (OS)

• Used by modern smartphones

• include Google's Android,

• Apple's iOS, Nokia's Symbian, RIM's BlackBerry OS,

• Samsung's Bada, Microsoft's Windows Phone,

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 •
• Tablet PC and iPads

• This mobile device is larger than a mobile phone or a PDA and integrates
into a touch screen and is operated using touch sensitive motions on the
screen. They are often controlled by a pen or by the touch of a finger.

• They are usually in slate

form and are light in weight. Examples would include ipads, Galaxy Tabs,
Blackberry Playbooks etc.

Internet

Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across the world with each other
and to the World Wide Web. It uses standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to connect billions
of computer users worldwide. It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers and other wireless
and networking technologies. At present, internet is the fastest mean of sending or exchanging
information and data between computers across the world.

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It is believed that the internet was developed by "Defense Advanced Projects Agency" (DARPA)
department of the United States. And, it was first connected in 1969.

Internet Applications

• Sending and receiving email

• Searching and browsing information archives
• Copying files between computers
• Conducting financial transactions
• Navigating (in your car, smart scooter, smart bike, or other)
• Playing interactive games
• Video and music streaming
• Chat or voice communication (direct messaging, video conferencing)
• World Wide Web (WWW)
• Electronic mail (e-mail)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Telnet (i.e., log-in to the computer located remotely)
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC) (Real time video chatting)
Configuring your web browser

Configuring Microsoft Edge

Configuring Microsoft Edge includes the following steps −
Step 1 − Open Microsoft Edge via shortcut icon in the task bar or "Start Menu".

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Step 2 − Select Microsoft Edge.

OR

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Step 3 − Click "Settings" from the "Settings and more" menu.

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Step 4 − From window opened, make changes to the settings.

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Configuring Google Chrome
Step 1 − Open Google Chrome via icon in the task bar or "Start Menu".

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Step 2 − Click three vertical dots icon ( ) present at upper right corner of the window and go to
"Settings" option from the menu displayed.

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Step 3 − From the window opened, change settings of people, appearance, search engine, default
browser, startup and advanced tabs.

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 Search Engines

Search Engine refers to a huge database of internet resources such as web pages,
newsgroups, programs, images etc. It helps to locate information on World Wide
Web. User can search for any information by passing query in form of keywords or
phrase. It then searches for relevant information in its database and return to the
user.

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Examples
Search Description
Engine

Google It was originally called BackRub. It is the most popular search engine globally.

Bing It was launched in 2009 by Microsoft. It is the latest web-based search engine that
also delivers Yahoo’s results.

Use of Search Engines

Online research has become an essential skill for writers. What typically took place in libraries,
by phone calls or visits to experts in the field is being changed because of the Internet. Experts
can sometimes be contacted by email and information, whether it is addresses, phone numbers,
or detailed specifics on a certain subject, can be accessed on the World Wide Web. Search
Engines have become the most important tools in locating this information, so it is important to
know how to use them effectively.

1) To learn to setup an e-mail account and send and receive e-mails.

Email
Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode over the internet. It
offers an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of distributing information among people.
Required Information
Username: [email protected] (your full email address).
Password: use whatever password you were assigned.
Incoming Mail Server: Use mail.yourdomain.com (replacing yourdomain.com with your domain
name).
Use SSL on port 993 (IMAP) or port 995 (POP)
Outgoing Mail Server: Use mail.yourdomain.com (replacing yourdomain.com with your domain name).
Use SSL on port 465
“My outgoing (SMTP) server requires authentication” – Yes

Creating Email Account

There are various email service provider available such as Gmail, hotmail,
ymail, rediff mail etc. Here we will learn how to create an account using Gmail.

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• Open gmail.com and click create an account.
• Now a form will appear. Fill your details here and click Next Step.
•

• This step allows you to add your picture. If you don’t want to upload now,
you can do it later. Click Next Step.
• Now a welcome window appears. Click Continue to Gmail.
• Wow!! You are done with creating your email account with Gmail. It’s that
easy. Isn’t it?
• Now you will see your Gmail account as shown in the following image:

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 Composing and Sending Email
Before sending an email, we need to compose a message. When we are composing an email
message, we specify the following things:
• Sender’s address in To field
• Cc (if required)
• Bcc (if required)
• Subject of email message
• Text
• Signature
You should specify the correct email address; otherwise it will send an error back to the sender.

