Lecturenote - 1815236209basic Electricity and Electronics Chapter 1.pptx1
Lecturenote - 1815236209basic Electricity and Electronics Chapter 1.pptx1
AND ELECTRONICS
Electrical Terminology,
Electrical Symbols,
Conductors,
Elements are the basic building blocks of all matter. The atom is
the smallest particle to which an element can be reduced while
still keeping the properties of that element.
An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by
negatively charged electrons, so that the atom as a whole is
electrically neutral. The nucleus is composed of two kinds of
subatomic particles, protons and neutrons,
The proton carries a single unit positive charge equal in
magnitude to the electron charge.
The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton and is
electrically neutral, as the name implies. These two
particles exist in various combinations, depending
upon the element involved.
The electron is the fundamental negative charge (-)
of electricity and revolves around the nucleus, or
center, of the atom in concentric orbits, or shells.
Structure of an Atom
All of the protons and neutrons bound together in to a compact
nucleus.
Parts of an atom
-nucleus
located at the center of an atom
-proton
Positively charged particles in side the nucleus
-neutrons
Uncharged particle in side nucleus
-Electrons
Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus
Cont’d
In the normal atom the number of protons and electrons are equal.
This type of atom is termed as electrically neutral .
The electrons are arranged in different orbits.
The nucleus exerts the force of attraction on the revolving electron
and hold them together
All these different orbits are called shells and posses s a certain
energy
These are called energy shell or quanta
Cont’d
Key point:
The electron or the electrons revolving in the farthest orbit are
loosely held to the nucleus.
Such a shell is called the valance shell. And such electron are
called valance electron
In some atoms such valance electrons are loosely bound to the
nucleus at room temperature when additional energy is
imparted to the valance electrons cause them to escape from
the shell and exists as free electrons.
Such free electrons are basically responsible for the flow of
electric current through metals.
Cont’d
# Note :
More the number of free electrons ,better is the metal for the
conduction of current.
For example, copper has free electrons
per cubic meter and hence it is good conductor of
electricity
Cont’d
Voltage provides the electrical pressure or force that enables the current or
electrons to flow.
Voltage is the difference in electrical pressure between two points in a circuit .
Voltage is measured in units called volts . The symbol for Voltage is E and the
symbol for volt is V
The concept of charge
In all atoms, there exists number of which are very loosely
bound to its nucleus, such electrons are free to wonder about,
through the space under the influence of specific forces.
When such electrons are removed from, it become positively
charged( i.e. losing negatively charged particles).
When electrons are added to the atom it becomes negatively
charged.
# note : Thus total deficiency or addition of excess electrons
in an atom is called its charge and the element is said to be
charged.
Cont’d
The following table shows the different particles and
charge possessed by them.
# note:
Thus, addition or removal of electrons causes the change in
the nature of the charge possessed by the element.
The rate of flow of charged particles is called current
The concept of electromotive force and
current
The movement of free electrons are responsible for
the flow of electric current.
Current
Cont’d
Current
So current can be defined as the rate of flow of charge in an
electric circuit or in any medium in which charges are
subjected to an external electric field.
i = dq/dt – the derivitive or slope of the charge when plotted
5 sec
AC and DC Current
•DC Current has a constant value
# mathematically expressed as :
Resistance :
- Opposes flow of current.
- Unit is ohms.
- Measured by ohm meter connected across it.
- Depends upon type of material, area & length.
- Produces heat when current flows through it.
- Fixed and variable resistor (potentiometer).
Cont’d
RESISTANCE (OHMS).
Resistance is a restriction to current flow.
Increasing resistance will reduce flow of current.
Electrical resistance is measured in units called ohms,
they are abbreviated by the letter R, and the
symbol is Ω ( omega)
Cont’d
Inductor -
- Coil of wire.
- Opposes change in current.
- Used to create magnetic field for rotation.
- Unit is henry.
- Open and short inductor.
Cont’d
Capacitor -
- Two metal plates separated by a DI-electric (Max
volts/mm which a
medium can withstand without breakdown).
- Gets charged when voltage is applied.
- Unit of capacitance is farad.
- Capacitor in series 1/C=1/C1+1/C2 & in
parallel C= C1+C2.
-C=Q/V
- Practical unitsMicro and Pico farad.
The electrical circuit
An electrical circuit can be compared to a simple
hydraulic circuit.
A Circuit
Current flows from the higher voltage terminal of the source
into the higher voltage terminal of the transducer before
returning to the source
I
-
Cont’d
Circuit Element
An element is the basic building block of a circuit. An electric
circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements. Circuit
analysis is the process of determining voltages across (or the
currents through) the elements of the circuit.
There are two types of elements found in electric circuits:
So 1 Kw.∙hr = 3600 J.
Since 1 Kw.∙hr costs about $0.10, the battery costs
$11.00 to charge
Electrical terms and symbols
Cont’d
B
Circuit load
A load generally refers to a component or a piece of
equipment connected to the out put of an electric circuit .
A load is represented by any one or the combination of the
following.
Sign convention
In a given circuit, the current direction depends on the polarity
of the source voltage. Current always flow from positive( high
potential ) side to the negative ( low potential) side of the
source as shown in the following diagram.
2.BASIC DC THEORY
Introduction