Once you have specified all the above parameters, It’s time to send the email. The mailer program
provides a Send button to send email, when you click Send, it is sent to the mail server and a
message mail sent successfully is shown at the above.

Receiving Emails
When you receive an Email, the Mail servers fetch it into the Mailbox. The same mail is then
fetched into CRM. The received mails that are related to the particular lead, contact or deal
will then get listed under the Emails section in that Lead's, Contact's or Deal's page

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respectively. Mails related to the main contact associated to the Deal are listed under the Email
section in Deals page

2) To learn to subscribe/post on a blog and to use torrents for accelerated

downloads.
To learn to subscribe/post on a blog
A blog is basically a 'weblog', a kind of website, a journal that is updated regularly. It is a
discussion platform besides being a content achieve. People can discuss a topic on a blog and
comment on posts. It is basically run by an individual or a small group.

Setting a Blog using WordPress

You can create blogs on many platforms. They can be either free or paid. Here is how you can
create a blog using WordPress −
• Create your account on WordPress.com. Enter your name and Email address and other
required details.
• Select a web address; it can be either free or premium.
• Choose a suitable WordPress plan.
• Set up your profile and build your profile page.
• Configure site settings like Site Title and tagline.
•

Setting a Blog using Blogger

Blogger.com is a popular platform that is being used widely for creating ready-to-post blogs.
Follow the steps given below to create a blog using blogger −

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 • Sign up and create an account on www.blogger.com.
• Enter display name and click 'create your blog now'.
• Choose your blog title and URL. Verify whether it is available.
• Choose a desirable template from the given options.
• You would come across the 'posting' tab. Create post, edit posts, and page here.
• Enter the title of your post on the 'title' tab.
• The rest of your post goes in the 'Compose' text editor. You can customize your post by
editing its font, size, text color, etc. 'Edit HTML' option is available to insert your content
in HTML format.
• Select 'post option' if you want to enable readers’ comment.
• Save once you are done with it. You can preview the final page before publishing it.
Click 'Publish' to publish the post directly.

use torrents for accelerated downloads.

Using torrent clients is one of the most popular ways to share files over the web. There are
many popular torrent sites to do the job. While there are just minimal basic settings needed to
run these clients, there are some tweaks for more advanced users. Before you proceed with
our guide on increasing torrent download speed. Learn more about how torrents work and are
these illegal here!

How to make Bit Torrent download faster in simple steps?

1. Install a Lightweight Torrent Client

To increase the torrent downloading speed, the very first step you need to follow is to install a
lightweight torrent client. Although BitTorrent is one of the most popular torrent clients
around, it comes with lots of bloated apps and other features. So, I prefer uTorrent most for
hassle-free and faster torrent downloading. You can also install qBittorrent since it’s another
lightweight torrent client.
The reason for using a lightweight torrent client is that it only focuses on downloading
torrents and speeds up the transfer rate. utorrent and qBittorrent are available for Windows,
Mac, and Linux.
You can also refer our list of best torrent clients for Mac, Windows, and Android.

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 2. Choose a Healthy Torrent

For choosing a healthy torrent, first, you need to understand the concept of seeder and leecher.
These two terms always confuse the new torrent enthusiast, so, here I will try to clear your
doubts in simple language.
A seeder is one who has the complete copy of the file shared across the network which you
intend to download. However, a lee her is one who does not have the complete copy of file
and has joined the network to download the file. Once a leecher downloads the file
completely, he/she will become a seeder.

For a high torrent download speed, the number of seeders should be higher than the number of
leechers. The more is the number of seeders, the healthier your torrent will be. So, while
choosing a torrent, make sure that the seeder-leecher ratio is high.
3. Add an Exception to Windows Firewall

Windows Firewall can block your torrent client or you can say your incoming Bit Torrent
connections. So, adding an exception to the Windows firewall will be a good option to boost
torrent downloading speed. First, navigate to Options> Preferences> Connections, now
check the Add Windows Firewall exception box and then click Apply.
(Check Enable UPnP port mapping in case it’s unchecked).

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4. Change General Settings to Optimize uTorrent

To increase the speed of your torrent, make sure you have the best uTorrent
settings configured on your machine. All the three options that are shown in the figure below
should be checked.
To find these options, navigate to Options> Preferences> General then check Append .!ud
to incomplete files and Pre-allocate all files. Usually, the third option is already checked but
if it’s not, check that too.

5. Limit Your Global Upload and Download Rate

You can also speed up your torrent downloading on clients like qBitTorrent,
BitTorrent, uTorrent, etc., by limiting the upload and download rate. But first,
you should understand the fact that torrents breathe the uploading done by users.
So, turning it completely off, or setting it as 1kB/s, would not be a wise option.
But, at the same time, you don’t want your upload rate to set it as the maximum
(‘0’ stands for unlimited) as it can choke down your own connection.

Setting upload rate to about 70-80% of your maximum upload speed would be a great option to speed
up torrenting. Whereas, you can keep the download rate 0, as it is considered as maximum. To
configure these options navigate to Proprties> Bandwidth, then set the Global Upload Rate Limit
as 80% your max upload.

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6. Change the Number of Connections

Once you’ve set the upload/download rate, you can now change the number of connections to
avoid any overload. Although, if you do hit and trial with the settings you might get a better
result. But, for those who aren’t very much sure, I can suggest you some rough numbers
which might increase torrent downloading speed.
Navigate to properties> Bandwidth, then set Global maximum number of connections to
150 and the maximum number of connected peer per torrent to 100. Leave the upload slot
as it is.

7. Add More Trackers

Trackers are a good way to optimize the torrent download speed. Adding new and faster
trackers to your existing torrents can increase the download speed by adding new seeds and
peers to your connection.
The method of adding trackers to your torrent is not so complicated as you only have to add
these links to your existing trackers. While pasting the new tracker, make sure that you are not
erasing the existing ones (and do not worry about duplication).
To add new trackers, first right click on the torrent you are downloading and then
select Properties. Under the General tab, you will find the trackers list. Scroll to the bottom and paste
trackers from the list given below.

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8. Pick the best port for tor-renting

As you might know, the Bit Torrent protocol depends on the TCP protocol for transferring data over
the internet. The recommended and possibly the best TCP port for torrenting is between 6881 -6889.
So, if you’re still wondering how to make torrent downloads faster, you can try configuring the same
on your computer.

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3) Hands of experience in online banking and making an online payment for
any domestic bill.

What is Internet Banking?

Internet banking, also known as online banking or e-banking or Net Banking is a facility offered
by banks and financial institutions that allow customers to use banking services over the internet.
Customers need not visit their bank’s branch office to avail each and every small service. Not all
account holders get access to internet banking. If you would like to use internet banking services,
you must register for the facility while opening the account or later. You have to use the
registered customer ID and password to log into your internet banking account.

Features of Online Banking

Check the account statement online.

Open a fixed deposit account.

Pay utility bills such as water bill and electricity bill.

Make merchant payments.

Transfer funds.

Order for a cheque book.

Buy general insurance.

Recharge prepaid mobile/DTH.

What Is Online Bill Pay?

Online bill pay is a service that allows you to set up electronic payments for your bills online.
This service can usually be set up through your bank or directly through service providers.

Banks

With the bank model, you give your financial institution information about recipients to whom
you owe money, be it another bank or a business, and the bank sends money to that recipient.

Depending on the payee, the bank will issue an electronic payment or a paper check using funds
drawn from your designated account within a few days once you schedule the bill pay. Many
banks impose no limit on the number of bills you can pay through the feature.

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• Wider coverage

Pay all your utility bills on a single platform online – electricity, pipe gas, and water
bills, as well as mobile, landline, DTH, and broadband bills – to the major service
providers.

A convenient way to pay

Never pay late fees for missing the due dates. Pay all your bills from the comfort of your
home without ever having to stand in a queue again.
• 24×7 availability
The Bharat Bill Payment platform is active round the clock. Break out of the limits of
‘working hours or holidays and pay as per your convenience.
• Instant confirmation
No more uncertainties regarding your payments. Receive a confirmation e-mail and SMS
upon successful payment of a bill.
Simple steps to pay your bill

Step 1: Log into Online Banking or Sc Mobile

Step 2: Select Bill Payments under Payments
Step 3: Click on any biller category and select biller to pay bills instantly
Step 4: Setup Auto Pay Instruction by clicking on Add Biller, filling your bill details and
enablinSg auto pay.
Step 5: You can select payment instrument – Savings Account or Credit Card

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